This document provides an overview of drawing Lewis structures. It begins by defining valence bond theory and the octet rule, which are important concepts for understanding how atoms bond together. It then explains how to draw Lewis structures for single elements, binary covalent compounds, compounds with multiple bonds, and compounds with more than two elements. The document also covers how to draw Lewis structures for polyatomic ions. Key steps outlined include determining the number of valence electrons for each atom, arranging the atoms symmetrically, and distributing electron pairs between atoms until all have full valence shells. Examples are provided to illustrate how to apply these steps to draw Lewis structures for various types of molecules and polyatomic ions.
The document discusses chemical bonding and molecular structure. It defines a chemical bond as an attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule or ion. It explains different theories of chemical bond formation, including covalent and ionic bonding. Factors that favor ionic bond formation are discussed. The octet rule for bonding is explained along with its significance and limitations. Molecular shapes are predicted using the VSEPR model for different molecules. Dipole moments are also discussed.
The document discusses the chelate effect and summarizes that it is predominantly an entropy effect. Forming a chelate complex results in less entropy being lost compared to forming a complex with monodentate ligands. This is because there are fewer particles on the left side of the equation for chelate complex formation. The document also discusses Werner's coordination theory and how it was used to explain conductivity observations of various cobalt complexes in terms of their primary and secondary valences.
Chemistry & Physics UNIT 4 discusses key concepts in chemical bonding including:
1) Ionic bonding occurs through the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions that are attracted via electrostatic forces. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
2) Molecules are formed when two or more atoms combine via chemical bonds. Their formulas represent the elements present, with molecular formulas showing actual atom ratios.
3) Hydrogen bonding between water molecules gives rise to water's unique properties and ability to dissolve many substances. It also allows for the three-dimensional structures of proteins and DNA.
Hydrogen is placed separately in the periodic table due to its dual behavior. It resembles alkali metals in having one valence electron and losing an electron to form H+ ions. It also resembles halogens by gaining an electron to form H- ions and forming diatomic molecules. However, hydrogen differs from alkali metals and halogens in some properties.
The document discusses hydrogen's electronic configuration, isotopes, reasons for existing as H2 molecules, production of hydrogen by electrolysis and coal gasification, and classification of hydrides. It also answers questions on hydrogen's bonding properties and uses in welding.
The document outlines key concepts about atomic structure including the structure of atoms with protons, neutrons and electrons, atomic number and mass number, electron configuration, isotopes, ions, and molecules of elements and compounds. It also provides learning outcomes for describing atomic structure and properties as well as interpreting atomic symbols and notations.
Covalent bonding occurs when two nonmetal atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve stable octets. Atoms form covalent bonds by sharing electrons, depicted using Lewis dot structures. There are three main types of bonding: ionic, metallic, and covalent. Covalent bonding is the focus of this chapter and forms molecules by electron sharing between nonmetals.
Chemical bonding involves atoms forming stable electronic configurations through gaining, losing or sharing electrons. Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals when electrons are transferred, while covalent bonds involve sharing electron pairs between nonmetals to achieve stable octets. Different bond types including ionic, covalent and metallic bonding can be identified based on the participating elements and electron configurations involved.
The document discusses the electron configuration of potassium, which has 19 electrons arranged in shells with the inner shell containing 2 electrons, the next shell containing 8 electrons, the next shell containing 8 electrons, and the outer shell containing the remaining 1 electron. It also discusses periodic trends such as elements in the same group having similar properties and how additional electron shells are added as you move down periods of the periodic table.
The document discusses chemical bonding and molecular structure. It defines a chemical bond as an attractive force that holds atoms together in a molecule or ion. It explains different theories of chemical bond formation, including covalent and ionic bonding. Factors that favor ionic bond formation are discussed. The octet rule for bonding is explained along with its significance and limitations. Molecular shapes are predicted using the VSEPR model for different molecules. Dipole moments are also discussed.
The document discusses the chelate effect and summarizes that it is predominantly an entropy effect. Forming a chelate complex results in less entropy being lost compared to forming a complex with monodentate ligands. This is because there are fewer particles on the left side of the equation for chelate complex formation. The document also discusses Werner's coordination theory and how it was used to explain conductivity observations of various cobalt complexes in terms of their primary and secondary valences.
Chemistry & Physics UNIT 4 discusses key concepts in chemical bonding including:
1) Ionic bonding occurs through the transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions that are attracted via electrostatic forces. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
2) Molecules are formed when two or more atoms combine via chemical bonds. Their formulas represent the elements present, with molecular formulas showing actual atom ratios.
3) Hydrogen bonding between water molecules gives rise to water's unique properties and ability to dissolve many substances. It also allows for the three-dimensional structures of proteins and DNA.
Hydrogen is placed separately in the periodic table due to its dual behavior. It resembles alkali metals in having one valence electron and losing an electron to form H+ ions. It also resembles halogens by gaining an electron to form H- ions and forming diatomic molecules. However, hydrogen differs from alkali metals and halogens in some properties.
