The document discusses several disk operating systems including: - MS-DOS and PC-DOS, which dominated the IBM PC compatible market from the 1980s to mid-1990s. - 86-DOS, which was the predecessor to PC-DOS and MS-DOS. - DR-DOS, a DOS clone developed by Digital Research as an alternative to MS-DOS. - FreeDOS, an open-source operating system compatible with the DOS architecture and API.

1. ITE 229 OPERATING SYSTEMS “DISK OPERATING SYSTEMS” Group Leader: Ale May Villegas Group Members: Mei-reen Joy Dalhag Veronica Gajo Carren Azur Rodelia Dimatera

2. Operating systems categorized as Disk Operating System Disk operating system (DOS) is a shorthand term for several closely related operating systems that dominated the IBM PC compatible market between 1981 and 1995, or until about 2000 if one includes the partially DOS-based Microsoft Windows versions Windows 95 , 98 , and Me .

3. Disk Operating systems:

4. 86-DOS 86-DOS was an operating system developed and marketed by Seattle Computer Products for its Intel 8086 -based computer kit. Initially known as QDOS ( Quick and Dirty Operating System ) the name was changed to 86-DOS once SCP started licensing the operating system.

5. 86-DOS had a command structure and application programming interface that imitated that of Digital Research 's CP/M operating system, which made it easy to port programs from the latter. The system was purchased by Microsoft and developed further as PC-DOS and MS-DOS .

6. A simulated screenshot of 86-DOS running Seattle Computer Product's assembler and HEX2BIN conversion tool, as supplied with 86-DOS in 1981.

7. PC-DOS IBM PC DOS is a DOS operating system for the IBM Personal Computer , sold throughout the 1980s and 2000s. The original 1981 arrangement between IBM and Microsoft was that Microsoft would provide the base product and that both firms would work on developing different parts of it into a more powerful and robust system, and then share the resultant code. PC DOS and MS-DOS were to be marketed separately: IBM selling to itself for the IBM PC, and Microsoft selling to the open market. However, at no time did IBM acquire the ownership of the source code of the operating system for its own PCs . The original 1981

8. Naming and Versions IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System 1.0 (short-name: PC DOS 1.0) IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System 2.0 (short-name :PC DOS 2.0) IBM Personal Computer Disk Operation System 3.0 (short-name :PC DOS 3.0 ) IBM DOS 4.0 (IBM changed product name) IBM DOS 5.0 IBM PC DOS 6.1 (IBM changed product name again. "PC DOS" is not short-name.) IBM PC DOS 6.3 IBM PC DOS 7 IBM PC DOS 2000 (IBM's last version )

9. A typical command line in PC-DOS . Originally uploaded as "PC DOS Command Window.gif" on 21 May 2006

10. MS-DOS MS-DOS (short for M icro s oft D isk O perating S ystem) is an operating system commercialized by Microsoft . It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems and was the main operating system for personal computers during the 1980s. It was based on the Intel 8086 family of microprocessors, particularly the IBM PC and compatibles . It was gradually replaced on consumer desktop computers by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in particular by various generations of the Microsoft Windows operating system and Linux . MS-DOS was known before as QDOS ( Q uick and D irty O perating S ystem) and 86-DOS .

11. MS-DOS was a renamed form of 86-DOS (informally known as the Quick-and-Dirty Operating System or Q-DOS) [2] owned by Seattle Computer Products , written by Tim Paterson . [2] Microsoft needed an operating system for the then-new Intel 8086 but it had none available, so it licensed 86-DOS and released a version of it as MS-DOS 1.0. Development started on 1981, and MS-DOS 1.0 was released with the IBM PC on 1982. Tim Paterson is considered the original author of DOS and he is called "The Father of DOS".

12. An example of MS-DOS's command-line interface, this one showing that the current directory is the root of drive C.

13. DR-DOS is a DOS -type operating system for IBM PC - compatible personal computers , originally developed by Gary Kildall 's Digital Research and derived from CP/M -86.

