(integrated area development)

INTEGRATED AREA DEVELOPMENT and other
STRATEGIES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Ricardo M. Sandalo, EnP
Associate Professor
DCERP, College of Human Ecology
University of the Philippines Los Baños
January 2017
SCEnP in Calapan City
Short Course on Environmental Planning
DCERP & HUMEIN Phils. Inc.
1

Objectives
• To understand “integrated area development” as an
environmental planning strategy
• To describe the IAD (aka integrated rural development)
experience in the country
• To appreciate the context of EnP and updates on the
environmental planning practice in the Philippines
2

Other names of
Environmental Planning
• Town and Country Planning
• Urban and Regional Planning
• Human Settlements Planning
• City Planning
>>> nevertheless, it is multi-disciplinary (integrative, holistic) and
it is both an art and a science…for the development of
sustainable communities and ecosystems (RA 10587)
3

Art and Science (according to Google)
Art is a diverse range of human activities in creating visual,
auditory or performing artifacts (artworks), expressing the
author's imaginative or technical skill, intended to be
appreciated for their beauty or emotional power.
Science (noun) - the intellectual and practical activity
encompassing the systematic study of the structure and
behavior of the physical and natural world through observation
and experiment
4

Why Regional Development Planning
• The Philippines has adopted regional planning as a
means to correct or reduce some of the most obvious
disparities in socio-economic development with and
between regions
• and reconcile conflicts among advocates of and
oppositors to greater participation in development and
regional autonomy.
5

An IAD area – one of the many types of
area that may be encompassed by
regional development planning
A provincial or sub-provincial area, interprovincial areas or
an ecological unit such as an island chosen for the
application of an integrated area development (IAD)
approach.
6

Just like REGIONAL PLANNING,
the Purposes of IAD Planning
• Preparation and execution of a program for developing a
river basin or an island ecological unit;
• Management of social, economic and physical affairs of an
entire administrative region or a metropolitan area.
• Employed in order to qualify for some form of funding
assistance.
7

1970s
Regional approach to the development has been given
official recognition as an important element in the national
developmental effort. (Philippine context)
8

Before the 1970s
• The goals, concepts and approaches of regional planning
have not occupied center stage in development planning and
implementation.
• Concept of “region” has not been clearly defined nor
consistently delineated.
• Despite the absence of formal definition of a region in the
lack of emphasis on the spatial dimension of planning, some
form of “regional planning” has been going on as evidence by
the following...
9

Creation of the
National Planning Commission
• Established in 1950 as the only physical planning agency
of the government.
• Function: preparation of the “general” plans for regional
areas for the purpose of coordinating the various plans of
urban areas within the region.
10

Proliferation of Multi-purpose Regional
Development Authorities
• Mindanao Development Authority (Prominent among the
authorities)
• Broad planning, initiating and coordination agency.
• Its accomplishments were limited and it has failed to
produce a comprehensive plan for the region.
• Central Luzon – Cagayan Valley Authority (CLCVA)
• Provide electric power and irrigation, promoting
navigation and engaging in flood control.
11

Creation of a Resource-Based
Authority - the LLDA
• Manage and plan probably the most strategic natural
resource of the country – the Laguna de Bay.
• Its mandate includes the approval of plans in addition to
its authority to reclaim or acquire bodies of land from the
lake in pursuance of its objectives.
>>>> largely influenced by the Tennessee Valley Authority
12

Unfortunately…
MDA, LLDA, CLCVA did not receive sufficient financial and
political support and its accomplishments fall way short of
its mandate.
13

The Integrated Reorganization Plan
(PD No. 1, signed in 1972), delineated the
regions of the country
• Regionalization in the country has moved in two directions:
• (A) Regionalization of the administration of national sectoral
services to bring the government closer to the people
(regional offices of national agencies)
• (B) Regionalization of the planning process (by RDCs) to
provide a more rational framework for regional planning
(complemented by the IAD/IRD projects)
14

