engineering

1. List of files and subdirectory commands in a directory.
DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q]
[/R] [/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]
[drive:][path][filename] Specifies drive, directory, or files to list.
/A Displays files with specified attributes.
attributes
D Directories R Read-only files
H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving
S System files I Not content indexed files
L Reparse Points - Prefix meaning not
/B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary).
/C
Display the thousand separator in file sizes. This is the default. Use /-C
to disable display of separator.
/D Same as wide but files are list sorted by column.
/L Uses lowercase.
/N New long list format where filenames are on the far right.
/O List by files in sorted order.
sortorder
N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By extension
(alphabetic) D By date/time (oldest first) G Group directories first -
Prefix to reverse order
/P Pauses after each screenful of information.
/Q Display the owner of the file.
/R Display alternate data streams of the file.
/S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories.
/T Control what time field displayed or used for sorting
timefield
C Creation
A Last Access
W Last Written
/W Uses wide list format.
/X
This displays the short names generated for non-8dot3 file names. The
format is that of /N with the short name inserted before the long name. If
no short name is present, blanks are displayed in its place.
/4 Displays four-digit years

2. Difference betweenInternal and External Commands
1) Internal commands are those commands which are contained in command.com
files of MS-DOS whereas external commands are those commands which are
not in-built in MS-DOS.
2) Internal commands are built into the command interpreter whereas external
commands are not included in the interpreter.
3) There is no need of any external file in computer to read internal MS-DOS
command but there is a need of an internal file in the computer to read external
MS-DOS command.
4) Internal commands do not vary from system to system but External command
may vary from system to system.
5) Internal commands are ver, time, del, md, cd, copy con, cls, date, vol, ren, copy
etc. and external commands are deltree, xcopy, diskcopy, more, print etc.

3. Utility Commands
Command Description Type
ansi.sys
Defines functions that change display graphics, control cursor
movement, and reassign keys.
File
append
Causes MS-DOS to look in other directories when editing a file or
running a command.
External
assign Assign a drive letter to an alternate letter. External
assoc View the file associations. Internal
at Schedule a time to execute commands or programs. External
atmadm Lists connections and addresses seen by Windows ATM call manager. Internal
attrib Display and change file attributes. External
batch Recovery console command that executes a series of commands in a file. Recovery
break Enable and disable CTRL + C feature. Internal
cacls View and modify file ACL's. External
call Calls a batch file from another batch file. Internal
cd Changes directories. Internal
chdir Changes directories. Internal
chkdsk Check the hard drive running FAT for errors. External
choice Specify a listing of multiple options within a batch file. External
cls Clears the screen. Internal
cmd Opens the command interpreter. Internal
color Change the foreground and background color of the MS-DOS window. Internal
command Opens the command interpreter. Internal
comp Compares files. External
compact Compresses and uncompress files. External
control Open Control Panel icons from the MS-DOS prompt. External
convert Convert FAT to NTFS. External
copy Copy one or more files to an alternate location. Internal
ctty Change the computers input/output devices. Internal
date View or change the systems date. Internal
debug Debug utility to create assembly programs to modify hardware settings. External
defrag Re-arrange the hard drive to help with loading programs. External
del Deletes one or more files. Internal
delete Recovery console command that deletes a file. Internal

4. deltree Deletes one or more files or directories. External
dir List the contents of one or more directory. Internal
disable
Recovery console command that disables Windows system services or
drivers.
Recovery
diskcomp Compare a disk with another disk. External
diskcopy Copy the contents of one disk and place them on another disk. External
echo Displays messages and enables and disables echo. Internal
edit View and edit files. External
enable Recovery console command to enable a disable service or driver. Recovery
endlocal
Stops the localization of the environment changes enabled by the setlocal
command.
Internal
erase Erase files from computer. Internal
exit Exit from the command interpreter. Internal
expand Expand a Microsoft Windows file back to it's original format. External
extract Extract files from the Microsoft Windows cabinets. External
fasthelp Displays a listing of MS-DOS commands and information about them. External
fc Compare files. External
fdisk Utility used to create partitions on the hard drive. External
find Search for text within a file. External
findstr Searches for a string of text within a file. External
for Boolean used in batch files. Internal
format Command to erase and prepare a disk drive. External
ftp Command to connect and operate on an FTP server. External
help Display a listing of commands and brief explanation. External
if Allows for batch files to perform conditional processing. Internal
ifshlp.sys 32-bit file manager. External
ipconfig Network command to view network adapter settings and assigned values. External
keyb Change layout of keyboard. External
label Change the label of a disk drive. External
loadhigh Load a device driver in to high memory. Internal
lock Lock the hard drive. Internal
logoff Logoff the currently profile using the computer. External
logon
Recovery console command to list installations and enable administrator
login.
Recovery
map Displays the device name of a drive. Recovery
md Command to create a new directory. Internal
mem Display memory on system. External
mkdir Command to create a new directory. Internal
mklink Creates a symbolic link. Internal

