The document provides information on commonly used DOS commands and their formatting, parameters, options, and usage. It includes summaries of commands like DIR, COPY, DEL, FORMAT, and EDIT that allow viewing, copying, deleting, formatting files and using the DOS editor. The document also covers I/O redirection, batch file commands, file comparison, and special characters that can be used with DOS.
This document provides information about the MS-DOS operating system, including its introduction and various commands. It discusses internal commands like DIR, DATE, TIME, and COPY that are built into the command.com file. External commands like FORMAT, LABEL, and BACKUP are also covered, which require additional files to run. The roles of DOS include interpreting user commands via the keyboard to manage files, disks, hardware, memory, and program execution. Syntax examples are provided for many common commands.
The document provides information about various DOS commands. It discusses that MS-DOS uses a text-based command line interface with COMMAND.COM providing the user interface. It describes several common internal commands like DATE, TIME, COPY CON, TYPE, CLS, REN, DIR, PATH, VER, VOL, DEL/ERASE and COPY. It also discusses some external commands like EDIT and XCOPY. It provides details on the syntax and usage of these commands.
MS-DOS was first released in 1981 and was the dominant operating system for personal computers until the mid-1990s. It provided basic file management and program execution capabilities through command line commands. Some key commands included DIR to list files, COPY to copy files, DEL to delete files, EDIT to edit text files, and CD to change directories. MS-DOS also supported wildcards, file attributes, path names, and other features to help users organize and manage files and folders through the command prompt.
The document is a tutorial on MS-DOS commands. It provides instructions on how to start MS-DOS and gives tips for using DOS commands. It then reviews several important commands like DIR, COPY, DEL, FORMAT, and TREE. For each command it gives the syntax, switches, and examples of use. The tutorial aims to help users understand basic and frequently used MS-DOS commands.
MS-DOS was first released in 1981 and updated until 1994 when it was replaced by Windows 95. All versions of Windows still contain some elements of DOS.
The basic structure of DOS commands uses the format "Command Source Destination /Switch". Commands include COPY, XCOPY, DIR, DEL, EDIT, MOVE, REN, MD, DELTREE, and TREE.
The DOS prompt displays the current directory. File names cannot be longer than 8 characters and extensions no more than 3 characters. Basic commands like CD, CD.., COPY, DIR, DEL allow navigating and managing files and folders.
The document discusses the Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) created by Microsoft. It provides information on booting, types of booting, DOS files and directory structure, common DOS commands, and popular versions of MS-DOS including versions 3, 4, 5 and 6. It summarizes key functions of DOS such as translating user commands, managing disk files and system resources, and controlling hardware devices.
The document discusses the booting process and operating system MS-DOS. It explains that booting loads the disk operating system and MS-DOS is a single-user command-line interface operating system. The document then covers key DOS commands like DIR, MD, CD, COPY, TYPE, REN, DEL. It describes commands to create, view, copy, rename and delete files and directories. The document also discusses internal commands, external commands, wildcards and commands like DATE, TIME, CLS to manage disks, files and get system information.
The document summarizes common internal commands in MS-DOS, including commands to display or change the date and time (DATE, TIME), clear the screen (CLS), view directory listings (DIR), create and change directories (MD, CD), manage files (COPY, TYPE, DELETE, RENAME), and view volume labels (LABEL, VOL). These commands are built into the command.com file and allow users to manage files, directories, and system settings from the command line.
This document provides information about the MS-DOS operating system, including its introduction and various commands. It discusses internal commands like DIR, DATE, TIME, and COPY that are built into the command.com file. External commands like FORMAT, LABEL, and BACKUP are also covered, which require additional files to run. The roles of DOS include interpreting user commands via the keyboard to manage files, disks, hardware, memory, and program execution. Syntax examples are provided for many common commands.
The document provides information about various DOS commands. It discusses that MS-DOS uses a text-based command line interface with COMMAND.COM providing the user interface. It describes several common internal commands like DATE, TIME, COPY CON, TYPE, CLS, REN, DIR, PATH, VER, VOL, DEL/ERASE and COPY. It also discusses some external commands like EDIT and XCOPY. It provides details on the syntax and usage of these commands.
MS-DOS was first released in 1981 and was the dominant operating system for personal computers until the mid-1990s. It provided basic file management and program execution capabilities through command line commands. Some key commands included DIR to list files, COPY to copy files, DEL to delete files, EDIT to edit text files, and CD to change directories. MS-DOS also supported wildcards, file attributes, path names, and other features to help users organize and manage files and folders through the command prompt.
The document is a tutorial on MS-DOS commands. It provides instructions on how to start MS-DOS and gives tips for using DOS commands. It then reviews several important commands like DIR, COPY, DEL, FORMAT, and TREE. For each command it gives the syntax, switches, and examples of use. The tutorial aims to help users understand basic and frequently used MS-DOS commands.
MS-DOS was first released in 1981 and updated until 1994 when it was replaced by Windows 95. All versions of Windows still contain some elements of DOS.
The basic structure of DOS commands uses the format "Command Source Destination /Switch". Commands include COPY, XCOPY, DIR, DEL, EDIT, MOVE, REN, MD, DELTREE, and TREE.
