Nyquist criterion for distortion less baseband binary channelPriyangaKR1
binary transmission system
From design point of view – frequency response of the channel and transmitted pulse shape are specified; the frequency response of the transmit and receive filters has to be determined so as to reconstruct [bk]
Nyquist criterion for distortion less baseband binary channelPriyangaKR1
binary transmission system
From design point of view – frequency response of the channel and transmitted pulse shape are specified; the frequency response of the transmit and receive filters has to be determined so as to reconstruct [bk]
A second important technique in error-control coding is that of convolutional coding . In this type of coding the encoder output is not in block form, but is in the form of an encoded
sequence generated from an input information sequence.
convolutional encoding is designed so that its decoding can be performed in some structured and simplified way. One of the design assumptions that simplifies decoding
is linearity of the code. For this reason, linear convolutional codes are preferred. The source alphabet is taken from a finite field or Galois field GF(q).
Convolution coding is a popular error-correcting coding method used in digital communications.
The convolution operation encodes some redundant information into the transmitted signal, thereby improving the data capacity of the channel.
Convolution Encoding with Viterbi decoding is a powerful FEC technique that is particularly suited to a channel in which the transmitted signal is corrupted mainly by AWGN.
It is simple and has good performance with low implementation cost.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). The modulation is impressed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal.[1] The technology is used for communication systems such as amateur radio, caller ID and emergency broadcasts
Base band transmission
*Wave form representation of binary digits
*PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM systems
*Detection of signals in Gaussian noise
*Matched filter - Application of matched filter
*Error probability performance of binary signaling
*Multilevel base band transmission
*Inter symbol interference
*Eye pattern
*Companding
*A law and μ law
*Correlation receiver
A Brief Knowledge about Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
It contains the basics of Pulse Code modulation and why we all switching to Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
All the things about the Differential Pulse Code Modulation is given in a good understandable way
Harvard Arch,Multiplier and multiplier Accumulator,Single Cycle MAC Unit,Modified Bus Structure and Memory Access scheme in PDSP,SIMD,VLIW Arch,CICS Vs RISC Vs VLIW,Pipelining
digital signal processing
Computer Architectures for signal processing
Harvard Architecture, Pipelining, Multiplier
Accumulator, Special Instructions for DSP, extended
Parallelism,General Purpose DSP Processors,
Implementation of DSP Algorithms for var
ious operations,Special purpose DSP
Hardware,Hardware Digital filters and FFT processors,
Case study and overview of TMS320
series processor, ADSP 21XX processor
A second important technique in error-control coding is that of convolutional coding . In this type of coding the encoder output is not in block form, but is in the form of an encoded
sequence generated from an input information sequence.
convolutional encoding is designed so that its decoding can be performed in some structured and simplified way. One of the design assumptions that simplifies decoding
is linearity of the code. For this reason, linear convolutional codes are preferred. The source alphabet is taken from a finite field or Galois field GF(q).
Convolution coding is a popular error-correcting coding method used in digital communications.
The convolution operation encodes some redundant information into the transmitted signal, thereby improving the data capacity of the channel.
Convolution Encoding with Viterbi decoding is a powerful FEC technique that is particularly suited to a channel in which the transmitted signal is corrupted mainly by AWGN.
It is simple and has good performance with low implementation cost.
Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing (modulating) the phase of a reference signal (the carrier wave). The modulation is impressed by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a precise time. It is widely used for wireless LANs, RFID and Bluetooth communication
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier signal.[1] The technology is used for communication systems such as amateur radio, caller ID and emergency broadcasts
Base band transmission
*Wave form representation of binary digits
*PCM, DPCM, DM, ADM systems
*Detection of signals in Gaussian noise
*Matched filter - Application of matched filter
*Error probability performance of binary signaling
*Multilevel base band transmission
*Inter symbol interference
*Eye pattern
*Companding
*A law and μ law
*Correlation receiver
A Brief Knowledge about Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
It contains the basics of Pulse Code modulation and why we all switching to Differential Pulse Code Modulation.
All the things about the Differential Pulse Code Modulation is given in a good understandable way
Harvard Arch,Multiplier and multiplier Accumulator,Single Cycle MAC Unit,Modified Bus Structure and Memory Access scheme in PDSP,SIMD,VLIW Arch,CICS Vs RISC Vs VLIW,Pipelining
digital signal processing
Computer Architectures for signal processing
Harvard Architecture, Pipelining, Multiplier
Accumulator, Special Instructions for DSP, extended
Parallelism,General Purpose DSP Processors,
Implementation of DSP Algorithms for var
ious operations,Special purpose DSP
Hardware,Hardware Digital filters and FFT processors,
Case study and overview of TMS320
series processor, ADSP 21XX processor
Electronics product design companies in bangaloreAshok Kumar.k
DNCL Technologies Electronic design service and embedded system development ,PCB design, CPLD design & FPGA design and manufacturing service.