14. DR-DOS 3.41- The first version was released in May, 1988. Version numbers were chosen to reflect features relative to MS-DOS; the first version promoted to the public was DR-DOS 3.41, which offered features comparable to the successful MS-DOS 3.3 and its derivatives.

15. DR-DOS version 5.0 -was released in May 1990. (Version 4 was skipped to avoid being associated with the relatively unpopular MS-DOS 4.0.) This introduced ViewMAX , a GEM based GUI file management shell, and bundled disk-caching software, and also offers vastly improved memory management.

16. (Enhanced) DR-DOS

17. FreeDOS FreeDOS (formerly Free-DOS and PD-DOS ) is an operating system for IBM PC compatible computers. FreeDOS is made up of many different, separate programs that act as "packages" to the overall FreeDOS Project. As a member of the DOS family, it provides mainly disk access through its kernel , and partial memory management , but no default GUI (although OpenGEM is listed on the official FreeDOS website). FreeDOS is currently at version 1.0, released on September 3 , 2006 .

18. The FreeDOS project began June 26 , 1994 , when Microsoft announced it would no longer sell nor support MS-DOS

19. FreeDOS is also used by several companies: DELL HP ASUS GRC’S Spinrite 6

20. ProDOS was the name of two similar operating systems for the Apple II series of personal computers . The original ProDOS, renamed ProDOS 8 in version 1.2, was the last official operating system usable by all Apple II series computers, and was distributed from 1983 to 1993. The other, ProDOS 16 , took advantage of the extra capabilities of the 16-bit Apple IIgs , but was short-lived and replaced by GS/OS within a year.

21. ProDOS was marketed by Apple as meaning Professional Disk Operating System , and became the most popular operating system for the Apple II series of computers 10 months after its release in January 1983.

22. PTS-DOS is a disk operating system , a DOS clone, developed in Russia by PhysTechSoft . PhysTechSoft was formed in 1991 in Moscow , Russia by graduates and members of MIPT , informally known as PhysTech. In the end of 1993, PhysTechSoft released first commercially available PTS-DOS as PTS-DOS v6.4 [1] (version numbering obviously seems to follow versions of MS-DOS , as Microsoft released MS-DOS 6.2 in November 1993).

23. Versions: PTS-DOS v6.51CD PTS-DOS v6.6 PTS-DOS v6.65 PTS-DOS 2000 Paragon DOS Pro 2000 PTS-DOS 32 also known as PTS-DOS v7.

24. PTS-DOS is certified by Russian Ministry of Defence

25. Hardware requirements Intel 80286 CPU or better 512kb RAM or more

26. RDOS (Data General Corp)

27. RDOS RDOS , or the R eal-time D isk O perating S ystem , was a real-time operating system released in 1972 for the popular Data General Nova and Data General Eclipse minicomputers . RDOS was also capable of multitasking . RDOS could run up to 32 "tasks" (similar to threads on modern computer CPUs) simultaneously within a 64K memory space. Later versions of RDOS were compatible with Data General's 16-bit Eclipse minicomputer line.

28. Other operating systems called RDOS RDOS by Leif Ekblad which is a open source DOS designed for i386 embedded platforms.

29. Turbo DOS The TurboDOS operating system is a product of Software 2000, Inc. , and is trademarked and copyrighted by them. At MuSYS Corp., we have used TurboDOS in conjunction with various slave processor boards to construct a wide variety of S-100 based computer systems, ranging from two to over sixty users. TurboDOS is designed for multiprocessor networks of Z-80 based computers, although single user versions are available. Extensive use is made of the Z-80 instruction set to achieve a highly table oriented and reentrant architecture, which is very adaptable to the user's environment. In addition to MuSYS, many companies are selling TurboDOS for specific hardware configurations on an OEM basis. This is one of the primary distinctions with other multiprocessor operating systems, which are supported by only a single vendor.

