dr. napalang

PUBLIC WORKS
PLANNING
Ma. Sheilah G. Napalang, D. Eng., EnP
March 9, 2016
SCURP 2016
A BASIC COURSE IN URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING (ABC in URP)
Training and Extension Services Division
3/F Cariño Hall, School of Urban and Regional Planning
University of the Philippines - Diliman, Quezon City
7-11 March 2016

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
• Definition of Public Works
• Role of public works in development of
communities
• Objectives of infrastructure Planning
• Strategic considerations in infrastructure
planning
• Policy options in provision of infrastructure
• Local planning standards

Public Works
• Provide public service or solve problems
that are perceived to be the public’s
responsibility
• Planned, designed, and operated by or
under the auspices of government agencies
• Facilities which usually require intensive
capital investment

Public Infrastructure Categories
Transport Energy Telecoms Water
Road networks,
bridges, rail
networks, seaports
and airports
Generation
networks/
distribution –
national, regional,
local storage
transformers,
alternative sources
Networks/
distribution –
national, regional,
local
Mobile towers and
other equipment
Development
infrastructure-
hydro storage,
irrigation, water
supply storage,
treatment,
pipelines
Defensive
infrastructure-
flood protection,
sewerage
networks, and
wastewater

Urban infrastructure systems
• Primary infrastructure
 Transport
 Housing and green infrastructure (urban vegetation and parks)
 Energy
 Water and wastewater
 Solid waste
 Telecommunications
• Secondary infrastructure
 Health care
 Education
 Nutrition
 Culture

Technical dimension
• Physical infrastructure layer (lines + nodes = networks)
– Roads
– Tracks
– Cables
– Pipes
– Greens
– Building
• Services layer
– Transport services
– Energy services
– Water and waste water services

ROLE OF PUBLIC WORKS IN
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

Public Works and Community Dev’t
‘Physical entity that enables economic
processes, supports and guides urban
and rural development,
and integrates the various
communities…’
(Source:
National Framework for Physical Planning 2001-2030 by NLUC and NEDA, 2002)

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Roles of Public Infrastructure
Physical link between:
• Production – provides physical access to
production inputs and markets;
• Protection – helps protects communities from
hazards by mitigating the impact of natural
calamities; and
• Settlements – integrating settlements to form a
network of areas which serve as production and
consumption

Role of Infrastructure
Inadequate infrastructure can lead to:
- Urban decay
- when parts of the city or locality become run-
down undesirable to live in
- Slum housing with outside toilets
- Buildings that are poorly built and have leaky roofs,
sagging windows and the like
- Empty buildings that have been vandalized

Inadequate infrastructure can lead to:
Vulnerable communities
Role of Public Infrastructure

Impaired mobility
Source: choosethecross.com
Source: http://www.iquestioneverything.net/2076/amazing-trips-to-
school/

Sustainability Resilience Efficiency
Primary Infrastructure
Secondary Infrastructure
Quality of life Attractiveness
of the City
Competitiveness
of the City
Framework for infrastructure management
and governance

OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC
WORKS/INFRASTRUCTURE
PLANNING

Objectives of Public Works Planning
• Primary objective: provide adequate
base for social and economic
development
• Reduce vulnerability of community to
environmental risks and disasters
• Maintain integrity of environment

Objectives of Public Works Planning
• Provide adequate support to attain the
projected levels of food self-sufficiency
and production targets
• Guide the orderly expansion of
settlements

Infrastructure and Settlements
TRANSIT ORIENTED DEV’T.
“refers to residential and
Commercial Centers
designed to maximize
access by Transit and Non-
motorized transportation
to encourage transit
ridership”
Renee, 2009 as quoted by VTPI
http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm45.htm

Infrastructure and Settlements
Features of TOD
- Grid street pattern
- Higher densities
- Limited surface parking and efficient parking
management
- Pedestrian and bicycle-oriented design
- Mixed housing types
- Horizontal and vertical mixed use

Loft apartments over retail
at Mocking Station, Dallas,
Texas
San Diego, California

OBJECTIVES OF PUBLIC WORKS PLANNING
• Infrastructure development and
refurbishment
– Deteriorated old infrastructures
– Integration of new technology
• Provide for needs of society
• Control of external costs
• Equity
• Justice between generations

Magnitude of the
Environmental problem
CE 247 - Transport Economics and
Evaluation Lecture 5
Based on the 2003
emission survey,
transport contributes
more than 90% of
the air pollution
Smoke-Belching Bus Along
C-4 Road (EDSA Avenue)
Photo Courtesy of the Partnership for Clean
Air (PCA)
Environment Cost of Transport

Economic cost of congestion
Congestion costs estimated based on productive time
loss and fuel costs
JICA estimates
cost of
congestion to be
PhP 2.4B daily