The document discusses hydrogen's electronic configuration, isotopes, reasons for existing as H2 molecules, production of hydrogen by electrolysis and coal gasification, and classification of hydrides. It also answers questions on hydrogen's bonding properties and uses in welding.
The document outlines key concepts about atomic structure including the structure of atoms with protons, neutrons and electrons, atomic number and mass number, electron configuration, isotopes, ions, and molecules of elements and compounds. It also provides learning outcomes for describing atomic structure and properties as well as interpreting atomic symbols and notations.
Covalent bonding occurs when two nonmetal atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve stable octets. Atoms form covalent bonds by sharing electrons, depicted using Lewis dot structures. There are three main types of bonding: ionic, metallic, and covalent. Covalent bonding is the focus of this chapter and forms molecules by electron sharing between nonmetals.
Chemical bonding involves atoms forming stable electronic configurations through gaining, losing or sharing electrons. Ionic bonds form between metals and nonmetals when electrons are transferred, while covalent bonds involve sharing electron pairs between nonmetals to achieve stable octets. Different bond types including ionic, covalent and metallic bonding can be identified based on the participating elements and electron configurations involved.
The document discusses the electron configuration of potassium, which has 19 electrons arranged in shells with the inner shell containing 2 electrons, the next shell containing 8 electrons, the next shell containing 8 electrons, and the outer shell containing the remaining 1 electron. It also discusses periodic trends such as elements in the same group having similar properties and how additional electron shells are added as you move down periods of the periodic table.
This document provides an overview of general and organic chemistry concepts related to carbon atoms. It discusses atomic theory, covalent bonding, chemical formulas, structural classifications of carbon atoms, hybridization, charges and dipoles of organic molecules, isomers, and functional groups. The key topics covered are the electronic configuration and valence of carbon, how carbon forms single, double and triple covalent bonds, molecular, structural and condensed chemical formulas, and the four types of carbon atoms based on their bonding.
Chemistry - Chp 9 - Chemical Names and Formulas - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
This document covers naming and writing formulas for ions, ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids, and bases. It provides objectives and definitions for each section, examples of naming and writing formulas, and explanations of naming conventions and rules including prefixes, charges, and endings for different types of compounds.
The document appears to be describing the magnetic properties of inorganic complexes. It discusses how ligand field theory can be used to predict whether a complex will be paramagnetic or diamagnetic based on whether it forms a low-spin or high-spin configuration. Low-spin complexes tend to be diamagnetic due to having more paired electrons, while high-spin complexes are often paramagnetic since they have more unpaired electrons. The magnitude of the crystal field splitting parameter Δ depends on factors like the metal ion, its oxidation state, and the identity and geometry of the ligands.
This document provides information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses electron dot structures of various molecules like H2, O2, ethane and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also describes cyclic/closed chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The document outlines IUPAC naming rules for hydrocarbons and different formula types. It provides examples of alkenes, alkynes and their naming conventions. Key differences between properties of covalent and ionic compounds are highlighted.
1) Chemical bonds can be either ionic or covalent. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred between metals and non-metals to form ions. Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between non-metals.
2) Sodium chloride forms when sodium donates an electron to chlorine to form ions that are attracted in an ionic bond. Hydrogen molecule forms when hydrogen atoms share an electron pair in a single covalent bond.
3) Ionic compounds have high melting points, conduct electricity when molten or dissolved, and dissolve in water but not organic solvents. Covalent compounds have lower melting points, do not conduct electricity, and dissolve in organic solvents but not water.
Limestone is a naturally occurring resource that is quarried and used to make cement, concrete, and other building materials. It is composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which can be decomposed through heating to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, which is used to neutralize acidic soils. Metals are extracted from metal ores through various processes like heating with carbon or electrolysis depending on the reactivity of the metal. New extraction methods are being developed as metal ores become depleted.
This document provides an overview of chapters 8 and 9 which cover bonding and molecular structure, and orbital hybridization. It discusses how Lewis dot structures, molecular geometry, polarity, hybridization, and sigma/pi bonding will be taught through a PowerPoint presentation and learning module. Key points covered include how to draw Lewis dot structures, identify molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, determine polarity, and identify hybridization. Examples are provided for common molecular structures like methane, water, carbon dioxide and more. The document emphasizes that hybridization is needed to explain the uniform bond lengths and angles observed in methane.
Grade 8 Chemistry Structure of Matter : Atoms, Molecules and IonsSaraChehab
- The atom is the basic building block of all matter and is composed of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons.
- Atoms of different elements are distinguished by their number of protons.
- Molecules are formed when atoms bond together and can be made of two or more atoms of the same or different elements.
- Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge. Cations are positively charged while anions are negatively charged.