5. mode Modify the port or display settings. External
more Display one page at a time. External
move Move one or more files from one directory to another directory. Internal
msav Early Microsoft Virus scanner. External
msd Diagnostics utility. External
net Update, fix, or view the network or network settings External
netsh Configure dynamic and static network information from MS-DOS. External
netstat Display the TCP/IP network protocol statistics and information. External
nlsfunc Load country specific information. External
nslookup Look up an IP address of a domain or host on a network. External
path View and modify the computers path location. Internal
pathping View and locate locations of network latency. External
pause Command used in batch files to stop the processing of a command. Internal
print Prints data to a printer port. External
prompt View and change the MS-DOS prompt. Internal
rd Removes an empty directory. Internal
ren Renames a file or directory. Internal
rename Renames a file or directory. Internal
rmdir Removes an empty directory. Internal
route View and configure Windows network route tables. External
runas Enables a user to run a program as a different user. External
scandisk Run the scandisk utility. External
scanreg Scan Registry and recover Registry from errors. External
set Change one variable or string to another. Internal
share Installs support for file sharing and locking capabilities. External
shift Changes the position of replaceable parameters in a batch program. Internal
shutdown Shutdown the computer from the MS-DOS prompt. External
sort Sorts the input and displays the output to the screen. External
start Start a separate window in Windows from the MS-DOS prompt. Internal
subst Substitute a folder on your computer for another drive letter. External
switches Remove add functions from MS-DOS. Internal
time View or modify the system time. Internal
title Change the title of their MS-DOS window. Internal
tree View a visual tree of the hard drive. External
undelete Undelete a file that has been deleted. External
ver Display the version information. Internal
xcopy Copy multiple files, directories, or drives from one location to another. External

6. The MS-DOS File System
MS-DOS is a bigger and better version of CP/M. It runs only on Intel platforms, does not support
multiprogramming, and runs only in the PC's real mode (which was originally the only mode).
The shell has more features and there are more system calls, but the basic function of the
operating system is still loading programs, handling the keyboard and screen, and managing the
file system.
The MS-DOS file system was patterned closely on the CP/M file system, including the use of 8
+ 3 (upper case) character file names. The first version (MS-DOS 1.0) was even limited to a
single directory, like CP/M. However, starting with MS-DOS 2.0, the file system functionality
was greatly expanded. The biggest improvement was the inclusion of a hierarchical file system
in which directories could be nested to an arbitrary depth. This meant that the root directory
(which still had a fixed maximum size) could contain subdirectories, and these could contain
further subdirectories. Links in the style of UNIX were not permitted, so the file system formed a
tree starting at the root directory.
It is common for different application programs to start out by creating a subdirectory in the root
directory and put all their files there (or in subdirectories thereof), so that different applications
do not conflict. Since directories are themselves just stored as files, there are no limits on the
number of directories or files that may be created. Unlike CP/M, however, there is no concept of
different users in MS-DOS. Consequently, the logged in user has access to all files.
To read a file, an MS-DOS program must first make an open system call to get a handle for it.
The open system call specifies a path, which may be either absolute or relative to the current
working directory. The path is looked up component by component until the final directory is
located and read into memory. It is then searched for the file to be opened.
Although MS-DOS directories are variable sized, like CP/M, they use a fixed-size 32-byte
directory entry. It contains the file name, attributes, creation date and time, starting block, and
exact file size. File names shorter than 8 + 3 characters are left justified and padded with spaces
on the right, in each field separately. The Attributes field is new and contains bits to indicate that
a file is read-only, needs to be archived, is hidden, or is a system file. Read-only files cannot be
written. This is to protect them from accidental damage. The archived bit has no actual operating
system function (i.e., MS-DOS does not examine or set it). The intention is to allow user-level
archive programs to clear it upon archiving a file and to have other programs set it when
modifying a file. In this way, a backup program can just examine this attribute bit on every file to
see which files to back up. The hidden bit can be set to prevent a file from appearing in directory
listings. Its main use is to avoid confusing novice users with files they might not understand.
Finally, the system bit also hides files. In addition, system files cannot accidentally be deleted
using the del command. The main components of MS-DOS have this bit set.

7. Switches
A switch is a code, or parameter, that modifies a command. DOS switches use a forward slash
(not a backslash) followed by some letter, digit or code. For example, the /w changes the Dir
command to list "wide" across the screen instead of in a column:
dir list in columns
dir /w list across the screen
Switches always begin with a "/". Switches allow you to modify the default operation of specific
commands. If you use the modifier /? in a command, it will show the help command with all the
switches available. One useful function of the SWITCHES command is if you are using older
applications with a new enhanced keyboard you can use the /K option to cause the keyboard to
act like a standard keyboard.
Type: Internal (5.0 and later)
Syntax: SWITCHES= [/K][/F][/N][/W]
Purpose: Used in the CONFIG.SYS file to configure DOS in a special way; for example, to tell
DOS to emulate different hardware configurations.
Options
/K - Causes an enhanced keyboard to act as though it were an older standard keyboard.
/F - Removes the two-second delay that occurs when the Starting MS-DOS ... message is
displayed on the screen (DOS Version 6 only).
/N - Disables the F5 and F8 keys during system start-up (DOS Version 6 only).
/W - Tells DOS that the WINA20.386 file has been moved to directory other than the root
directory.
Example
To cause your enhanced keyboard to act like an older standard keyboard, enter the following line
in your CONFIG.SYS file:
switches=/K

8. Resume
india
88 Jamunapuri murlipura jaipur
Phone: 8387025313
E-mail: msmonika.177@gmail.com
Career Objective
To secure a challenging position where I can effectively contribute my
skills and talent.
Education Qualifications
S.No. Courses Marks Year Of
Passing
Institution
1. 10th 86% 2010-11 N.K Public School
2. 12th 79% 2012-13 N.K Public School
3. B.Com(H) - On going ICG - The IIS University
Personal Qualifications
 School Head Girl of the year 2011-12
 Accountancy Topper in Senior Secondary
 School Dance Leader
 Member Young Indians
 Banged first position in inter-school English Debate Competition
Personal Details
Name - Monika Sharma
D.O.B. – 17/10/1995
Age – 20
Address – 88 Jamunapuri Murlipua Jaipur
Father’s Name – Mr. Hari Shankar Sharma

9. Languages Known – English, French, Hindi
Hobbies – Dance,Playing management games
Declaration
I hereby declare that the above information is true to the best of my
knowledge.
Place Date
Jaipur 7/5/2015