MS-DOS, or Microsoft Disk Operating System, is a single-user, non-graphical command line operating system originally developed by Microsoft for IBM-compatible personal computers. It allows users to execute commands through a command prompt, performing various operations including file management and system commands. Despite its decreased usage in modern computing, elements of MS-DOS remain in use, such as the Windows command line.

1. What is DOS ? (Disk operating System)
It stands for Microsof Disk Operating System. It is an example of Simgle user Operating
System. It is also called CUI (Charater User Interface).
MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line operating system. Originally developped by
Microsoft for IBM, MS-DOS was the standerd operating system for IBM-compatible personal
computers.
MS-dos was originally written by Tim Paterson and introduced by Microsoft in August 1981.
MS-DOS in no large used; however, the command sheel/prompt, more command Known as
the Windows command line is still used by many user and computer.
We give English like commands and DOS converts it into machine language and after the
computer has processed the information, returns the results in English.
Q. How to open DOS in Windows?
= Start > All Program > Accessories > Command Prompt.
Start > Run-CMD or Command

2. Q. How to make MS-DOS Window Maximize (full Screem)?
= ALT+ ENTER (applicable for Windows xp not for 7,8 & 10)
Q. How to exit from DOS?
=Exit Command is use to exit Command Prompt.
Q. How to change Drive in MS-DOS?
= Syntax:- Drive Name: (press enter key)
Example- D:
BOOTING:
Process that starts up a computer is called booting. It check for proper functioning of all the
Hardware (peripheral) devices attached with the system. It searchs for the operating system
and, when located, loads it into the main memory (RAM).
DOS/Command Prompt
C:/> it is know as DOS/command prompt, where we give the commands.
DOS command
Commands are predefine instruction which is used to perform internal and external
operation.
A command can be given in capitals or Small letters also. After Typing DOS command we
muct press enter key.
DOS command divided into 2 parts.
1. Internal Commands or Memory-Resident Commands.
2. External Command or Disk-Residence Commands.
1.Internal Command

3. These commands are automatically loaded into the computer's memory during the bootimg
process. They actually included in the Commands are executable immediatly after getting
the DOS prompt.
A few internal commands are:
VER CD..
VOL RD
DATE COPY CON
TIME TYPE
CLS COPY
DIR DEL
MD REN
CD PROMPT
VER
All O/S has its own edition number or relase or version number. The version number
indicates which edition of O/S we are working on.
Syntax: VER
Example: VER
Microsoft Windows XP [version 5.1.2600]
VOL
It is used to display volume lable (name) and serial number of the current drive.
Syntax: VOL[drive:]
Example: C:/> VOL D:
DATE

4. Used to display the current system date and prompt for entering new date.
Syntax: DATE
Example: Date
TIME:
Display the current system Time and prompt for entering new time.
Syntax: TIME
Example: Time
CLS:
Clear the screen.
Syntax: CLS
Example: CLS
MD or MKDIR:
Used to creat a new Directory or nested Directories.
Syntax: MD DIRECTORY NAME
MKDIR DIRECTORY NAME
Example: MD HARI <ENTER>
CD:
This command allows us to change present directory to another directory.
Syntex: CD [directory name]

5. Example: CD Hari <Enter>
RD
To delete the empty directry.
Syntax: RD [directroy name] <Enter>
Example: RD Hari press <Enter>
NOTE:-
The dirctroy muct be empty when we use RD
* Remove with subdirectories and files.
Syntax: RD/S [directroy name]
Example: RD/s COLOUR press <Enter>
COPY CON:
We use this command to create a new file.
Syntax: COPY CON <FILENAME>
There are two name in DOS and is divided into 2 parts.
1. Primary Name 2.Secondary or extension.
Primary name is separated from the Secondary naem extension with the help of a dot (.)
Example: Ram. TXT
Secondary name is optional. The extension tells DOS about what kindof file it is.

6. A valid Character for naming a file are. from A to Z and the digit 0 to 9
Example: Copy Con Hari.text
Note:- Typing hare and when we are done, press Ctr+Z or F6 key followed by Enter to save
the current document.
TYPE:
This command allowed allows us to see the conttents of an existing file on the screen.
Syntax: TYPE <File Name>
Example: TYPE Hari.text
COPY:
We can Use copy command in two ways:-
File to File CopyUsing this command override one file of an existing file from one location to
another file.
Syntax: COPY [SOURCE FILE NAME] [TARGAR FILE NAME]
Example: COPY hari.txt Krishna.text
File to File Directory
This is use to duplicate files of an existing file one directory to another with different name or
exiting name.
Syntex: COPY [SOURCE FILE NAME] [TARGET Directory Name]
DEL/ERASE
This command removes one or more files from the disk or current working directorys.

7. Syntax: DEL [File Name] or ERASE [File Name]
Example: DEL Hari.txt or ERASE Krishna.Txt
REN
Used to change the name of the file or directory.
Rename Directory
Syntax: Ren [old directory name]
[new directory name]
Rename File
Syntax: REN <old file name. Extension> <New file name. Extension>
Example: REN Hari.text Krishna.doc
DIR:
This command display the list of directory and files with details like date of creation whether
it is directory or file etc.
Syntax: DIR <ENTER>
DIR Command with Swithes:
DIR/OD Date wise.
DIR/ON Alphabetical.
DIR/OE Extension wise.
DIR/L File and directory in lower case letters.

8. DIR/S To see Subdirectory.
DIR/P To See Using Pause
(Like more Command).
DIR/AH To see hidden file.
DIR/W Display only column
of file names and
directories .
DIR/B Displays only file or directory.
"?"And"*" Wild card character.
DIR? Display directory of latter as many?mark
those many directory.
DIR*.txt Display all the files with extension.txt
PROMPPT:
This command allows us to customoze the dos prompt.
Syntax: PROMPT $ Switches
Example: PROMPT $ P $ G <Enter>
TREE:
It is used to display directory structure of a specified directory graphcally.
Syntax: TREE<Directory Name>
TREE/F:
It is used to display the names of the file in each directory.

9. Syntax: TREE/F <Directory Name>
2. EXTERNAL COMMAND
These are also called Disk-Resident Commands. These commands are meant for special
purpose. These are found in Separade files on Hard Disk or Floppy Disk, So that they don't
typically consume valuable memory only ehen called.
Some External Commands are:
MOVE
EDIT
MOVE: This command move (cut) a file or group of fils from one directory to another
and also onedisk to another disk.
Syntax: move <file Name> <Directory Name>
Down Arrow: Show the next command executed after the one that's being displayed.
F7- Display the entire list of command that is executed.
F9- Select commands.
Alt+F7- Erase the command history list.
Esc- Clear the command line.