The DOS prompt displays the current directory. File names cannot be longer than 8 characters and extensions no more than 3 characters. Basic commands like CD, CD.., COPY, DIR, DEL allow navigating and managing files and folders.
The document discusses the Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) created by Microsoft. It provides information on booting, types of booting, DOS files and directory structure, common DOS commands, and popular versions of MS-DOS including versions 3, 4, 5 and 6. It summarizes key functions of DOS such as translating user commands, managing disk files and system resources, and controlling hardware devices.
The document discusses the booting process and operating system MS-DOS. It explains that booting loads the disk operating system and MS-DOS is a single-user command-line interface operating system. The document then covers key DOS commands like DIR, MD, CD, COPY, TYPE, REN, DEL. It describes commands to create, view, copy, rename and delete files and directories. The document also discusses internal commands, external commands, wildcards and commands like DATE, TIME, CLS to manage disks, files and get system information.
The document summarizes common internal commands in MS-DOS, including commands to display or change the date and time (DATE, TIME), clear the screen (CLS), view directory listings (DIR), create and change directories (MD, CD), manage files (COPY, TYPE, DELETE, RENAME), and view volume labels (LABEL, VOL). These commands are built into the command.com file and allow users to manage files, directories, and system settings from the command line.
The document discusses internal commands in DOS. It defines internal commands as built-in commands that are loaded with the operating system into memory during booting and remain resident as long as the computer is on. It provides examples of common internal commands like DIR, COPY, DEL, TYPE, CD, MD, RD, and explains what each command does and provides sample syntax. The document also discusses conventions used in command descriptions and provides examples of using wildcards with commands.
In MS-Dos (Disk Operating System) There are two types of Basic dos commands they are internal dos commands and external dos commands which are used separately to perform specific task or operation. Internal dos commands are those commands which are included in command processor (command.com). Internal dos commands are built in command.com file and while the computer has been booted this file or commands are loaded in the computer memory and you can use this basic dos commands while computer is ON.
This document provides information about the MS-DOS operating system, including its history, structure, files, commands, and more. It discusses that MS-DOS is a single-user, single-tasking operating system that uses a command line interface. It describes the system files used by MS-DOS like IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM. It also summarizes the structure of MS-DOS including the operating system loader, BIOS, kernel, and user interface. Finally, it provides examples of various internal and external commands used in MS-DOS.
The document discusses operating systems and basic commands used in DOS (Disk Operating System). It defines key terms like the operating system, pathnames, directories and wildcards. It then provides examples of basic commands used in DOS to list, create, delete and copy files and directories, change disks and drives, and get help. These commands include dir, cd, mkdir, del, type, copy, rename, cls, date, time and exit.
The document discusses the Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) created by Microsoft. It provides information on booting, the types of booting (warm and cold), and describes MS-DOS files and functions. MS-DOS is a single-user, single-task operating system that manages disks, allocates resources, and provides device control. It discusses DOS files, directory structure, important commands like DIR, COPY, TYPE and functions like path specification to access files on drives and directories.
Disk Operating System (DOS) was the first widely installed operating system for personal computers. DOS controls the computer's hardware and provides an environment for programs to run. It has important files like BAT, COM, and EXE. DOS commands allow the user to control computer resources and come in internal and external types. Internal commands are stored in COMMAND.COM and loaded automatically, while external commands reside on disk and load only when needed. Some examples of commands are CLS, VER, TYPE, and CHKDSK.
The document summarizes the Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) used in early personal computers in the 1980s and 1990s. It discusses key aspects of MS-DOS including its functions, files, directory structure, commands, and popular versions. MS-DOS was the most widely used operating system at the time and provided basic functions like running programs, controlling I/O devices, and handling errors through core files like IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM. It organized files in a hierarchical directory structure and included commands to manage files and directories. Popular versions of MS-DOS extended its capabilities and supported new hardware over time.
This document lists and describes 138 MS-DOS commands, including commands to manage directories and files (DIR, COPY, DEL), view and modify system settings (DATE, TIME, MODE), run diagnostic utilities (CHKDSK, SCANDISK), manage hardware (FDISK, FORMAT), and connect to networks (FTP, TELNET).
This document provides an overview of basic MS-DOS commands and structure. It discusses the history of MS-DOS and how versions of Windows still include DOS elements. The basic structure of DOS commands is explained as Command Source Destination /Switch. Common commands like COPY, DIR, DEL, EDIT, MOVE, REN, MD, DELTREE, TREE, CLS and ATTRIB are described along with their functions. File naming conventions, attributes, and using the help switch /? are also summarized.
DOS stands for Disk Operating System. It is used to manage secondary storage devices like hard disks and floppy disks by organizing files in a hierarchical directory structure and allocating system resources. Some examples of early DOS systems include DOS/360 for IBM mainframes and DOS for DEC PDP-11 minicomputers. The most well-known DOS was MS-DOS, developed by Microsoft for the IBM PC. DOS allows naming files with a primary eight-character name and secondary three-character extension separated by a period. It provides commands to manage files and directories, hardware devices, and system resources.