DNCL Technologies offers custom electronic design,embedded system design product development and pcb design,FPGA based design & CPLD design,Fireware & device drivers development, RTOS –Vxworks,Kernal programming ,Application Development and android development .
we design all types of electronic circuit or producting according to custom specification at affordable costs while maintaining highest quality product. contact us for your custom electronic product development and manufacturing.
MAC unit is used for high performance digital signal processing systems. The DSP applications include filtering, convolution, and inner products.
The design consists of 64 bit modified Wallace multiplier.
128 bit carry save adder and a register/ accumulator.
The output of carry save adder is 129 bit i.e. one bit is for the carry (128bits+ 1 bit). Then, the output is given to the accumulator register.
The accumulator register used in this design is Parallel In Parallel Out (PIPO).
The output of the accumulator register is taken out or fed back as one of the input to the carry save adder.
APPLICATIONS:
1) digital signal processing (DSP) applications
a. Signal filtering
b. convolution.
c. Decreasing number of inner products.
2) Optical communications.
Unit-1_Digital Computers, number systemCOA[1].pptxVanshJain322212
Data representation: Number System, Big Endian and Little Endian, r complement and r-1 complement arithmetic, Unsigned and Signed number representation, Signed Arithmetic- Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication (Booth Algorithm), Division, Barrel Shifter, Fixed and Floating point representation. Block Diagram for Digital Computers: CPU (Registers, ALU, Clock, Control unit), Memory, Memory hierarchy; Different types of memory in brief: Primary (RAM-Static and Dynamic, ROM, DDR2, DDR3, DDR4, NAND Flash, NOR Flash (Samsung memory datasheet) I/O subsystems, Common Bus System (External and Internal Bus: Address Bus, Data Bus and Control Bus); Computer Organization; Computer Architecture; Introduction to Vonn Neumann and Harvard Architecture, Micro operations (Arithmetic, Logical and Shift micro operations using online simulators), Arithmetic Logic and Shift unit (ALU).
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
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2. WHAT IS DSP ?
• A digital signal processor (DSP) is a special type of microprocessor that processes data in real time.
• DSPs are fabricated on MOS integrated circuit chips.
• The goal of a DSP is usually to measure, filter or compress continuous real-world analog signals.
• Digital Signal Processors (DSP) take real-world signals like voice, audio, video, temperature, pressure, or
position that have been digitized and then mathematically manipulate them.
• Its applications focus on the processing of digital data that represents analog signals.
• A DSP is designed for performing mathematical functions like "add", "subtract", "multiply" and "divide"
very quickly.
3. WHY DSP ??
Operations:
• Filtering , level detection
• encoding/decoding
• compression/decompression,
• amplification, modulation, pattern matching, mathematical/logical operations and
many more.
These processes are performed on a signal for a number of reasons:
• to enhance it
• reduce its component noise
• make its transmission and reception more effective, efficient, and faster
• make it interact with other signals in special ways
• facilitate its use in digital analysis, monitoring, or control; etc.
A DSP has built-in capabilities to perform these signal processing functions
easily.
4. Micro
Processor
DSP
Processor
In a DSP processor, instructions are executed
in a single clock cycle.In a microprocessor, instructions are executed
in multiple clock cycles.
In a microprocessor, we do not have any
separate memory.
In a DSP processor, we have separate data
and program memory.
In a microprocessor, we have serial
execution of instructions.
In a DSP processor, we have parallel
executions of instructions..
Micro processors are most suitable for
general purpose processing.
DSP processors are most suitable for array
processing.
In microprocessors, there is only one main
unit for computation, i.e., ALU.
In DSP processors, computation is done by
ALU, MAC, shifter.
In a DSP processor, multiple operands are
fetched simultaneously.
In a microprocessor, operands are fetched
sequentially.
In Micro processors, Queing is explicate by 1
que for pipelining of instructions.
In DSP processors, Queing is implicate through
instruction register and instruction cache.
In microprocessors, address/data bus may be
separate on chip but are multiplexed off chip.
In DSP processors, address and data bus are
not multiplexed. They are separated on chip as
well as off chip.
In microprocessors, Queuing is performed explicate
by one que register for pipelining of instructions.
In DSP processor, addresses are generated
combinedly by DAG's and programs
sequencer.In a microprocessor, Program Counter is
incremented sequentially to generate address. It
takes care of flow of execution.