STRATEGIC CONSIDERATION
IN PUBLIC WORKS/
INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING

Considerations in Infra Planning
• Prioritize and implement infrastructure
projects that allow increased access to basic
social and other development services while
servicing production and commerce
• Ensure compatibility of infrastructure with
local land use and development plans
• Attainment of environmental stability through
observance of standards that regulate physical
development and curtail unnecessary
resource degradation

Considerations in Infra Planning
• Promote local and private participation in the
planning and implementation of infrastructure
projects
• Protect infrastructure right-of-way
• Incorporate disaster mitigation in
infrastructure development

Sources and categories of service
• Major sources: rainfall, surface water and
ground water, including spring.
• Categories of public water supply systems in
terms of service level:
– Level I point source – a protected well or a
developed spring with an outlet (also includes rain
collector) but no distribution system; normally
serves 15 households; yields between 40 to 150
liters/minute

• Level II communal faucet
system – system composed of
a faucet, a reservoir or a
piped distribution network
and a communal faucet
located not more than 25 m
from the farthest house;
supplies about 40-80 liters
per capita per day; average
one (1) faucet servicing 4 to 6
households

• Level III individual house
connection – with reservoir,
source, piped distribution
network and household taps,
serving about 1,800
households

DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING
• Description of waterworks system
– Source of water
– Capacity (li/sec)
– Existing distribution system (location of main
reservoir, pumping station, treatment facilities)
– Capacity of pumping station
– Existing water rates

DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR PLANNING
• Location, capacity and household served by
Level II system or communal faucets
• Number of households served by level I
system
• Other water sources utilized (e.g., water
peddlers and number of households served)
• Average monthly expenses incurred for water

DATA REQUIREMENT FOR PLANNING
• Other water-related data
– Location of watersheds
– Location and description of other untapped
potential sources
– Location and description of potential sources of
groundwater pollution
• Water resources
– Surface water
– Lakes and other water impounding structures

DRAINAGE
Systems for dealing with excess water
Three primary drainage tasks:
o Urban storm drainage – stormwater collected in the
streets and conveyed through inlets to buried
conduits which carry it to a point where it can be
safely discharged into a stream, lake, or ocean
o Land drainage – removes excess surface water from
an area or lowers the ground-water below the root
zone to improve plant growth or reduce the
accumulation of soil salts
o Highway drainage – water collecting on the roadway
(or on the adjacent and slopes if the road is cut) must
be disposed of without flooding or damaging the
highway and adjacent areas

Typical Cross Section of Roadways

Sources of flooding
• Tidal flooding
– Sudden flooding from sea and tidal rivers
– Caused by combination of low pressure
weather systems and peak high tides
– often possible to forecast with reasonable
accuracy, due to the predictability of the tide
and trackability of low pressure systems
– Where drainage is available, the duration of
the flood is likewise predictable

Sources of flooding
• Fluvial flooding
– Occurs in the bank of river when capacity is
exceeded due to heavy precipitation or
blockages of the water courses
• Ground water flooding
– Low lying areas sitting over aquifers may
periodically flood as ground water levels rise

Sources of flooding
• Pluvial flooding
– Surface water flooding is caused by rainwater
run-off from urban and rural land with low
absorbency
– Increased intensity of development has
reduced permeable areas
– often exacerbated by overloaded and
outdated drainage infrastructure

Sources of flooding
• Flooding from sewers
– Occurs when capacity of sewers is exceeded due to large
amounts of surface water run-off in a short time
– Poor cleaning and maintenance can lead to blockages that
can also cause local flooding
– Difficult to predict

Sources of flooding
• Flooding from man-made infrastructure
– Canals, reservoirs and other man-made structures
can fail causing flooding to areas downstream

Factors which determine the effect of
floods
• Level of predictability
• Rate of onset of flood
– Flash floods
• Duration of the flood

RESERVOIRS
• Function of a
flood-mitigation
reservoir is to
store a portion of
the flood flow so
as to minimize the
flood peak at the
point to be
protected

Building Resiliency
• Elevate the homes, schools and public buildings above
flood level.
• Use water-resistant building materials, such as concrete
or ceramic, in areas where frequent flooding is a risk.
• Ensure that important appliances, such as heating and
electrical systems, are raised high above flood level.
• Install water-tight flood shields or barriers for basement
windows, doors, and other openings.
• Flooding can cause sewage to back up into houses
through drain pipes, creating a health hazard. Install
sewer backflow valves to prevent this risk

Non-structural Measures
• Good early warning system in place
• Land planning
– Where possible, prevent building and development
on flood-prone lands. Use land along rivers for
parks or ecological reserves.
– If industry is based on the flood-prone areas,
ensure there is flood-proofing and plans to
evacuate machinery and materials which might be
damaged by a flood.
– Protect wetlands and flood plains