The document provides information about the structure of atoms and the periodic table. It discusses the subatomic particles that make up atoms, including electrons, protons, and neutrons. It then explains atomic structure and how elements are arranged on the periodic table according to their atomic number and properties. Various types of bonding between atoms are introduced, including ionic and covalent bonding. Bonding diagrams and examples of different compounds are provided.
This document outlines the key objectives and content covered in Chapter 2 of the chemistry textbook. The chapter focuses on atoms, molecules, and polymers. It defines important terms and concepts related to atomic structure, isotopes, ions, chemical formulas and bonding. Specific objectives include describing the nuclear model of the atom, calculating atomic masses from isotope abundances, determining molecular formulas from drawings, and explaining properties of common polymers like polyethylene.
This document provides an overview of basic atomic structure and the periodic table. It defines atoms, molecules, ions, isotopes and atomic structure. The three fundamental chemical laws - conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions - are summarized. Early experiments that helped discover subatomic particles like electrons are described. The periodic table is introduced, including the organization of elements and differentiating metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Key terms like atomic number and mass are defined.
Answer Chemistry Perfect Score & X A Plus Module 2013Adura Azlin Ishak
This document contains information about a chemistry module and mark scheme for Perfect Score & X A-Plus for 2013. It includes 5 sets of questions and answers with corresponding mark schemes. Each set covers different topics in chemistry including atomic structure, periodic table, chemical bonds, states of matter and changes of state. The questions test a range of skills from naming compounds and describing chemical processes to explaining phenomena based on chemical concepts.
This document summarizes key concepts about atoms and molecules. It defines an atom as the smallest unit that retains an element's characteristics. Atoms have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by an electron cloud. Molecules are defined as stable groups of two or more atoms bonded together, either through ionic bonds formed by electron transfer or covalent bonds formed by electron sharing. Examples of hydrogen, lithium, and argon atoms are provided to illustrate their atomic structure. Isotopes are also introduced as atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Chemistry How Can Students Be SuccessfulKevin Young
The document provides strategies for being successful in chemistry by learning how to learn effectively. It recommends previewing materials before class, actively participating in lectures, reviewing notes within hours of class, and doing intense but broken up study sessions. Memorization alone is not sufficient for learning; meaningful learning ties new concepts to prior knowledge and allows understanding to be applied more broadly. Doing homework by first studying concepts without examples and then attempting problems independently can help prepare for exams more than just completing assignments.
This document discusses strategies for effectively teaching chemistry concepts. It emphasizes that chemistry contains many abstract concepts that are challenging for learners to grasp. It recommends using practical experiments, mathematical understanding, analogies, symbolic representations, visual aids like animations and videos, virtual labs, and storing examples and problems to help explain abstract topics. Accessing educational chemistry websites can also provide additional information on various chemistry topics and concepts.
The document summarizes the results of a survey about the use of educational software in Romanian schools. Most respondents reported spending 1-5 hours using educational software last semester. Few students use such software independently or purchase it. Respondents found educational software most useful for performing experiments. Popular features included animations and simulations. Suggested improvements were interactive discovery tools and virtual reality simulations. Respondents believed educational software could be effectively used in subjects like physics, chemistry and biology.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on energy and metabolism. It begins with definitions of key thermodynamic concepts like energy, redox reactions, and the laws of thermodynamics. It then discusses how cells use ATP as a currency for energy transfer and storage. Enzymes are introduced as biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions. Various factors that influence enzyme function and inhibition are also covered. Finally, the document outlines biochemical pathways and feedback inhibition as a means of regulating metabolic pathways.
The document provides conversion factors between various units commonly used in engineering. It includes conversions between metric and US customary units for length, mass, force, pressure, temperature, and other physical quantities. Standard prefixes are also defined to indicate multiplication by powers of 10 when converting between units.
This document provides an overview of general and organic chemistry concepts related to carbon atoms. It discusses atomic theory, covalent bonding, chemical formulas, structural classifications of carbon atoms, hybridization, charges and dipoles of organic molecules, isomers, and functional groups. The key topics covered are the electronic configuration and valence of carbon, how carbon forms single, double and triple covalent bonds, molecular, structural and condensed chemical formulas, and the four types of carbon atoms based on their bonding.
Chemistry - Chp 9 - Chemical Names and Formulas - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
This document covers naming and writing formulas for ions, ionic compounds, molecular compounds, acids, and bases. It provides objectives and definitions for each section, examples of naming and writing formulas, and explanations of naming conventions and rules including prefixes, charges, and endings for different types of compounds.
The document appears to be describing the magnetic properties of inorganic complexes. It discusses how ligand field theory can be used to predict whether a complex will be paramagnetic or diamagnetic based on whether it forms a low-spin or high-spin configuration. Low-spin complexes tend to be diamagnetic due to having more paired electrons, while high-spin complexes are often paramagnetic since they have more unpaired electrons. The magnitude of the crystal field splitting parameter Δ depends on factors like the metal ion, its oxidation state, and the identity and geometry of the ligands.