30. Multi-tasking user interfaces and environments for DOS. a.) DESQview + QEMM 386 multi-tasking user interface for DOS and b.) DESQView/X ( X-windowing GUI for DOS)

31. DESQview DESQview was a text mode multitasking program developed by Quarterdeck Office Systems which enjoyed modest popularity in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Running on top of DOS , it allowed users to run multiple DOS programs concurrently in multiple windows .

32. X Window System The X Window System (commonly X or X11 ) is a computer software system and network protocol that provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for networked computers. It implements the X display protocol and provides windowing on raster graphics (bitmap) computer displays and manages keyboard and pointing device control functions. In its standard distribution, it is a complete, albeit simple, display and human interface solution, but also delivers a standard toolkit and protocol stack for building graphical user interfaces on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS , and has been ported to many other contemporary general purpose operating systems. Most modern GUIs developed for Linux and other UNIX-like systems, such as GNOME , KDE , and Xfce , use the X Window System as a foundation.

33. Network Operating System

34. Network operating system A network operating system (NOS) is software that controls a network and its message (e.g. packet ) traffic and queues , controls access by multiple users to network resources such as files, and provides for certain administrative functions, including security . The upper 5 layers of the OSI Reference Model provide the foundation upon which many network operating systems are based.[ citation needed ]

35. Cambridge Ring The Cambridge Ring was an experimental local area network architecture developed at the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory in the mid-late 1970s and early 1980s. It used a ring topology with a theoretical limit of 255 nodes (though such a large number would have badly affected performance), around which cycled a fixed number of packets. Free packets would be "loaded" with data by a machine wishing to send, marked as received by the destination machine, and "unloaded" on return to the sender; thus in principle there could be as many simultaneous senders as packets. The network ran over twin twisted-pair cabling (plus a fibre-optic section). In 2002 the Cambridge University Computer Laboratory launched a graduate society called the Cambridge Computer Lab Ring named after the Cambridge Ring .

36. CSIRONET by CSIRO The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Computing Services (CSIRONET) was established in January 1963 and located at Black Mountain, Australian Capital Territory.

37. Evolution of CSIRONET The CSIRO computing network, CSIRONET has evolved from a few interactive terminals in Canberra to over 250 interactive terminals and about 50 PDP-11 nodal computers scattered throughout Australia. This evolution has occurred within the framework of certain management policies and design principles rather than to an overall detailed plan. The flexibility of this approach has permitted the expansion of the network far beyond that initially envisaged, the provision of facilities not originally contemplated and the utilization of new equipment and communications facilities as they have become

38. Convergent Technologies Operating System The Convergent Technologies Operating System , also known variously as CTOS , BTOS and STARSYS , was a modular, message-passing , multi-process based operating system . CTOS had many innovative features for its time. The file system was hierarchical and allowed very long file names. Security was also hierarchical. If one knew the password, for example, for a volume, one could access any file or directory on that volume (hard disk.) Each volume and directory were referenced with delimiters to identify them, and could be followed with a file name, depending on the operation, i.e. [VolumeName]<DirectoryName>FileName.

39. The word processor was one of the first screen-oriented editors with many high-powered features, such as multiple views of the same file, cut/copy/paste, unlimited undo/redo, no typing lost after a crash, user-selectable fonts, and much more. Most of the system programs were written in PL/M , an ALGOL -like language from Intel which compiled directly to object code without a runtime library . The system API was presented to both high-level languages and assembly language. The assembler was very advanced, with a Lisp (programming language) -like pattern-matching macro facility unmatched by almost any other assembler before or since.

40. There was an always-resident debugger. The system shell was extensible — it was possible to define new commands. To get the parameters, the system would display the form which was to be filled by the user. A game included with the OS proved to be very popular, programmed using the font generator to do simple graphics: &quot; Rats Of The Maze &quot;. Progress Software Corporation made a commercial database application for CTOS that was in 4GL . The US Coast Guard used these databases for logistics administration for their vessels. There was a transparent peer-to-peer network running over serial RS-422 cables, and later over twisted pair with RS-422 adapters. Each workgroup, called a &quot;cluster,&quot; was connected via a daisy-chain topology to a server, called a &quot;master.&quot; The workstations, normally diskless , were from the master, and could optionally be locally booted from attached hard drives.