In DSP processor, programs sequencer and
instruction register takes care of program
flow.
Difference between DSP Processor and Micro Processor
5. Selection Of DSP Processor
Word
Length
Execution
Speed
Architectura
l
Types of
Arithmetic
Fixed
Point
Floating
Point
On-chip
Memor
y Size
I/O
Capabili
ty
Special
Instructio
n
6. 1. It is 16 bit fixed DSP microprocessor.
2. It enhances Harvard architecture for three bus performance.
3. Separate on chip buses for program and data memory.
4. It runs 25 (Million instructions per second)MIPS, 40 ns maximum
instruction set 25Mhz frequency.
5. Single cycle instruction execution i.e. True instruction cycle.
6. Independent computational units ALU, MAC and shifter.
7. On chip program and data memories which can be extended off chip.
8. Dual purpose program memory for instruction and data.
9. Single cycle direct access to 16K × 16 of data memory.
10.Single cycle direct access to 16K × 24 of program memory.
FEATURES OF ADSP-21xx PROCESSOR
8. COMPONENTS OF INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE
OF
ADSP-21xx PROCESSOR
High speed numeric processing
applications.
Two Data Address generators
(DAG)
Program
sequencer
On chip peripheral Options
Data Memory
Timer
Serial Port
ADSP-21xx architecture consists of Five Internal
Buses
Program Memory Address(PMA)
Data memory address (DMA)
Program memory data(PMD)
Data memory data (DMD)
Result (R)
Three Computational
Units
ALU
MAC
Shifter
9. BUSES
The ADSP-21xx processors have five internal buses to ensure data transfer.
1. Program Memory Address(PMA) :-
• They are used internally for addresses associated with Program memory.
• PMA bus is 14-bits wide allowing direct access of up to 16k words of code and data.
2. Data memory address (DMA)
• DMA buses are used internally for addresses associated with data memory.
• The DMA bus 14 bits wide allowing direct access of up to 16k words of data.
• DMA address comes from two sources.
3. Program memory data(PMD)
• PMD bus is 24 bits wide to accommodate the 24 bit instruction width.
• The PMD is used for data associated with memory spaces.
• The PMD bus can also be used to transfer data to and from the computational units thro direct path or via PMD-DMD bus exchange
unit.
4. Data memory data (DMD)
• The DMD bus is 16 bit wide.
• The DMD are used for data associated with memory spaces.
• The DMD bus provides a path for the contents of any register in the processor to be transferred to any other register or to any external data
memory location in a single cycle.
5. Result (R)
• The Result (R) bus transfers the intermediate results directly between various computational units.
• An absolute value specified in the instruction code (direct addressing) or the output of DAG (Indirect addressing).
10. COMPUTATIONAL UNITS
Every processor in the ADSP-2100 family contains three independent, full function computational units.
The processor contains three -independent computational units.
a) ALU,
b) MAC (Multiplier-accumulator) and
c) Barrel shifter.
The computational units process 16-bit data directly. ALU is 16 bits wide with two 16 bit input ports and one output port. The ALU
provides a standard set of arithmetic and logic functions.
a) ALU Features
ALU
Features
Bitwise operators,
Constant operators
Multi-precision Math
Capability
Divide Primitives
and overflow
support.
Negate,
increment,
decrement,
Absolute value
AND, OR, EX-OR,
NOT etc.
11. b) MAC:
• A MAC operation is simple the sequence of two elementary operations:
1. Two operands are B and C are multiplied
2. The result is added to the accumulator
A=A+B*C
c)SHIFTER:
• The shifter performs a complete set of shifting functions like logical and arithmetic shifts
(circular or linear shift) , normalization (fixed point to floating point conversion),
demoralization (floating point to fixed point conversion) etc.
12. DIGITAL ADDRESS GENERATOR (DAG)
Every device in the ADSP-218x family contains two independent data address
generators so that both program and data memories can be accessed
simultaneously.
The DAGs provide indirect addressing capabilities.
Both perform automatic address modification.
For circular buffers, the DAGs can perform modulo address modification.
The two DAGs differ:
a) DAG1 generates only Data Memory (DM) addresses, but provides an optional bit-
reversal capability;
b) DAG2 can generate both Data Memory and Program Memory (PM) addresses, but
has no bit-reversal capability.
13. PROGRAM SEQUENCER
The program sequencer determines the next instruction address by exam- ining
both the current instruction being executed and the current state of the processor. If
no conditions require otherwise, the DSP executes instructions
from program memory in sequential order by incrementing the fetch address.