This document provides information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses electron dot structures of various molecules like H2, O2, ethane and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also describes cyclic/closed chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The document outlines IUPAC naming rules for hydrocarbons and different formula types. It provides examples of alkenes, alkynes and their naming conventions. Key differences between properties of covalent and ionic compounds are highlighted.
1) Chemical bonds can be either ionic or covalent. Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred between metals and non-metals to form ions. Covalent bonds form when electrons are shared between non-metals.
2) Sodium chloride forms when sodium donates an electron to chlorine to form ions that are attracted in an ionic bond. Hydrogen molecule forms when hydrogen atoms share an electron pair in a single covalent bond.
3) Ionic compounds have high melting points, conduct electricity when molten or dissolved, and dissolve in water but not organic solvents. Covalent compounds have lower melting points, do not conduct electricity, and dissolve in organic solvents but not water.
Limestone is a naturally occurring resource that is quarried and used to make cement, concrete, and other building materials. It is composed mainly of calcium carbonate, which can be decomposed through heating to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide, which is used to neutralize acidic soils. Metals are extracted from metal ores through various processes like heating with carbon or electrolysis depending on the reactivity of the metal. New extraction methods are being developed as metal ores become depleted.
This document provides an overview of chapters 8 and 9 which cover bonding and molecular structure, and orbital hybridization. It discusses how Lewis dot structures, molecular geometry, polarity, hybridization, and sigma/pi bonding will be taught through a PowerPoint presentation and learning module. Key points covered include how to draw Lewis dot structures, identify molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, determine polarity, and identify hybridization. Examples are provided for common molecular structures like methane, water, carbon dioxide and more. The document emphasizes that hybridization is needed to explain the uniform bond lengths and angles observed in methane.
Grade 8 Chemistry Structure of Matter : Atoms, Molecules and IonsSaraChehab
- The atom is the basic building block of all matter and is composed of subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and electrons.
- Atoms of different elements are distinguished by their number of protons.
- Molecules are formed when atoms bond together and can be made of two or more atoms of the same or different elements.
- Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons, resulting in a positive or negative charge. Cations are positively charged while anions are negatively charged.
The document provides information about the structure of atoms and the periodic table. It discusses the subatomic particles that make up atoms, including electrons, protons, and neutrons. It then explains atomic structure and how elements are arranged on the periodic table according to their atomic number and properties. Various types of bonding between atoms are introduced, including ionic and covalent bonding. Bonding diagrams and examples of different compounds are provided.
This document outlines the key objectives and content covered in Chapter 2 of the chemistry textbook. The chapter focuses on atoms, molecules, and polymers. It defines important terms and concepts related to atomic structure, isotopes, ions, chemical formulas and bonding. Specific objectives include describing the nuclear model of the atom, calculating atomic masses from isotope abundances, determining molecular formulas from drawings, and explaining properties of common polymers like polyethylene.
This document provides an overview of basic atomic structure and the periodic table. It defines atoms, molecules, ions, isotopes and atomic structure. The three fundamental chemical laws - conservation of mass, definite proportions, and multiple proportions - are summarized. Early experiments that helped discover subatomic particles like electrons are described. The periodic table is introduced, including the organization of elements and differentiating metals, nonmetals and metalloids. Key terms like atomic number and mass are defined.
Answer Chemistry Perfect Score & X A Plus Module 2013Adura Azlin Ishak
This document contains information about a chemistry module and mark scheme for Perfect Score & X A-Plus for 2013. It includes 5 sets of questions and answers with corresponding mark schemes. Each set covers different topics in chemistry including atomic structure, periodic table, chemical bonds, states of matter and changes of state. The questions test a range of skills from naming compounds and describing chemical processes to explaining phenomena based on chemical concepts.
This document summarizes key concepts about atoms and molecules. It defines an atom as the smallest unit that retains an element's characteristics. Atoms have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by an electron cloud. Molecules are defined as stable groups of two or more atoms bonded together, either through ionic bonds formed by electron transfer or covalent bonds formed by electron sharing. Examples of hydrogen, lithium, and argon atoms are provided to illustrate their atomic structure. Isotopes are also introduced as atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Chemistry How Can Students Be SuccessfulKevin Young
The document provides strategies for being successful in chemistry by learning how to learn effectively. It recommends previewing materials before class, actively participating in lectures, reviewing notes within hours of class, and doing intense but broken up study sessions. Memorization alone is not sufficient for learning; meaningful learning ties new concepts to prior knowledge and allows understanding to be applied more broadly. Doing homework by first studying concepts without examples and then attempting problems independently can help prepare for exams more than just completing assignments.
This document discusses strategies for effectively teaching chemistry concepts. It emphasizes that chemistry contains many abstract concepts that are challenging for learners to grasp. It recommends using practical experiments, mathematical understanding, analogies, symbolic representations, visual aids like animations and videos, virtual labs, and storing examples and problems to help explain abstract topics. Accessing educational chemistry websites can also provide additional information on various chemistry topics and concepts.
