Chemical bonding xi , dr.mona srivastava , founder masterchemclassesDR MONA Srivastava
Viewers,
This ppt of chemical bonding is designed to give a complete idea and though conceptual extract of the topic for the students of XI to help them understand the basics of chemical bonding in chemistry. Hope it covers all important aspects and points .
Dr Mona Srivastava
Founder-
Masterchemclasses
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Chemical bonding xi , dr.mona srivastava , founder masterchemclassesDR MONA Srivastava
Viewers,
This ppt of chemical bonding is designed to give a complete idea and though conceptual extract of the topic for the students of XI to help them understand the basics of chemical bonding in chemistry. Hope it covers all important aspects and points .
Dr Mona Srivastava
Founder-
Masterchemclasses
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Cover 8.1 to 8.7 EXCEPT
1. Omit Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
Omit Born-Haber Cycle
2. Omit Dipole Moments
2. ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS
• Why do elements react to form compounds ?
• What are the forces that hold atoms together
in molecules ?
and ions in ionic compounds ?
3. Electron configuration predict reactivity
Element Electron configurations
Mg (12e) 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 Reactive
Mg2+(10e) [Ne] Stable
Cl(17e) 1S2 2S2 2P6 3S2 3P5 Reactive
Cl- (18e) [Ar] Stable
5. TYPES OF CHEMICAL
TYPES OF CHEMICAL
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
BONDS
BONDS
BONDS
BONDS
BONDS
BONDS
BONDS
Ionic
Polar Covalent Two Extremes
Covalent
6. The Two Extremes
IONIC BOND
IONIC BOND
IONIC BOND
IONIC BOND results from the transfer
of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal.
COVALENT BOND
COVALENT BOND
COVALENT BOND
COVALENT BOND results from the sharing
of electrons between the atoms.
Usually found between nonmetals.
7. The POLAR COVALENT
POLAR COVALENT
POLAR COVALENT
POLAR COVALENT bond
is In-between
• the IONIC BOND [ transfer of electrons ]
and
• the COVALENT BOND [ shared electrons]
The pair of electrons in a polar covalent bond are
not shared equally.
8. DISCRIPTION OF ELECTRONS
1. How Many Electrons ?
2. Electron Configuration
3. Orbital Diagram
4. Quantum Numbers
5. LEWIS SYMBOLS
LEWIS SYMBOLS
9. LEWIS SYMBOLS
LEWIS SYMBOLS
LEWIS SYMBOLS
LEWIS SYMBOLS
LEWIS SYMBOLS
LEWIS SYMBOLS
LEWIS SYMBOLS
1. Electrons are represented as DOTS
DOTS
DOTS
DOTS
2. Only VALENCE
VALENCE
VALENCE
VALENCE electrons are used
Atomic Hydrogen is H •
Atomic Lithium is Li •
Atomic Sodium is Na •
All of Group 1 has only one dot
10.
11. The Octet Rule
Atoms gain, lose, or share electrons
until they are surrounded by
8 valence electrons (s2 p6 )
All noble gases [EXCEPT HE] have
s2 p6 configuration.
Note:
There are exceptions to the octet rule.
12. I. The Ionic Bond
I. The Ionic Bond
results from the transfer of electrons
. . . .
Na • + • Cl : Na+ : Cl: -
. . . .
Na has lost an electron to become Na+
and chlorine has gained the electron to
become Cl -
13. II. Covalent Bonding
II. Covalent Bonding
results from the sharing of electrons
between the atoms.
For example
H • + • H → H •• H or H : H
Each pair of shared electrons constitutes
one chemical bond.
Cl + Cl Cl Cl
14. Bonding Non Bonding Electrons
Bonding Electrons: electrons between elements
How many Bonding electrons in
Hydrogen ? Chlorine ?
NonBonding Electrons: those not used in bonding
How many Non Bonding electrons in
Hydrogen ? Chlorine ?