The document discusses several disk operating systems including:
- MS-DOS and PC-DOS, which dominated the IBM PC compatible market from the 1980s to mid-1990s.
- 86-DOS, which was the predecessor to PC-DOS and MS-DOS.
- DR-DOS, a DOS clone developed by Digital Research as an alternative to MS-DOS.
- FreeDOS, an open-source operating system compatible with the DOS architecture and API.
Microsoft included a feature called Virtual DOS Machine (VDM) to allow users to run legacy DOS-based applications within Windows. The document then lists and describes various basic DOS commands that can be executed from the Windows command prompt, such as DIR to display files in a directory, MD to create a new folder, CD to open a folder, and DEL to delete a file. It provides details on over 30 common DOS commands for navigating, viewing, copying, moving, deleting, and managing files and folders from the command line interface.
Microsoft included a feature called Virtual DOS Machine (VDM) to allow users to run legacy DOS-based applications within Windows. The document then lists and describes various basic DOS commands that can be executed from the Windows command prompt, such as DIR to display files in a directory, MD to create a new folder, CD to open a folder, and DEL to delete a file. It provides details on over 30 common DOS commands for navigating, viewing, copying, moving, deleting, and managing files and folders from the command line interface.
1. The document discusses fundamental DOS commands like DIR, FORMAT, COPY, PATH, LABEL, VOL, MD, CD, and DEL. It provides examples of how to use each command.
2. Rules for naming files in DOS are described, including allowed/prohibited characters and reserved words. File extensions help identify file types like .exe, .com, .bat, .bak, .bas, etc.
3. Operating systems like DOS, Windows, Linux, MacOS, and UNIX are introduced. MS-DOS is characterized as a disk-based, single-user, single-task OS with a character-based interface. Ways to access DOS commands from Windows
A z index of the windows cmd command lineproser tech
The document provides an A-Z index of common Windows CMD commands and their functions. It lists over 100 commands including basic commands like CD, COPY, DIR, ECHO, and VER to manage files, folders, disks and view system information. Other commands control services, users, groups, permissions, networking, remote connections and more to administer Windows systems from the command line.
This document lists various Windows command line utilities, organized alphabetically. Some of the more common commands listed include COPY, DATE, DEL, DIR, ECHO, MD, MKDIR, MOVE, PATH, REN, RD, SET, START, TIME, TITLE, TYPE, VER, and XCOPY. The commands allow users to manage files, folders, disks, environment variables, and perform other tasks from the command line.
What is Dos Operating System :: MS-Dos Stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System & It is developed by Microsoft Corporation.Dos Operating system was developed in 1981 and its first version was named as Dos 1.00.In Dos work are performed by managing disk And disk files. It Provides a interface between computer hardware and Software programs.
Dos is a 16 bit operating system that means it can save and process 16 bit of data at single time. It is a single user and single tasking Operating system. It is NON-GUI(Graphical User Interface) It Works on CUI(Character User Interface)environment.
This document provides information about the Disk Operating System (DOS), including its three main layers: BIOS, the DOS kernel, and the command processor. It describes the functions of each layer, with BIOS managing hardware devices, the kernel providing file management, memory management and other core functions, and the command processor serving as the interface between the user and DOS through built-in commands. The document also lists and explains some common DOS commands.
MS-DOS was developed to run on single-user desktop computers and exemplified early operating systems with sequential job management from a single user. It had advantages of simple operation and commands but lacked flexibility and was limited to the Intel processor family. The document outlines MS-DOS's history, design goals, and how it managed memory, processes, devices, files, and the user interface.
The document provides information on various DOS commands including their types (internal or external), actions performed, and available command line switches. It discusses file naming conventions in DOS/Windows including the 8.3 naming specification and long filename support. It also describes file types/formats, read only/hidden/system/archive file attributes, and the hierarchy of command execution if multiple files of the same name but different extensions exist.
PC Software - Computer Application - Office Automation Toolszatax
The document provides an index and overview of commands and functions for Microsoft DOS and Windows. It includes sections on basic DOS commands, the concept of Windows, creating folders and files, word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and using the internet. Examples are provided for various DOS commands like DIR, MD, RD, CD, COPY, DEL, REN, and TYPE. Internal and external DOS commands are also categorized in a table.
This document provides a crash course on the MS-DOS operating system and how to use basic MS-DOS commands within a DOS window or "DOS box" in modern versions of Windows. It explains that DOS was the original operating system for PCs and is still used to some extent today. The document lists and describes common DOS commands like DIR, COPY, REN, DEL, and EXIT that can be used to navigate directories, copy/move/rename files, delete files, and close the command prompt window. It includes examples of using each command and notes that command parameters can be in uppercase, lowercase, or mixed case.
The document discusses internal commands in DOS. It defines internal commands as built-in commands that are loaded with the operating system into memory during booting and remain resident as long as the computer is on. It provides examples of common internal commands like DIR, COPY, DEL, TYPE, CD, MD, RD, and explains what each command does and provides sample syntax. The document also discusses conventions used in command descriptions and provides examples of using wildcards with commands.