41. It was possible to custom-link the operating system to add or delete features. Convergent Technologies' first product was the IWS (Integrated Workstation) based on the Intel 8086 processor, which had CTOS as its operating system. This was a modular operating system with built in . CTOS supports multiple processes or threads, and message-based inter-process communication. Companies which licensed CTOS included Burroughs (BTOS) and Bull (STARSYS). The single largest customer was Unisys , with whom Convergent Technologies merged to become one company in 1988. At its peak, CTOS had over 800,000 users worldwide. CTOS ran on Intel X86 computers, and could run concurrently with Windows NT . CTOS is no longer marketed to new customers; former major customers included police forces, banks, airlines, the U.S. Postal Service , the Drug Enforcement Administration , the U.S. Army and the United States Coast Guard . The Coast Guard used the operating system from approximately 1986 until 2000.

42. Data ONTAP by NetApp Nework Appliance storage solutions use the NetApp Data ONTAP 7G, a highly optimised, scalable, and flexible operating system designed to accomodate heterogeneous environments. Data ONTAP 7G delivers flexible management and high availability ensuring business continuance, data permanence, and reduced storage management complexity.

43. Data ONTAP 7G also simplifies day-to-day management, optimises storage utilisation and introduces new virtualized volume structures called flexible volumes (FlexVol) and space-efficient, near instantaneous writable copies of these volumes (FlexClone).

44. SAN-OS Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software and Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software are the same operating system and have been since the Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software was announced in January 2008. Starting from Release 4.1, Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software will be rebranded as Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software. Cisco MDS 9000 NX-OS Software is based on Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software and is built from same source code tree, and rebranding establishes a single data center OS.

45. The effects of this change are mainly symbolic: • Storage partner release processes remain the same. • Release naming conventions remain the same except that &quot;NX-OS&quot; will replace &quot;SAN-OS.&quot; • Storage services interface (SSI) images remain the same. • Compatibility with previous Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software releases will continue. • Previous versions of Cisco MDS 9000 SAN-OS Software are not renamed.

46. EOS (operating system) EOS was the name of an operating system developed by ETA Systems (a spin-off division of Control Data Corporation ) for use in their ETA10 line of supercomputers in the 1980s. EOS was preceded by and was binary executable compatible with the CDC operating system for Cyber 205 . Like VSOS, EOS had demand paged virtual memory (the VS part) with 2 pages sizes for improved virtual memory performance with the ETA's faster hardware pipelines.

47. Fabric OS In storage area networking , Fabric OS is a firmware for Brocade 's Fibre Channel switches and directors .

48. First generation The first generation of Fabric OS was developed on top of a VxWorks kernel and was mainly used in the Brocade Silkworm 2000 and first 3000 series on Intel i960 . Even today, many production environments are still running the older generation Silkworm models.

49. Second generation The second generation of Fabric OS was developed on a PowerPC platform, and uses MontaVista Linux , a Linux derivative with real-time performance enhancements. With the advent of MontaVista, switches and directors have the ability of hot firmware activation (without downtime for Fibre Channel fabric ), and many useful diagnostic commands. According to GPL and LGPL terms, Brocade provides access to sources of distributed free software, on which Fabric OS firmware is based.

