digital signal processing
Computer Architectures for signal processing
Harvard Architecture, Pipelining, Multiplier
Accumulator, Special Instructions for DSP, extended
Parallelism,General Purpose DSP Processors,
Implementation of DSP Algorithms for var
ious operations,Special purpose DSP
Hardware,Hardware Digital filters and FFT processors,
Case study and overview of TMS320
series processor, ADSP 21XX processor
digital signal processing
Computer Architectures for signal processing
Harvard Architecture, Pipelining, Multiplier
Accumulator, Special Instructions for DSP, extended
Parallelism,General Purpose DSP Processors,
Implementation of DSP Algorithms for var
ious operations,Special purpose DSP
Hardware,Hardware Digital filters and FFT processors,
Case study and overview of TMS320
series processor, ADSP 21XX processor
Harvard Arch,Multiplier and multiplier Accumulator,Single Cycle MAC Unit,Modified Bus Structure and Memory Access scheme in PDSP,SIMD,VLIW Arch,CICS Vs RISC Vs VLIW,Pipelining
An embedded system is closely integrated with the main system
It may not interact directly with the environment
For example – A microcomputer in a car ignition control
Harvard Arch,Multiplier and multiplier Accumulator,Single Cycle MAC Unit,Modified Bus Structure and Memory Access scheme in PDSP,SIMD,VLIW Arch,CICS Vs RISC Vs VLIW,Pipelining
An embedded system is closely integrated with the main system
It may not interact directly with the environment
For example – A microcomputer in a car ignition control
8051 timer counter
Introduction
TMOD Register
TCON Register
Modes of Operation
Counters
The microcontroller 8051 has two 16 bit Timer/ Counter registers namely Timer 0 (T0) and Timer 1 (T1) .
When used as a “Timer” the microcontroller is programmed to count the internal clock pulse.
When used as a “Counter” the microcontroller is programmed to count external pulses.
Maximum count rate is 1/24 of the oscillator frequency.
Reduced instruction set computing, or RISC (pronounced 'risk', /ɹɪsk/), is a CPU design strategy based on the insight that a simplified instruction set provides higher performance when combined with a microprocessor architecture capable of executing those instructions using fewer microprocessor cycles per instruction.
CPU Structure and Design
Computer Arch and Organization
learn how it works and the uses of the components and parts aswell.
this presentation is intended for those who are new to the ICT or already have some familiarity with working computers .
this tutorial was arranged and organized by enineer Gabiye
Various processor architectures are described in this presentation. It could be useful for people working for h/w selection and processor identification.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CW RADAR, FMCW RADAR, FMCW ALTIMETER, AND THEIR PARAMETERSveerababupersonal22
It consists of cw radar and fmcw radar ,range measurement,if amplifier and fmcw altimeterThe CW radar operates using continuous wave transmission, while the FMCW radar employs frequency-modulated continuous wave technology. Range measurement is a crucial aspect of radar systems, providing information about the distance to a target. The IF amplifier plays a key role in signal processing, amplifying intermediate frequency signals for further analysis. The FMCW altimeter utilizes frequency-modulated continuous wave technology to accurately measure altitude above a reference point.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary concept that connects everyday objects and devices to the internet, enabling them to communicate, collect, and exchange data. Imagine a world where your refrigerator notifies you when you’re running low on groceries, or streetlights adjust their brightness based on traffic patterns – that’s the power of IoT. In essence, IoT transforms ordinary objects into smart, interconnected devices, creating a network of endless possibilities.
Here is a blog on the role of electrical and electronics engineers in IOT. Let's dig in!!!!