15. Multiple Bonds
One shared pair of electrons single bond
e.g. H2 H - H
Two shared pairs of electrons double bond
e.g. O2 ::O = O::
Three shared pairs of electrons triple bond
e.g. N2 : N ≡ N :
H H O O N N
16. Covalent Bonding
Covalent Bonding
When two atoms of the same kind
bond, neither of them wants to lose or
gain an electron
Therefore, they must share electrons
Each pair of shared electrons constitutes
one chemical bond.
17. Strengths of Covalent Bonds
Strengths of Covalent Bonds
• We know that multiple bonds are shorter
than single bonds.
• We know that multiple bonds are stronger
than single bonds.
• As the number of bonds between atoms
increases, the atoms are held closer and
more tightly together.
18. III. POLAR COVALENT BONDS
In a Polar Covalent bond, electrons are shared.
But NOT equal sharing of those electrons.
In Polar Covalent bonds, the electrons are
located closer to one atom than the other.
Unequal sharing of electrons results in polar
bonds.
19. Hδ
δ
δ
δ+
Fδ
δ
δ
δ -
There is more electron density on F than on H.
Since there are two different “ends” of the
molecule, HF has a di pole.
20. C- H Bond
·
Lewis dot formula · C · for carbon
·
H
Lewis dot formula · ·
H · · C · · H
· · for methane
H
22. Electronegativity 0.7 (Cs) to 4.0 (F)
Group 1
H EXCEPTION {HIGH }
2.1 See Fig 8.6
Li page 285 N O F
1.0 3.0 3.5 4.0
Na Cl
0.9 3.0
{LOW}
23. Dipole
The difference in electronegativity leads to a
polar covalent bond.
Hδ
δ
δ
δ+
Fδ
δ
δ
δ -
There is more electron density on F than on H.
Since there are two different “ends” of the
molecule, HF has a di pole.
24. Resonance Structures
Two or more alternative Lewis
structures for a molecule.
The inability to described a molecule
with a single Lewis stucture.
25. RESONANCE IN OZONE
RESONANCE IN OZONE
RESONANCE IN OZONE
In ozone the extreme possibilities have
one double and one single bond.
The resonance structure has two identical
bonds of intermediate character
O
O
O
O
O
O
26. Resonance In Nitrate Ion
In Nitrate Ion [NO3
-] the extreme possibilities
have one double and two single bonds
O O O
N N N
O O O O O O
The resonance structure has three identical
bonds of intermediate character.
27. Draw the LEWIS STRUCTURE for
HF
NF3
H2O
H2O2
MgCl2
CH4
C2H6
28. Resonance In Nitrite Ion
(NO2 )-
( O – N – O )-
Where does the double bond go ?
| O = N – O | | O – N = O |
29. Formal Charge
The difference between the valence electrons in
an isolated atom and the number of electrons
assigned to that atom in a Lewis structure.
number of number of number of
FC = valence - nonbonding - ½ bonding
electrons electrons electrons
30. Formal Charge
Example 1
:: O = C = O:: vs :::O – C ≡ O
Valence e- 6 4 6 6 4 6
- e- for atom - 6 - 4 - 6 - 7 - 4 - 5
Formal Charge 0 0 0 -1 0 +1
31. Correct formula for (NCO)-1 ?
Structure 1 Structure 2 Structure 3
[:::N - C ≡O:]- [::N = C = O::]- [:N ≡ C –O:::]-
V e- 5 4 6 5 4 6 5 4 6
- e- -7 -4 -5 -6 -4 -6 -5 -4 -7
FC -2 0 +1 -1 0 0 0 0 -1
Structure 3 is correct since negative charge is on
the oxygen atom (most electronegative)
32. Formal Charge
1. Neutral molecules: Formal charges add to zero
2. Ions: Formal charges add to charge on ion
3. Smallest formal charge is preferable
4. Negative formal charge placed on most
electronegative element