The document summarizes the results of a survey about the use of educational software in Romanian schools. Most respondents reported spending 1-5 hours using educational software last semester. Few students use such software independently or purchase it. Respondents found educational software most useful for performing experiments. Popular features included animations and simulations. Suggested improvements were interactive discovery tools and virtual reality simulations. Respondents believed educational software could be effectively used in subjects like physics, chemistry and biology.
This document provides an outline for a lecture on energy and metabolism. It begins with definitions of key thermodynamic concepts like energy, redox reactions, and the laws of thermodynamics. It then discusses how cells use ATP as a currency for energy transfer and storage. Enzymes are introduced as biological catalysts that lower the activation energy of reactions. Various factors that influence enzyme function and inhibition are also covered. Finally, the document outlines biochemical pathways and feedback inhibition as a means of regulating metabolic pathways.
The document provides conversion factors between various units commonly used in engineering. It includes conversions between metric and US customary units for length, mass, force, pressure, temperature, and other physical quantities. Standard prefixes are also defined to indicate multiplication by powers of 10 when converting between units.
IIT JEE Mains Syllabus - Physics, Chemistry & MathsRahul Jose
This document outlines the syllabus for the JEE Mathematics exam. It covers the following topics in Mathematics: Algebra, Trigonometry, Analytical Geometry, Differential Calculus, Integral Calculus, and Vectors. The syllabus also outlines the topics covered in Chemistry and Physics, including Physical Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and the core topics in Physics such as Mechanics, Thermal Physics, Electricity and Magnetism, and Waves and Optics.
Ammonia is a colorless gas with a sharp, irritating odor. It exists as a gas at room temperature but can also be a liquid or solid depending on temperature and pressure. Ammonia has a molecular mass of 17.03 g/mol and is made up of one nitrogen atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms in a triangular pyramid shape. Ammonia is a weak base that readily dissolves in water and is highly reactive, acting as a strong reducing agent in chemical reactions. Common physical and chemical properties of ammonia are described.
What is Chromatography?
Applications of Chromatography
Types of Chromatography
1- Column Chromatography
2- Planar chromatography
Paper Chromatography
Gas Chromatography
Detectors
Chemistry O level Syllabus:
Chapter on AMMONIA
Prepared by: Faiz Abdullah
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This document defines key thermodynamic terms and concepts:
- A system is the part of the universe being studied, with the surroundings making up the rest. Systems can be open, closed, or isolated depending on energy/matter exchange.
- State functions like internal energy (U), enthalpy (H), and temperature (T) depend only on the current state and not the path to get there.
- The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved, expressed as a change in internal energy (ΔU) equals heat (q) plus work (w).
- Enthalpy (H) includes pressure-volume work and is useful for constant pressure processes, where the heat of reaction
Quantum theory provides a framework to understand phenomena at the atomic scale that cannot be explained by classical physics. It proposes that energy is emitted and absorbed in discrete units called quanta. This explains observations like the photoelectric effect where electrons are only ejected above a threshold frequency. Light behaves as both a wave and particle - a photon. Similarly, matter exhibits wave-particle duality as demonstrated by electron diffraction. At the quantum level, only probabilities, not definite values, can be predicted. Quantum mechanics is applied to describe atomic structure and spectra.
The document discusses fundamentals of light, including:
1) Light comes from sources like the sun, light bulbs, and other luminous sources that emit light directly, while non-luminous sources like the moon reflect light and appear illuminated.
2) The amount of light emitted from a source is called luminous flux, while the amount of light falling on a surface is called illuminance, which follows an inverse-square relationship with distance from the light source.
3) Models like the ray model of light describe light traveling in straight lines from sources, and can be used to calculate illuminance on surfaces from point light sources.
- Drugs are classified based on their structure, mechanism of action, and pharmacological effects. Drugs interact with biomolecules like lipids and proteins, called drug targets.
- Enzymes are proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions. Drugs can inhibit enzymes by competing for active sites or binding to allosteric sites.
- Receptors are proteins involved in cell communication. Chemical messengers bind to receptor sites to transmit messages without entering cells.
- Different classes of drugs are used to treat various conditions like pain, infection, inflammation, and more. Drugs are classified based on their therapeutic use and chemical structure.
From cave painting to Blu-Ray, we have always told stories visually. However most presentations are just dreadful! Let's see if we can redress that, shall we? This is an update of my original VISUALS presentation, which has had over 18,000 views and 40 embeds.
The document discusses heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation. It covers key concepts like Fourier's law of heat conduction, thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gases, one dimensional and radial heat conduction, and heat transfer through composite walls. It also provides examples of calculating heat transfer through plane and cylindrical walls, determining the required thickness of insulation, and calculating critical thickness of insulation.
- The document is a chemistry project submitted by a student named Tarun Malhotra analyzing samples of brass and bronze through qualitative analysis.