Non-structural Measures (Con’t)
• Land planning
– Maintain natural vegetation and forest cover in
wetlands and flood plains. Trees help the soil hold
water!
– Restore and protect degraded wetlands and flood
plains. These areas can store large amounts of
flood water.
– Make room for rivers to flow naturally. Creating
more space for rivers, flood plains, and wetlands is
a major contribution to flood prevention and
protection

Solid waste management and resilient
communities

COMPONENTS OF LGSWM Plan
• Waste Characterizations
– Materials that comprise SW generated
• Source reduction
– Reduce waste generation
– Strategies and measures
– Other appropriate waste reduction technologies
– Types of wastes to be reduced

COMPONENTS OF LGSWM Plan
Source: http://sdsap.org/data/RA9003.pdf

Hierarchy of strategies in SWM
Source: http://sdsap.org/data/RA9003.pdf

Green Buildings
• Efficient use of water, energy, and other
resources
• Protect occupant health and improve
employee productivity
• Reduce waste, pollution and environmental
degradation

CONSIDERATIONS IN PUBLIC
WORKS/INFRASTRUCTURE
DEVELOPMENT AND
MANAGEMENT

SIMPLIFIED SECTORAL PLANNING PROCESS
Data Collection & Analysis
Forecasting
Plan Formulation
Plan Testing
Plan Evaluation and Selection
Preparation of Implementation Program
Goal Formulation

CONSIDERATIONS IN INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN
• Demand: Population, income level,
population/resource distribution/
concentration, users’ needs
• Supply
• Location: Physical suitability
• Institutional capability
• Environment
• Technology

POLICY OPTIONS
IN PUBLIC WORKS/
INFRASTRUCTURE
PROVISION

Policy Options
• Demand-supply balance (predict and provide)
• Demand management
– User charges
– Subsidies
• Integrated resource management

Infrastructure investment priorities
• Ensure adequate and proper maintenance,
including preventive maintenance of existing
assets
• Rehabilitate, whenever feasible, improve and
upgrade infrastructure facilities;
• Construct new infrastructure facilities to cope
with the demands and requirements of the
population and production sectors

Local Planning Standards
Source: PLPEM Guidelines, ADB, 2007
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SERVICES SUPPLY STANDARDS
Provincial road Connecting all component
municipalities/cities (except island
city/municipality)
City/municipality road Connecting major clusters of
population to the city or town proper
Feeder road (barangay
road, rural road or
farm-to-market road)
Connecting all barangays to municipal,
city, or provincial road

HLURB Standards for Planning
• Urban road requirement = 2.4 km/1000 pop
• Rural road requirement = 1.5 kms per 100
hectares

HLURB Standards for Planning
Source: LWUA, as quoted by HLURB, 2007

BP 220: Technical Requirement for Economic and
Socialized Housing Projects in Urban and Rural Areas
• Each lot/unit should be have a water connection
• If there is an available public water supply
system, it must be connected to the subdivision
• Each subdivision shall have at least an operational
deep well and pump sets with sufficient capacity
to provide all homeowners. A spare pump and
motor set is also reserved.
• Water supply shall be potable and adequate

BP 220: Technical Requirement for Economic and
Socialized Housing Projects in Urban and Rural Areas
 If there is no available water supply system, the
developer shall provide for an independent water supply
system within the subdivision project with a minimum
quantity of 150 liters per capita per day
 ground reservoir - protected from pollution by providing
buffer of at least 25 meters from sources of
pollution/contamination
 Elevated reservoir - capacity must be 20% average daily
demand plus fire reserve
 Alternative sources of water supply may be availed of
such as collected rain water and other devices with water
impounding capacity

Source: Inocencio, Padilla, and Javier (1999)
WHO suggested
Minimum requirement
for sanitation: 20 l/c/d

Solid Waste Management
Sanitary Landfill Site Selection Criteria (RA9003)
- The site selected:
o must be consistent with the overall land use plan of the LGU;
o must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;
o should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that
is easily handled and compacted;
o chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the community's
residents;
o should be large enough to accommodate the community’s
wastes for a period of five (5) years during which people must
internalize the value of environmentally sound and sustainable
solid waste disposal;

Solid Waste Management
Sanitary Landfill Site Selection Criteria
(RA9003 IRR)
1. If within two (2) km from airport runway, should not pose
a bird hazard
2. If within one (1) km from public water supply intakes,
including drinking wells, shown in a facility map
3. Should be located more than 75 m from an active fault
4. More than 50 m from any perennial river, lake, or stream

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
• 1 telephone station per municipality (may be
outdated due to mobile phones)
• 1 telegraphic transfer per municipality
• 1 telex station per selected settlement
• One international communication sub-station
per major urban center
• 1 post office per municipality
• 1 letter carrier per 5,000 population

PD 1067: WATER CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
(1976)
• Prescribes easement along banks of rivers and
streams and shores of seas and lakes
– 3 meters in urban areas
– 20 meters in agricultural areas
– 40 meters in forest areas

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