In MS-Dos (Disk Operating System) There are two types of Basic dos commands they are internal dos commands and external dos commands which are used separately to perform specific task or operation. Internal dos commands are those commands which are included in command processor (command.com). Internal dos commands are built in command.com file and while the computer has been booted this file or commands are loaded in the computer memory and you can use this basic dos commands while computer is ON.
This document provides information about the MS-DOS operating system, including its history, structure, files, commands, and more. It discusses that MS-DOS is a single-user, single-tasking operating system that uses a command line interface. It describes the system files used by MS-DOS like IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM. It also summarizes the structure of MS-DOS including the operating system loader, BIOS, kernel, and user interface. Finally, it provides examples of various internal and external commands used in MS-DOS.
The document discusses operating systems and basic commands used in DOS (Disk Operating System). It defines key terms like the operating system, pathnames, directories and wildcards. It then provides examples of basic commands used in DOS to list, create, delete and copy files and directories, change disks and drives, and get help. These commands include dir, cd, mkdir, del, type, copy, rename, cls, date, time and exit.
The document discusses the Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) created by Microsoft. It provides information on booting, the types of booting (warm and cold), and describes MS-DOS files and functions. MS-DOS is a single-user, single-task operating system that manages disks, allocates resources, and provides device control. It discusses DOS files, directory structure, important commands like DIR, COPY, TYPE and functions like path specification to access files on drives and directories.
Disk Operating System (DOS) was the first widely installed operating system for personal computers. DOS controls the computer's hardware and provides an environment for programs to run. It has important files like BAT, COM, and EXE. DOS commands allow the user to control computer resources and come in internal and external types. Internal commands are stored in COMMAND.COM and loaded automatically, while external commands reside on disk and load only when needed. Some examples of commands are CLS, VER, TYPE, and CHKDSK.
The document summarizes the Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) used in early personal computers in the 1980s and 1990s. It discusses key aspects of MS-DOS including its functions, files, directory structure, commands, and popular versions. MS-DOS was the most widely used operating system at the time and provided basic functions like running programs, controlling I/O devices, and handling errors through core files like IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM. It organized files in a hierarchical directory structure and included commands to manage files and directories. Popular versions of MS-DOS extended its capabilities and supported new hardware over time.
This document lists and describes 138 MS-DOS commands, including commands to manage directories and files (DIR, COPY, DEL), view and modify system settings (DATE, TIME, MODE), run diagnostic utilities (CHKDSK, SCANDISK), manage hardware (FDISK, FORMAT), and connect to networks (FTP, TELNET).
This document provides an overview of basic MS-DOS commands and structure. It discusses the history of MS-DOS and how versions of Windows still include DOS elements. The basic structure of DOS commands is explained as Command Source Destination /Switch. Common commands like COPY, DIR, DEL, EDIT, MOVE, REN, MD, DELTREE, TREE, CLS and ATTRIB are described along with their functions. File naming conventions, attributes, and using the help switch /? are also summarized.
DOS stands for Disk Operating System. It is used to manage secondary storage devices like hard disks and floppy disks by organizing files in a hierarchical directory structure and allocating system resources. Some examples of early DOS systems include DOS/360 for IBM mainframes and DOS for DEC PDP-11 minicomputers. The most well-known DOS was MS-DOS, developed by Microsoft for the IBM PC. DOS allows naming files with a primary eight-character name and secondary three-character extension separated by a period. It provides commands to manage files and directories, hardware devices, and system resources.
The document discusses several disk operating systems including:
- MS-DOS and PC-DOS, which dominated the IBM PC compatible market from the 1980s to mid-1990s.
- 86-DOS, which was the predecessor to PC-DOS and MS-DOS.
- DR-DOS, a DOS clone developed by Digital Research as an alternative to MS-DOS.
- FreeDOS, an open-source operating system compatible with the DOS architecture and API.
Microsoft included a feature called Virtual DOS Machine (VDM) to allow users to run legacy DOS-based applications within Windows. The document then lists and describes various basic DOS commands that can be executed from the Windows command prompt, such as DIR to display files in a directory, MD to create a new folder, CD to open a folder, and DEL to delete a file. It provides details on over 30 common DOS commands for navigating, viewing, copying, moving, deleting, and managing files and folders from the command line interface.
Microsoft included a feature called Virtual DOS Machine (VDM) to allow users to run legacy DOS-based applications within Windows. The document then lists and describes various basic DOS commands that can be executed from the Windows command prompt, such as DIR to display files in a directory, MD to create a new folder, CD to open a folder, and DEL to delete a file. It provides details on over 30 common DOS commands for navigating, viewing, copying, moving, deleting, and managing files and folders from the command line interface.
1. The document discusses fundamental DOS commands like DIR, FORMAT, COPY, PATH, LABEL, VOL, MD, CD, and DEL. It provides examples of how to use each command.
2. Rules for naming files in DOS are described, including allowed/prohibited characters and reserved words. File extensions help identify file types like .exe, .com, .bat, .bak, .bas, etc.