- It thanks various teachers and administrators for their support and contains an index of sections including introductions to alloys, common alloys like brass and bronze, how to prepare alloys, and descriptions of the qualitative analysis experiments performed on samples of brass and bronze.
- The experiments aimed to identify the metal constituents in the samples through chemical tests to detect copper and zinc in brass and tests for copper and tin in bronze.
1. Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It originated from the Greek words "psyche" meaning soul, and "logos" meaning discourse or study.
2. There are several schools of psychology including structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, gestalt, psychoanalysis, and purposivism.
3. There are many branches and applications of psychology including general, developmental, clinical, counseling, educational, industrial-organizational, and forensic psychology. Psychology uses various research methods like introspection, observation, experiments, surveys and statistical analysis.
1) The document discusses Lewis structures, which are diagrams that show how valence electrons are shared between atoms to form chemical bonds.
2) It explains valence bond theory and the octet rule, which states that atoms are most stable when their valence shell contains 8 electrons.
3) The document provides steps for drawing Lewis structures for different types of compounds, including elements, binary covalent compounds, compounds with multiple bonds, and polyatomic ions.
This document is part of a high school chemistry rapid learning series that provides a tutorial on chemical bonding. It begins by outlining the learning objectives of understanding the four main types of bonds - ionic, covalent, polar covalent and metallic - as well as bond polarity and valence bond theory. The tutorial then defines each type of bond and explains their characteristics. It also discusses bond polarity using electronegativity and introduces the valence bond theory of orbital overlapping. In concluding, it provides a summary of the key points learned.
The document discusses Lewis structures and covalent bonding. It provides steps for writing Lewis structures, including determining the molecular formula and connectivity, counting valence electrons, connecting atoms with bonds, adding electron pairs, checking for octets, and calculating formal charges. Constitutional isomers are described as isomers that differ in the order atoms are connected. Resonance structures are also discussed, where multiple Lewis structures can be written that differ in electron positions but have the same atomic positions.
Chapter 6.2 : Covalent Bonding and Molecular CompoundsChris Foltz
Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share valence electrons to achieve stable electron configurations. Molecules are formed when atoms bond covalently, with molecular formulas indicating the types and numbers of atoms. Lewis structures represent molecules by showing bonding pairs and unshared electron pairs. Exceptions to the octet rule include hydrogen and boron. Resonance structures are used to depict molecules that cannot be represented by a single Lewis structure.
1. The document discusses different types of chemical formulas including molecular, empirical, and structural formulas. It provides examples of each type like H2O for water and C6H12 for hexene.
2. It also discusses ionic and covalent bonding. Ionic bonding involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another, like from sodium to chlorine in NaCl. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
3. The document describes electronegativity and how it relates to the polarity of covalent bonds. Polar covalent bonds form between atoms with an electronegativity difference of 0.5-1.6, while ionic bonds form between atoms with a difference above
This document provides an overview of molecular structures and bonding. It discusses:
1) The structural formula which shows how atoms are connected in a molecule using lines to represent covalent bonds.
2) The HONC rule which indicates how many bonds hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon typically form.
3) Covalent bonds which form when atoms share pairs of electrons to achieve a full outer electron shell.
4) Lewis dot structures which use dots to represent valence electrons and connect them with lines to illustrate bonding and lone pairs of electrons.
This document provides an overview of covalent bonding and molecular compounds. It begins by defining covalent bonds as the sharing of electrons between nonmetals to form molecules. Molecular compounds are groups of atoms joined by covalent bonds. They typically have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds. The document then discusses how atoms form single, double and triple covalent bonds to achieve stable electron configurations through electron sharing. Examples are provided to illustrate how covalent bonds form in molecules like H2, NH3, HCN and CO2. The nature of coordinate covalent bonds is also explained. Finally, molecular orbital theory and VSEPR theory are introduced as models for describing covalent bonding at the molecular level.
This document discusses key concepts in chemical bonding including Lewis dot structures, ionic and covalent bonds, electronegativity, writing Lewis structures, formal charge, resonance structures, and exceptions to the octet rule. It provides Lewis dot symbols for common elements, defines ionic and covalent bonds, discusses how to write Lewis structures through a step-by-step process, and explains concepts like formal charge, resonance, and species that violate the octet rule. Tables and diagrams are included to further illustrate these important bonding concepts.
The document discusses Lewis structures and the rules for drawing them. It explains that Lewis structures show how atoms bond via shared electron pairs to achieve stable noble gas configurations. It provides a 4-step process for drawing Lewis structures, covering counting electrons, identifying the central atom, adding lone pairs to complete octets, and checking that all electrons are accounted for. Exceptions to the octet rule and drawing structures for ions are also covered.