50. Additional licensed products Additional products for Fabric OS are offered by Brocade for one-time fee. They are licensed for use in a single specific switch (license key is coupled with device's serial number). Those include: Integrated Routing Secure Fabric OS (SFOS) Brocade Advanced Zoning (Free with rel 6.1.x) ISL trunking Advanced Performance Monitoring (APM) Fabric Watch

51. Versions Fabric OS 6.x 6.1: M-EOS compatibility enhacements 6.0: LDAP support Fabric OS 5.x 5.3: switch to Linux 2.6 kernel 5.1: Access Gateway mode Fabric OS 4.x 4.1: SSH support, Multiple user access Fabric OS 3.x Fabric OS 2.x

52. JUNOS Juniper JUNOS is the software or the network operating system used in the Juniper Networks routers [1] . It is Juniper's single network operating system spanning routing , switching and security platforms on its router products. The corporate strategy of Juniper is to offer a single Operating System across its routing and switching equipments.

53. Versioning JUNOS provides a single code base across most of Juniper's platforms. Juniper updates JUNOS every 90 days since 1998 [4] [5] [6] The current version available is 9.3 .

54. Features Routing - Juniper Networks IP routing expertise delivers a full complement of routing protocols . Modularity — JUNOS software has a modular software design. Security Policy and control Standards-based : adherence to industry standards for routing, MPLS, and availability mechanisms such as Protocol Graceful Restart translates to improved stability and reduced operational complexity.

55. Architecture JUNOS operating system is primarily based on FreeBSD [7] , the advantage of which is the Unix-like environment: customers can access a Unix shell and execute normal Unix commands. JUNOS is platform independent within Juniper hardware systems [8] . After Juniper acquired NetScreen, it also integrated NetScreenOS security functions into its own JUNOS network operating system so that now Juniper offers routing and security functions in a single device [9] .

56. JUNOS Command Line Interface (CLI) JUNOS CLI is a simple to use, text-based command interface. The commands on CLI for configuring, troubleshooting and monitoring the software that runs on Juniper network equipment gear. It supports two types of command modes. Operational Mode Configuration Mode The Operational Mode is basically for controlling the CLI environment, and Monitor and troubleshoot network connectivity, and Initiating the Configuration Mode. The Configuration mode for configuring the software by creating a hierarchy of configuration statements.

57. JUNOS PSDP With JUNOS Partner Solution Development Platform (PSDP) program, Juniper Networks opened its operating system , to select partners who want to develop third-party applications for their routers [10] [11] [12] [13] .It provides a powerful set of tools and resources, including a software development kit (SDK) with intelligent and secure interfaces to JUNOS routing and services functions.It enables customers and partners to develop and deploy applications on JUNOS software.

58. Juniper JUNOS vs Cisco IOS The biggest competitor of JUNOS is Cisco Systems 's IOS [14] . JUNOS has a modular operating system . The JUNOS kernel is based on the open source FreeBSD operating system, and processes that run as modules on top of the kernel are segregated in exclusive, protected, memory space. Users thus can add features and functions to the version of JUNOS running on their systems without disabling or rebooting the entire operating system. Cisco 's IOS is a monolithic operating system, which means it runs as a single operation and all processes share the same memory space. Because of this, bugs in one operation may have an impact on or corrupt other processes.

59. Netware (Networking OS by Novell) NetWare is a network operating system developed by Novell, Inc. It initially used cooperative multitasking to run various services on a PC , and the network protocols were based on the archetypal Xerox Network Services stack . NetWare has been superseded by Open Enterprise Server (OES). The latest version of NetWare is v6.5 Support Pack 8, which is identical to OES 2 SP1, NetWare Kernel.

60. NetWare 286 2.x NetWare version 2 was notoriously difficult to configure, since the operating system was provided as a set of compiled object modules that required configuration and linking . Compounding this inconvenience was that the process was designed to run from multiple diskettes , which was slow and unreliable. Any change to the operating system required a re-linking of the kernel and a reboot of the system, requiring at least 20 diskette swaps. An additional complication in early versions was that the installation contained a proprietary low-level format program for MFM hard drives, which was run automatically before the software could be loaded, called COMPSURF.

61. NetWare 3.x Starting with NetWare 3.x, support for 32-bit protected mode was added, eliminating the 16 mb memory limit of NetWare 286. This allowed larger hard drives to be supported, since NetWare 3.x cached (copied) the entire file allocation table (FAT) and (DET) into memory for improved performance.