3. Operating systems like DOS, Windows, Linux, MacOS, and UNIX are introduced. MS-DOS is characterized as a disk-based, single-user, single-task OS with a character-based interface. Ways to access DOS commands from Windows
A z index of the windows cmd command lineproser tech
The document provides an A-Z index of common Windows CMD commands and their functions. It lists over 100 commands including basic commands like CD, COPY, DIR, ECHO, and VER to manage files, folders, disks and view system information. Other commands control services, users, groups, permissions, networking, remote connections and more to administer Windows systems from the command line.
This document lists various Windows command line utilities, organized alphabetically. Some of the more common commands listed include COPY, DATE, DEL, DIR, ECHO, MD, MKDIR, MOVE, PATH, REN, RD, SET, START, TIME, TITLE, TYPE, VER, and XCOPY. The commands allow users to manage files, folders, disks, environment variables, and perform other tasks from the command line.
What is Dos Operating System :: MS-Dos Stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System & It is developed by Microsoft Corporation.Dos Operating system was developed in 1981 and its first version was named as Dos 1.00.In Dos work are performed by managing disk And disk files. It Provides a interface between computer hardware and Software programs.
Dos is a 16 bit operating system that means it can save and process 16 bit of data at single time. It is a single user and single tasking Operating system. It is NON-GUI(Graphical User Interface) It Works on CUI(Character User Interface)environment.
This document provides information about the Disk Operating System (DOS), including its three main layers: BIOS, the DOS kernel, and the command processor. It describes the functions of each layer, with BIOS managing hardware devices, the kernel providing file management, memory management and other core functions, and the command processor serving as the interface between the user and DOS through built-in commands. The document also lists and explains some common DOS commands.
MS-DOS was developed to run on single-user desktop computers and exemplified early operating systems with sequential job management from a single user. It had advantages of simple operation and commands but lacked flexibility and was limited to the Intel processor family. The document outlines MS-DOS's history, design goals, and how it managed memory, processes, devices, files, and the user interface.
The document provides information on various DOS commands including their types (internal or external), actions performed, and available command line switches. It discusses file naming conventions in DOS/Windows including the 8.3 naming specification and long filename support. It also describes file types/formats, read only/hidden/system/archive file attributes, and the hierarchy of command execution if multiple files of the same name but different extensions exist.
PC Software - Computer Application - Office Automation Toolszatax
The document provides an index and overview of commands and functions for Microsoft DOS and Windows. It includes sections on basic DOS commands, the concept of Windows, creating folders and files, word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, and using the internet. Examples are provided for various DOS commands like DIR, MD, RD, CD, COPY, DEL, REN, and TYPE. Internal and external DOS commands are also categorized in a table.
This document provides a crash course on the MS-DOS operating system and how to use basic MS-DOS commands within a DOS window or "DOS box" in modern versions of Windows. It explains that DOS was the original operating system for PCs and is still used to some extent today. The document lists and describes common DOS commands like DIR, COPY, REN, DEL, and EXIT that can be used to navigate directories, copy/move/rename files, delete files, and close the command prompt window. It includes examples of using each command and notes that command parameters can be in uppercase, lowercase, or mixed case.
1. The document discusses fundamental DOS commands like DIR, FORMAT, COPY, PATH, LABEL, VOL, MD, CD, and DEL. It provides examples of how to use each command.
2. Rules for naming files in DOS are described, including allowed/prohibited characters and reserved words. File extensions help identify file types like .exe, .com, .bat, .bak, .bas, etc.
3. Operating systems like DOS, Windows, Linux, MacOS, and UNIX are introduced. MS-DOS is characterized as a disk-based, single-user, single-task OS with a character-based interface. Ways to access DOS commands from Windows
DOS (Disk Operating System) is an early operating system that launched in 1981. It was a command-line based system that controlled input/output and required users to type commands rather than use a graphical interface. Over time, versions of DOS were released through 1994. Common DOS files that should not be deleted included CONFIG.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, IO.SYS, and COMMAND.COM as they were needed for the operating system to function. DOS used basic commands like DIR, COPY, DEL, REN, FORMAT, and MD to manage files and directories without a mouse.
The resume provides details of Monika Sharma, a 20-year-old student currently pursuing a B.Com(H) degree from ICG - The IIS University, who has achieved academic and extracurricular success in school including being head girl and an accountancy topper, and seeks a challenging position to effectively contribute her skills and talents.
Disk Operating System (DOS) is the first program that must be loaded before using a personal computer. It allows users to manage files and directories. Files have names with 8 character limits and optional extensions up to 3 characters. Directories contain file names, sizes, and timestamps. DOS commands include internal commands like DATE, TIME, DIR, COPY, TYPE, EDIT, DEL, RENAME, MD, CD, RD and external commands like FORMAT to format disks and BATCH files to run groups of commands. Wildcard characters like * and ? can be used in commands to represent multiple files.
This document provides an overview of basic Unix commands including ls, cd, pwd, mkdir, rm, rmdir, cp, find, touch, echo, cat, who, and du. It explains what each command is used for and provides examples of common usages. The document serves as a beginner's guide to learning Unix commands.
A DOS, or disk operating system, is an operating system that runs from a disk drive. The term can also refer to a particular family of disk operating ...