This document provides an overview of chemical bonding theories and types of bonds. It begins by defining the learning objectives which are to learn the four types of bonding, associated properties, valence bond theory, hybridization of orbitals, and sigma and pi bonds. It then introduces the four main types of bonds - ionic, covalent, polar covalent, and metallic bonds. For each bond type, it provides a definition and examples. It also discusses concepts such as lattice energy, bond polarity, and how to determine bond type. The document then covers topics related to covalent bonds including isomers, resonance, valence bond theory, and the differences between sigma and pi bonds.
The document discusses the structure and bonding of atoms and molecules. It begins by describing the components of an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It then discusses the periodic table and how elements in the same row or column have similar properties. The document goes on to describe atomic orbitals like s and p orbitals. It also discusses how elements bond, including ionic and covalent bonding. Additional topics covered include Lewis structures, resonance structures, molecular geometry, and organic naming conventions.
This document provides a summary of key concepts and steps for drawing Lewis structures of molecules and ions. It defines important terms like valence electrons, octet rule, and bonding vs. lone pairs. It outlines a 6-step process for drawing Lewis structures, including determining the number of valence electrons and arranging atoms to achieve full valence shells. Exceptions to the octet rule are noted for small atoms and those in period 3 or below. Mnemonics are provided to help remember electron configurations.
Chemical bonds help determine the characteristics and properties of elements and compounds. Chemical formulas use symbols and subscripts to represent the number and type of atoms in a molecule or compound. Chemical bonds can be ionic, where atoms gain or lose electrons to form charged ions, or covalent, where atoms share or exchange electrons through electron dot diagrams.
The document discusses different types of covalent bonds:
- Single covalent bonds involve one shared pair of electrons between two nonmetal atoms.
- Double and triple covalent bonds share two or three pairs of electrons respectively.
- Polar covalent bonds occur when electrons are shared unequally between atoms of different electronegativity, giving the atoms partial positive and negative charges. Polar molecules have regions of positive and negative charge.
The document discusses covalent bonding and Lewis dot structures. It provides examples of how atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds in order to achieve stable octet configurations. Diatomic molecules such as H2, O2, N2, F2, and many biological molecules form covalent bonds in this way. Lewis dot structures are used to represent how valence electrons are arranged among atoms in molecules. Resonance structures can occur when more than one valid Lewis structure can be drawn for a molecule.
1. The document discusses covalent bonding and molecular compounds. It defines covalent bonds as the sharing of electrons between nonmetal atoms.
2. Molecular compounds are formed from covalent bonds between atoms. They have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds.
3. Molecular formulas show the number and type of atoms in a molecule, but not their arrangement. Water's molecular formula is H2O.
Covalent bonds form between nonmetal atoms by sharing valence electrons. Atoms share electrons to attain stable electron configurations like noble gases. Lewis structures show how valence electrons are arranged between bonded atoms. To draw Lewis structures, count the total valence electrons and distribute them to form single or double bonds between atoms until each atom has an octet of electrons. Examples of molecules held by covalent bonds are hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine.
1) The document provides revision materials for organic chemistry concepts like nomenclature, functional groups, and molecular structure and stability for students who feel lost or confused.
2) It explains IUPAC naming rules and gives examples of naming simple organic compounds. Common names are also mentioned.
3) Bond polarity is discussed, noting that most carbon-heteroatom bonds are polarized due to the higher electronegativity of heteroatoms like oxygen, nitrogen, and halogens. Bond dipoles are illustrated for several examples.
The document summarizes key concepts about covalent bonding from a chemistry textbook chapter:
1) Covalent bonds form when two nonmetal atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration, forming molecules like H2, O2, and CO2.
2) Molecular compounds formed by covalent bonds tend to have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds due to the weaker nature of the covalent bond.
3) Electron dot structures and Lewis diagrams are used to represent how atoms share electrons to form single, double or triple covalent bonds in molecules like H2O and NH3.
This document provides additional practice problems for balancing oxidation-reduction reactions in acidic and basic solutions. The problems cover reactions involving silver, zinc, chromium, phosphorus, manganese, chlorine, iron, hydrogen peroxide, and copper species. Balanced equations are provided as answers for each reaction.
This document summarizes important oxidizers and reducers formed in redox reactions under different conditions. It lists common oxidizing agents like MnO4-, Cr2O7-2, and HNO3 that form reduced products like Mn(II), Cr(III), and NO in acid solutions. It also lists common reducers like halide ions, metals, and sulfite ions that form oxidized products like halogens, metal ions, and SO4-2. The document concludes that redox reactions involve electron transfer between oxidizing and reducing agents, and that acidic or basic conditions often indicate a redox reaction will occur.
The document discusses naming acids. It divides acids into binary and oxyacids. Binary acids contain two elements, while oxyacids contain three elements including oxygen. Oxyacids are named based on their "-ate" ion, with variations indicating one more, one less, or two less oxygen atoms than the reference "-ic" acid. Common "-ate" ions include sulfate, nitrate, chlorate, and phosphate.