For more such content visit: https://nttftrg.com/
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
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2. Basic Architectural Features of DSPs
• Data path configured for DSP
– Fixed-point arithmetic
– MAC- Multiply-accumulate
• Multiple memory banks and buses -
– Harvard Architecture
– Multiple data memories
• Specialized addressing modes
– Bit-reversed addressing
– Circular buffers
• Specialized instruction set and execution control
– Zero-overhead loops
– Support for fast MAC
– Fast Interrupt Handling
• Specialized peripherals for DSP
3. DSP Data Path: Arithmetic
• DSPs dealing with numbers representing real world
=> Want “reals”/ fractions
• DSPs dealing with numbers for addresses
=> Want integers
• Support “fixed point” as well as integers
4. DSP Data Path: Multiplier
• Specialized hardware performs all key arithmetic
operations in 1 cycle
• 50% of instructions can involve multiplier
=> single cycle latency multiplier
• Need to perform multiply-accumulate (MAC)
• n-bit multiplier => 2n-bit product
5. DSP Data Path: Accumulator
• Don’t want overflow or have to scale accumulator
• Option 1: accumulator wider than product:
“guard bits”
– Motorola DSP:24b x 24b => 48b product, 56b Accumulator
• Option 2: shift right and round product before adder
6.
7. DSP Memory
• FIR Tap implies multiple memory accesses
• DSPs require multiple data ports
• Some DSPs have ad hoc techniques to reduce memory
bandwidth demand:
– Instruction repeat buffer: do 1 instruction 256 times
– Often disables interrupts, thereby increasing interrupt
response time
• Some recent DSPs have instruction caches
– Even then may allow programmer to “lock in”
instructions into cache
– Option to turn cache into fast program memory
• No DSPs have data caches.
• May have multiple data memories
8. Memory Architecture Comparison
DSP Processor:
• Harvard architecture
• 2-4 memory accesses/cycle
• No caches-on-chip SRAM
General-Purpose Processor:
• Von Neumann architecture
• Typically 1 access/cycle
• Use caches
9. DSPAddressing
• Have standard addressing modes: immediate,
direct, register ,indirect.
• Want to keep MAC data path busy
• Assumption: any extra instructions imply clock cycles
of overhead in inner loop
=> complex addressing is good
• Autoincrement/Autodecrement register indirect
10. DSPAddressing: FFT
• FFTs start or end with data in butterfly order
0 (000) => 0 (000)
1 (001) => 4 (100)
2 (010) => 2 (010)
3 (011) => 6 (110)
4 (100) => 1 (001)
5 (101) => 5 (101)
6 (110) => 3 (011)
7 (111) => 7 (111)
• What can we do to avoid overhead of address checking instructions for
FFT?
• Have an optional “bit reverse” address addressing mode for use with
Auto increment addressing
• Many DSPs have “bit reverse” addressing for radix-2 FFT
12. DSPAddressing: Buffers
• DSPs dealing with continuous I/O
• Often interact with an I/O buffer (delay lines)
• To save memory, buffers often organized as circular
buffers
• Every DSP has “modulo” or “circular” addressing
13. CIRCULAR BUFFERS
• Instructions accommodate three elements:
• buffer address
• buffer size
• increment
Allows for cycling through:
• delay elements
• coefficients in data memory
14. Addressing Comparison
DSP Processor:
• Dedicated address generation units
• Specialized addressing modes; e.g.:
– Auto increment
– Modulo (circular)
– Bit-reversed (for FFT)
General-Purpose Processor:
• Often, no separate address generation unit
• General-purpose addressing modes
15. DSP Instructions and Execution
• May specify multiple operations in a single instruction
• Must support Multiply-Accumulate (MAC)
• Usually have special loop support to reduce branch
overhead
– Loop an instruction or sequence
• May have saturating shift left arithmetic
• May have conditional execution to reduce branches
16. ZERO-OVERHEAD LOOP
• Eliminates a few instructions in loops
• Important in loops with small bodies
DO <addr> UNTIL condition”
17. Instruction Set Comparison
DSP Processor:
• Specialized, complex instructions
• Multiple operations per instruction
General-Purpose Processor:
• General-purpose instructions
• Typically only one operation per instruction
18. Specialized Peripherals for DSPs
• Synchronous serial ports
• Parallel ports
• Timers
• On-chip A/D, D/A converters
• Host ports
• Bit I/O ports
• On-chip DMA controller
• Clock generators
• On-chip peripherals often designed for “background” operation, even
when core is powered down.
19. PIPELINING
Pipelining is a technique which allows two or more
operations to overlap during execution
The pipe stages are connected in series to form a pipe and
the stages are executed sequentially
Sequential steps to execute a single instruction are:
• Fetch an instruction word from memory
• Decode the instruction
• Execute