DOS is a family of disk-based operating systems for IBM PC compatible computers. The DOS family primarily consists of Microsoft's MS-DOS and a rebranded ...
MS-DOS files have a primary name with a maximum of 8 characters and an extension with a maximum of 3 characters separated by a period. MS-DOS is a non-graphical, command-driven operating system that loads files IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM from the boot disk or hard drive to provide an interface between the hardware and application programs. DOS commands include internal commands permanently loaded in memory like DIR, DATE, TIME as well as external commands requiring files like EDIT, BACKUP, RESTORE for more complex tasks.
MS-DOS files have a primary name with a maximum of 8 characters and an extension with a maximum of 3 characters separated by a period. MS-DOS is a non-graphical, command-driven operating system that loads files IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS, and COMMAND.COM from the boot disk or hard drive to provide an interface between hardware and programs and manage system resources. DOS commands include internal commands permanently loaded in memory like DIR, DATE, TIME as well as external commands requiring files like EDIT, BACKUP that perform more complex tasks.
BITS: Introduction to Linux - Text manipulation tools for bioinformaticsBITS
The document provides an introduction to using the Linux command line for bioinformatics tasks. It covers navigating the file system, manipulating files and directories, input/output redirection, piping commands together, and commonly used text processing tools. The goal is to help users easily use command line tools, automate repetitive tasks, and parse/summarize text-based outputs.
A presentation on using alternate ways to reference file names and paths in Windows systems to bypass security measures.
There's a relevant haiku on every slide, so if you get bored, you can always read the haiku.
Introduction to command line tools for *NIX (UNIX (like OS X and Solaris/SunOS), BSD, & GNU/Linux) environments. I made this presentation originally for the LUG@UCF when I was an undergrad but still contains valid information. Hope you find it useful.
This document discusses internal and external commands in an operating system. Internal commands are built into the OS and available anytime, while external commands must be loaded from disk as needed. Commands have three parts - a keyword to specify the action, a parameter to specify the target of the action, and optional switches to modify the action. Common commands include DIR, COPY, DEL, and FORMAT.
There are two types of DOS commands: internal commands that are preloaded and external commands that must be loaded from disk. Some common commands are DIR to list files, CD to change directories, COPY to copy files, DEL to delete files, TYPE to view files, and FORMAT to prepare disks. External commands include XCOPY to copy including subdirectories, TREE to view the directory structure, and DISKCOPY to copy an entire disk.
The document discusses various DOS commands used to manage files and directories in MS-DOS. It describes internal commands that are preloaded and external commands stored on disks. Some key commands covered include DIR to list files, MD to create directories, CD to change directories, COPY to copy files, DEL to delete files, and FORMAT to format disks.
The document discusses various DOS commands used to manage files and directories in MS-DOS. It describes internal commands that are preloaded and external commands stored on disks. Some key commands covered include DIR to list files, MD to create directories, CD to change directories, COPY to copy files, DEL to delete files, and FORMAT to format disks.
This document provides an overview of common DOS commands and their usage. It explains that commands are instructions used to perform specific tasks and are interpreted by the operating system. It distinguishes between internal commands that are pre-loaded and external commands located on disks. It also defines important concepts like files, directories, root directory and current directory. Finally, it describes commands for listing files, creating/deleting directories, copying/moving files, checking disk properties and more.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
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Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
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1. DOS Command Reference
Introduction Some course material on the Teaching Network may still use
the command line operating system called DOS (Disk
Operating System). This requires the user to type specific
commands at a prompt.
You may also need to use this system, for example, when
changing your password, and you can enter DOS by choosing
'MS-DOS Prompt' from the Public menu on the taskbar.
Command Format Commands can be typed in response to the network DOS
prompt:
G:>
Commands may be typed in upper or lower case. Here, they
are specified in upper case to distinguish them from other
input.
Commands have a particular format. Some can be used
simply by typing the command name only, as in:
DIR
which displays a listing of files in the current directory.
Parameters Many commands can take extra information called
parameters to make them more specific, For example, the
COPY command can have a parameter specifying a file to be
copied and a parameter specifying a file to which the copy is to
be made. So the command would look like this:
COPY filea fileb
In this case, filea would be the name of a file to copy from
and fileb would be the name of a file to copy to.
Parameters can sometimes be omitted in which case a default
action will apply.
Options Commands can also be qualified by the use of options. Options
are preceded by a / sign. A simple example of the use of an
option is with the DIR command. DIR can be qualified by /P or
/W. Thus the commands:
DIR
DIR /W
DIR /P
result in listings presented in a different format as detailed
later.
DOS Command Reference 1
2. Some Useful DOS Commands
COPY Make a copy of a file or merge files together.
COPY original-file destination-file
where original-file and destination-file are file
names, separated by a space.
The command can be used to merge several files into one file
since the original-file parameter can be a list of
filenames separated by the + symbol. For example:
COPY file1 + file2 file3
would copy file1 and file2 into file3.
Note that the file names used in the copy command must
include the file extension if it exists. So if you were copying a
fortran program called first.for, for example, you would
need to include the .for extension in the filename.
DEL Delete a file.