• Projects (foreign assisted) were to be the major
instruments to trigger the growth especially of lagging
regions in the country.
• Boundaries were drawn to effectively link rural production
areas with market towns and urban centers thereby
enhancing access to product and factor markets.
Integrated Area Development in the
Philippines (1970s until 1986)
15

A major objective was to revitalize socio-economically
depressed provinces and areas through an integrated
approach in the provision of infra support facilities and
services such as roads, irrigation, domestic water supply,
health and nutrition facilities
16

• Later included provinces and areas which are
considered as critical environmental and ecological
areas, i.e. Palawan and Aurora
• Also, included livelihood and enterprise project which
relate directly to infrastructure development
17

• Initially, under the auspices of the Cabinet Coordinating
Committee on Integrated Rural Development Projects
(CCC-IRDP), chaired by DA Secretary Arturo Tanco
• Later, the National Council on Integrated Area
Development (NACIAD) was created (PD 1378),
attached to the Office of the Prime Minister (Cesar E.A.
Virata)
18

• Bicol River Basin Development Programme (BRBDP)
in1975 – the first IRD/IAD project, funded by USAID
• Mindoro Integrated Rural Development Project, in 1975
• Cagayan IAD Project, in 1977
• Samar IRDP, in 1979
• Palawan IAD Project, 1982
• Bohol IAD Project, 1983
19

• Implemented with a defined geographic unit, within a sub-
regional framework, i.e. ecological units aside from political
boundaries
• Multi-sectoral in operation. Systems approach in response to
problems of rural poverty which is complex and multi-
dimensional. Synergy.
• Spatial integration. Linking rural production areas with market
towns and urban centers
The IAD of NACIAD, as distinguished from
past rural development programs
20

The IAD of NACIAD, as distinguished from
past rural development programs
• Designed to generate active and meaningful participation at
the grassroots
• Commitment at the highest political level
• Organizational integration with a defined coordination
authority
21

Major problems encountered by NACIAD in
implementing its IAD strategy (in a paper in 1988)
• Difficulty in adopting the comprehensive approach due to
heavy sectoral orientation of the implementing agencies
• Difficulty of vertical and horizontal integration due to diverse
planning approaches and sectoral orientation of programs
and projects pursued by executing agencies
• Minimal, or lack of, grassroots participation in the areas of
policy formulation, planning, implementation and evaluation of
rural development programs
22

• Funding agencies: WB-IBRD, JICA, IFAD, USAID,
EEC/EU, ADB
• Palawan Integrated Area Development Project
• $47 M loan from ADB, 7 ECU grant from EEC, and $7 M
counterpart from GOP, for 7 years (1981-1987)
• 1st phase – from Roxas going down south in Bataraza
23

• Agricultural Intensification and Diversification (AID) and
Livestock Development (LD) by DA
• Agricultural Credit by Central Bank
• Irrigation Development by NIA
• Ports, Roads, and Rural Drinking Water Supply by DPWH
• Land Classification (LC), Land Survey and Titling (LST), and
Upland Stabilization Program (USP) by DENR
• Malaria Control Program by DOH
24

• Integrated Environmental Program (IEP) and Project
Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation (PBME) by PIADPO
of NACIAD
• Institutional Arrangements: Regional Coordinating
Committee (RCC) and Project Executive Committee
(PEC); multi-agency implementation, disbursement by
agency, reimbursed by ADB as endorsed by PIADPO
25

• NACIAD was abolished and the overall direction,
coordination and supervision of IAD and similar projects
were assumed by NEDA and the RDCs where the
projects were located (EO 230)
• PIADPO was attached to the Office of the Governor of
Palawan (PIADP was only in one province)
Philippines after EDSA Revolution
26

• The reorganization led to the loss of some momentum in
the gains already had in the IAD approach
• The RDCs were into strategic policy-making rather than
on organizing and synchronizing resources for project
implementation
27

• The IAD seemed to have lost a lot of its appeal to the
donor or external assisting agencies on which its
initial successes mostly depended
• Most provinces lack the complement of technical
expertise or experience in undertaking an integrated
socio-economic development
28