Acids have a sour taste, are electrolytes, turn indicators red, and have a pH less than 7. They donate protons and can neutralize bases to form salts and water. Bases have a bitter taste, are electrolytes, turn indicators blue or yellow, and have a pH greater than 7. They accept protons and can neutralize acids to form salts and water. Common acids include nitric acid, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid. Common bases include lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide.
- Researchers studied the genetics of fur color in rock pocket mouse populations, investigating how coat color relates to survival in different environments.
- Two varieties of mice occur - light-colored and dark-colored - that correspond to the two major substrate colors in their desert habitat. The dark volcanic substrates are patches separated by kilometers of light-colored sand and granite.
- Data was collected on 225 mice across 35km of desert, recording substrate color and coat color frequencies. Calculations using Hardy-Weinberg equations estimated genotype frequencies within the populations.
Natural selection and genetic mutations have led to the evolution of different coat colors in rock pocket mouse populations. Mice with dark coats are commonly found on dark basalt rocks, while light-colored mice typically live on light sand and granite rocks. Scientists discovered the mice living on basalt carried a mutation in the Mc1r gene, which controls melanin production and results in dark fur that provides camouflage from predators. Multiple rock pocket mouse populations across different lava flows also exhibited Mc1r mutations leading to dark coats, revealing this gene commonly evolves through natural selection to aid survival.
This document provides the syllabus for the STEM 352: STEM 2 course offered at Teachers College of San Joaquin. The syllabus outlines the dates, times, instructor contact information, course description, learning outcomes, assignments, grading policy, schedule, and expectations for the course. The course focuses on examining STEM curriculum, active learning strategies, and student assessment. Students will learn STEM education pedagogy and make connections between STEM education and Common Core and NGSS standards. The syllabus provides the framework and requirements for students to develop skills in STEM curriculum design and instruction.
This document outlines rubrics for evaluating a teacher's lesson plan and reflection. It contains 5 rubrics that assess different aspects of lesson planning and instruction, including the teacher's knowledge of students, learning objectives, instructional strategies, formative assessment, quality of materials, and ability to reflect on lesson effectiveness. Each rubric has 4 levels of performance from limited (Level 1) to extensive (Level 4). The rubrics provide detailed descriptions of the knowledge and skills expected at each level of performance.
S.s. midterm capstone cover sheet spring 2017Timothy Welsh
This document provides an overview of the mid-term capstone project for the Teaching for Learning 2 cohort in spring 2017. Students will plan, teach, record, assess and reflect on a lesson that incorporates content-area literacy. The lesson should be aligned to both content standards and English Language Development standards. Students must obtain consent forms from all students and adults appearing in their video recording before filming their lesson. Consent forms can either be collected individually or the school may have blanket forms on file.
This document provides the syllabus for an education course focused on teaching science. The course will take place over 10 sessions from January to May, with specific dates and times listed. It will be taught by instructor Tim Welsh at the CTECH building.
The course aims to help emerging teachers design content-specific science lessons that engage all learners. Students will develop lessons aligned to state standards and learn to incorporate assessments to inform instruction. Assignments include observing a science lesson, creating 10 lesson plans, a lab report, and an integrated lesson plan addressing common core standards. Students are expected to actively participate in class discussions and complete all readings and assignments. Grades are based on a 200-point scale, with criteria provided for letter
This document provides an introduction to academically productive talk in science classrooms. It discusses the key elements of productive talk, including establishing ground rules, having clear academic purposes for discussions, and using strategic "talk moves" to facilitate discussions. Productive talk is important because it allows teachers to assess student understanding, supports learning through memory and language development, encourages students to reason with evidence, and apprentices students into the social practices of science.
This document is a tutorial on atoms and molecules from the Rapid Learning Center. It begins by defining key terms like atom, element, isotope, ion, and molecule. It then delves into the subatomic particles that make up atoms, including protons, neutrons, and electrons. It explains how atoms can form ions by gaining or losing electrons and how isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. The tutorial also covers molecular formulas and how elements combine to form compounds with new properties. It provides examples and diagrams to illustrate these important foundational chemistry concepts.
This document contains the syllabus for the STEM 352: STEM 2 course offered at Teachers College of San Joaquin. The syllabus outlines the dates, instructor contact information, course description, learning outcomes, assignments, grading policy, schedule, and policies for the course. The course focuses on examining STEM curriculum and pedagogy through labs, a field trip, and a culminating individual course project applying design thinking to develop a STEM experience aligned with academic standards.
This document provides an overview of geology topics including plate tectonics, evidence for continental drift, layers of the earth, types of plate boundaries, volcanoes, earthquakes, rocks, minerals, and earth system history. It covers key concepts such as P and S waves, convection currents, types of lava and crystals, and the geological time scale divided into eons, eras, and periods. The multi-page document acts as a study guide for students, with definitions and diagrams related to the structure and dynamics of the Earth.
This document appears to be a table for an AP Physics experiment recording trial numbers, angle measurements, distances, masses, and elevations for 10 trials. The document also has a section to record observations from the experiment.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.