62. NetWare 4.x Version 4 in 1993 also introduced NetWare Directory Services, later re-branded as Novell Directory Services (NDS), based on X.500 , which replaced the Bindery with a global directory service , in which the infrastructure was described and managed in a single place. Additionally, NDS provided an extensible schema , allowing the introduction of new object types.

63. NOS (developed by CDC for use in their Cyber line of supercomputers) A network operating system (NOS) is software that controls a network and its message (e.g. packet ) traffic and queues , controls access by multiple users to network resources such as files, and provides for certain administrative functions, including security .

64. Control Data Corporation Control Data Corporation (CDC) , was one of the pioneering supercomputer firms. For most of the 1960s, it built the fastest computers in the world by far, only losing that crown in the 1970s to what was effectively a spinoff, after Seymour Cray left the company to found Cray Research, Inc. (CRI). CDC was one of the eight major computer companies through most of the 1960s; the others were IBM , Burroughs Corporation , NCR , General Electric , Honeywell , RCA , and UNIVAC . CDC was well known and highly regarded throughout the industry at one time, but today is largely forgotten .

65. Novell Open Enterprise Server Novell Open Enterprise Server (OES) is the successor product to Novell, Inc. 's NetWare operating system, and is a NOS, or network operating system . Originally released in March 2005, the current release is OES 2.

66. OliOS The Sun team dicusses the elements of Olios, as a toolkit for evaluating Web technology stacks. Olios consists of two complete implementations of a social-event calendar web application (Ruby on Rails and PHP), and a sophisticated opensource workload generator, Faban2, that can scale to thousands of simulated users and supports fine-grained timevarying workloads.

67. Plan 9 from Bell Labs Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a distributed operating system , primarily used for research. It was developed as the research successor to Unix by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs between the mid-1980s and 2002. Plan 9 is most notable for representing all system interfaces, including those required for networking and the user-interface, through the filesystem rather than specialized interfaces.

68. Plan 9 aims to provide users with a workstation-independent working environment through the use of the 9P protocols. Plan 9 continues to be used and developed in some circles as a research operating system and by hobbyists.

69. The name &quot;Plan 9 from Bell Labs&quot; is a reference to the 1959 cult science fiction B-movie Plan 9 from Outer Space .

70. Inferno (operating system) Inferno is an operating system for creating and supporting distributed services. It was based on the experience of Plan 9 from Bell Labs , and the further research of Bell Labs into operating systems, languages, on-the-fly compilers, graphics, security, networking and portability.

71. Inferno applications are portable across a broad mix of hardware, networks, and environments. It defines a virtual machine ( Dis ) that can be implemented on any real machine, provides a type-safe language ( Limbo ) that is compiled to portable byte code, and, more significantly, it includes a virtual operating system that supplies the same interfaces whether Inferno runs natively on hardware or is hosted as an application on other systems.

72. PLAN B OPERATING SYSTEM Plan B is an operating system designed to work in distributed environments where the set of available resources is different at different points in time. Its 4th edition is implemented as a set of user programs to run on top of Plan 9 from Bell Labs.

73. The design owes much to Plan 9 and to Off++ .

74. Turbo DOS (Software 2000, Inc) The TurboDOS operating system is a product of Software 2000, Inc. , and is trademarked and copyrighted by them. At MuSYS Corp., we have used TurboDOS in conjunction with various slave processor boards to construct a wide variety of S-100 based computer systems, ranging from two to over sixty users. TurboDOS is designed for multiprocessor networks of Z-80 based computers, although single user versions are available. Extensive use is made of the Z-80 instruction set to achieve a highly table oriented and reentrant architecture, which is very adaptable to the user's environment.

75. In addition to MuSYS, many companies are selling TurboDOS for specific hardware configurations on an OEM basis. This is one of the primary distinctions with other multiprocessor operating systems, which are supported by only a single vendor.

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