• The Second PIADP (SPIADP) was implemented from
1988-1992, funded by ADB
• Through the IEP (funded by EEC), the Strategic
Environmental Plan for Palawan towards Sustainable
Development was formulated (1987) and adopted into
law (RA 7611) in 1992
29

• RA 7611 created the Palawan Council for Sustainable
Development (PCSD), under the Office of the Phil
President and converted PIADPO as the PCSD Staff
• From 1995-2002, the Palawan Tropical Forestry Protection
Programme (PTFPP) was implemented by PCSDS,
funded (grant) by the European Union (7 M euro)
30

The problems that the IAD approach intended to
respond to when it was applied are still with us today: rural
poverty, growth disparity within and between regions, lack of
inter-sectoral and spatial integration, environmental integrity,
etc.
Still relevant today?
31

• As an approach, it is still logical and appropriate,
• In fact, today the need to adopt integrated (horizontal, i.e.
area-specific) implementation in the provision of infra
support facilities and services such as roads, irrigation,
domestic water supply, health and nutrition facilities, are
reflected in the Local Government Code of 1991, and in
other development planning frameworks (TIEZA,
economic zones, NIPAS),
32

• As well as in pursuing ecosystem-based
management (EbM) that emphasizes the
interrelationship between ecosystems, i.e. the
upland, lowland and coastal ecosystems (ridge-
to-reef, watershed, catchment, small island,
landscape, seascape)
33

A multi-disciplinary art and science of … harmonizing, managing and regulating
the use and development of land and water resources… for the development of
sustainable communities and ecosystems
Environment
Planning
Development
34

Sustainable Development
35
“Development that meets the needs of
the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet
their needs” (WCED, 1987)

Sustainable Development
36
Meeting the needs of the present
>>>>>>Development
Pillars: economic development, social equity
(justice), environmental integrity, cultural
diversity
Intergenerational equity

Stockholm
Conference
Silent
Spring
Sus
Dev
Environmental
Planning
Habitat
1
MDGSDG
37

BNPP
Ormoc
Tragedy
IAD
Rural
Dev
Sus
Dev
PD 1308
RA 10587
Basic
Needs
MHS
PA 21
Yolanda
Ondoy
38

8 MDGs (2000-2015)
39
§eradicating extreme poverty and hunger,
§achieving universal primary education,
§promoting gender equality and empowering
women
§reducing child mortality rates,
§improving maternal health,
§combating HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases,
§ensuring environmental sustainability, and
§developing a global partnership for development

17 SDGs (2016-2030)
• End poverty in all its forms everywhere
• End hunger, achieve food security and improved
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture
• Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
all at all ages
• Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
41

17 SDGs (2016-2030)
• Achieve gender equality and empower all women and
girls
• Ensure availability and sustainable management of water
and sanitation for all
• Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and
modern energy for all
• Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic
growth, full and productive employment and decent work
for all
42

17 SDGs (2016-2030)
• Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and
sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
• Reduce inequality within and among countries
• Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainable
• Ensure sustainable consumption and production
patterns
43

17 SDGs (2016-2030)
• Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts
• Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for
sustainable development
• Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems,
sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse
land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
• Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and
inclusive institutions at all levels
• Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global
partnership for sustainable development
44

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A multi-disciplinary art and science of … harmonizing, managing and regulating
the use and development of land and water resources… for the development of
sustainable communities and ecosystems
Environment
Planning
Development
64

REFERENCES
• Gerardo Calabia, “Regional Planning: Issues and Problems of Managing
Socio-Economic and Physical Affairs”, Philippine Planning Journal Vol XXI
No. 2; Vol XXII No. 1, April-October 1990
• Carmelita Rosario Eva U. Liwag, “Rural Development Planning
and Administration: The Role of NACIAD as a Development
Agency”, Philippine Planning Journal, Vol XIX Nos 1&2 October
1987-April 1988
• Personal notes of Ricardo M. Sandalo
65

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THANK YOU!

(integrated area development)

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