DEL filename
where filename is the name of the file to be deleted. You are
asked to confirm that you really want to delete the file. Note
that the name must include the file extension.
The amount of space on a disk is limited and it is necessary
periodically to tidy up unwanted files. It is possible to use a '*'
character in a filename to match any sequence of characters.
This feature is very useful when deleting unwanted files with
identical extensions. For example, when developing
programs,
DEL *.obj
will delete every binary (.obj) file in the current directory.
Since an .obj file can always be recreated from the original
source program, it is usually unnecessary to keep it.
DIR Obtain a list of the files stored in a directory.
If used without options this command will give a list of files in
the current directory, including any extension (e.g. .for), and
their size.
If used with the option /P, that is:
DIR /P
The same information will be displayed page by page with the
message:
strike a key when ready
at the end of each page.
2 DOS Command Reference
3. If it is used with the /W option, i.e.
DIR /W
the listing is of names and extensions only and in a more
compact format across the page.
DISKCOPY Take a security copy of your working disk.
It is very important to have a second copy of your programs
and data in case you lose your disk or it becomes unreadable
for some reason. Use the DISKCOPY command as follows:
DISKCOPY A: A:
where A: denotes the drive the disks will be loaded into. When
a copy of your disk is generated in the computer's memory, the
computer tells you to remove the first or source disk and insert
the disk, which is to become the copy (the target disk).
Insert the target disk and press ENTER. If the second disk is
not formatted it will be formatted automatically. The source
disk should be write protected using the tab in the corner in
case you mistake it for the target disk (see the chapter on
using disks).
LIST Obtain a printed listing of a file.
LIST filename
where filename is the file to be printed. If the printer is busy,
or if you don't need a printed copy, you can use the TYPE
command to view a file on the screen.
You could also use an editor such as DOS Edit to display a file,
in which case, as a bonus, you would then be in a position to
correct any errors you might notice. Remember that the file
name must include the file extension. So if you want to print
your Pascal program called first you would need to use:
LIST first.pas
RENAME Change the name of a file. This command can be abbreviated
to REN:
REN oldname newname
where oldname is the file to be renamed and newname is the
name it is to be given.
Note that files on drives other than the current drive can be
referred to by prefixing the filename by the relevant drive
letter, for example:
A:filename
where the refers to the ‘root’ directory of the drive.
DOS Command Reference 3
4. Filenames can also include directories separated by the
character as in:
A:dir1dir2filename
TYPE View a file on the screen.
TYPE filename
where filename is the name of the file to be displayed on the
monitor screen. If you are looking at a long file, you will need
to press the PAUSE key to stop continuous scrolling. Press the
space bar to continue scrolling when you have read the screen.
To format a floppy disk, place the disk in the floppy drive and
FORMAT type:
FORMAT A:
Note that by default the disk will be formatted to hold about 1.44
megabytes of data.
Warning: formatting will destroy any data on the disk so only
do this once!
DOS Command Listing
In the following section, alternative options are separated by
the ‘!’ character. Arguments are optional unless in italics.
‘cwd’ stands for ‘Current Working Directory’.
DOS commands are not case sensitive. Some commands have
DOS Conventions switches; these must be preceded by a forward slash (/).
Pathnames may be preceded by a drive letter as in
‘X:pathname’ and if no drive or pathname is given the current
directory is assumed.
ATTRIB +!-r +!-a pathname
The Commands display, or set!clear Read-only or
Archive attribute
BREAK on!off
display, or turn on!off increased level of ^C detection
CHDIR (CD) path
display, or change working directory
CHKDSK pathname (A: drive only)
check disk or file logical structure
/f - fixproblems encountered
/v - verbose; displays filespecs
CLS
clear screen
4 DOS Command Reference
5. COMMAND path cttydev
run nested CLI from path with I/O device cttydev
/e:# - set environment size #
/p - do not invoke another CLI
/c command - run command and then enter
COPY pathname pathname
or
COPY pathname + pathname
copy or concatenate files
/v - verify writes
/a!b - preceding and all subsequent files are ascii!
binary (* filenames in source(s) and target are matched
one-to-one.)
CTTY device
change MS-DOS I/O device
DATE dd-mm-yy
display and/or set date (numerical country-dependent
format)
DEL ! ERASE pathname
delete file(s) - prompts if pathname is *.*
DIR pathname
display directory - filename and/or ext default to *
/p - paginate
/w - multi-column
DISKCOPY drive: drive:
copy disk sector-by-sector rather than file-by-file
EXIT
exit nested CLI
FIND “string” pathname
find and display lines containing string in file
/v - lines NOT containing string
/c - count lines only
/n - display line numbers also
FORMAT drive: (A: drive only)
/1 - single sided
/4 - use double rather than high density (40 tracks)
/8 - use 8 sectors of each track
/n:xx - specifies xx sectors per track
/t:yy - specifies yy tracks
/v - prompt for volume label, up to 11 characters
/f:720 - format at 720 kb
LABEL drive: label (A: drive only)
display, or edit volume label - 11 characters excluding
most specials
MKDIR (MD) path
make directory
DOS Command Reference 5
6. MODE
interactively configure various options
MORE
paginates screen output
e.g. type filename | more
PATH path;path;...
display or set command search path(s) to be used after
cwd
PATH;
resets default to cwd only
PROMPT string
reset or set prompt.
Characters (each prefixed by $) mean:
$=$, t=time, d=date, p=cwd, v=version, n=drive,
g=>, l=<, b=!, _=CRLF, s=leading space, e=ESC (for
ANSI driver)
RENAME (REN)pathname pathname
rename file(s) within a drive - wildcards are matched
one-to-one
RMDIR (RD) path
remove empty directory
SET variable=text
display all, set or clear MS-DOS variable - accessed as
%variable%
SHARE
enable networked multi-access file locking
/f:nbytes - nbytes per file, need about 20 bytes per file,
default 2048
/l:nlocks - nlocks per file, default 20
SORT pathname pathname
sort lines of file alphabetically, ignoring case, to file or
stdout; reads stdin by default
/r - reverse order
/+n - on n’th character in each line, default is first
SUBST drive: path (A: drive only)
display substitutions, or substitute path by virtual drive
SYS drive : (A: drive only)
copy hidden MS-DOS .sys files from default drive
TIME hours:minutes
display and/or set time using 24-hour format
TYPE pathname
output contents of a file, with tab spacing of 8
VER
display MS-DOS version
6 DOS Command Reference
7. VERIFY on!off
display, or set!clear disk write verification
VOL drive:
display disk volume label
XCOPY pathname pathname
copy directory tree
/a!m - if archive bit set ! also clears in source
/d:date- modified on or after date only
/s!e - copy subdirectories if not empty ! even if empty
/p - prompt
/v - verify
/w - wait for keypress
If renamed to MCOPY it determines automatically whether
target is file or directory.
On-Line Command Help Full details of all DOS commands can be seen by following the
command with the switch /? For example,
DIR /?
gives a listing of all DIR options.
Command Editing DOS commands are stored in a template and previous
commands can be recalled, character by character enabling
editing as required.
The template is accessed by the following keys:-
F1 - get next character from template
F2 C - get characters up to but excluding character C
F3 - get remaining characters from template
del - skip one character in template
F4 C - skip characters up to but excluding character C
ESC - clear command line
INS - toggle overwriting of template
F5 - copy command to template for re-editing
F6 - put ^Z in new template
The arrow keys may also be used to recall the previous
command.
Batch File All DOS commands may be used in batch files. Additionally,
Commands the following commands are useful for more advanced batch
processes.
Arguments for batch files are accessed as ‘%1’ to ‘%9’.
ECHO on!off!message
display echo status, turn echoing on!off (default on)
or display message
FOR %%C IN (SET of items) DO command
C is any character other than 0-9, SET is e.g. list of files
DOS Command Reference 7
8. GOTO LABEL
LABEL is any line of text, usually preceded by colon (:)
in first column, which makes MS-DOS ignore it other
than as a label. Terminates if label not found
IF ERRORLEVEL number command
command executed if previous command returned exit
code >= number
IF string1 == string2 command
command executed if strings match
may be negated by NOT before condition
IF EXIST filename command
command executed if file exists
may be negated by NOT before condition
PAUSE comment
comment displayed only if echo on
REM comment
remark - ignored by MS-DOS
SHIFT
shift arguments - allows access to more than 9
Special Characters Several special characters may be used when referring to
directories and files:
= root directory or a directory separator
. = current directory
.. = parent directory
Wildcard characters may be used in filenames or extensions:
? = any character
* = any tail or extension
X: - switches to current working directory (cwd) on
drive X.
File Comparison Utility The FC command enables comparison of two files:
FC pathname1 pathname2
compare two files, or two wildcarded sets of files
/a - abbreviate output of ASCII comparison
/b - force binary comparison (byte-by-byte)
/c - ignore case
/L - force ASCII comparison (line-by-line)
/Lb# - use line buffer of # lines
/n - display line numbers in ASCII mode
/t - do not expand tabs - default expands to spacing
of 8
/w - compress white space (tabs and spaces) to
single space (leading or trailing white space
always ignored)
/# - # lines must match to re-synchronize else
regarded different (default is 2)
8 DOS Command Reference
9. I/O Control
DOS input and output may be controlled by the following
control key sequences. (^ = the CTRL key).
^C - abort current command
^H - destructive backspace
^J - linefeed - physical newline to input long lines
^N - toggle copying of terminal output to printer
^P - toggle redirection of terminal output to printer
^S - suspend/restart terminal output
^X - cancel current line, and output -CR-LF
^Z - end of file
I/O Redirection Input and output from commands or programs can be
redirected by using the following symbols:
> send output to...
>> append output to...
< take input from...
| pipe output to next input
For example:
pipe output from command a to input of command b:
command a | command b
send a directory listing to file filename:
DIR > filename
Using The DOS includes a full-screen editor invoked by the EDIT
DOS Editor command (with or without a filename). To use this editor type:
EDIT (filename)
The editor provides pull-down menus, operated by the
keyboard or mouse, and a help facility. Note that any changes
made to a file overwrites the original, no backup is created.
DOS Command Reference 9