The document discusses various DOS commands used to manage files and directories in MS-DOS. It describes internal commands that are preloaded and external commands stored on disks. Some key commands covered include DIR to list files, MD to create directories, CD to change directories, COPY to copy files, DEL to delete files, and FORMAT to format disks.

1. DOS Commands
 What is a command
 Types of DOS Commands
– Internal
– External
 Basic Terms
– File (File Types)
 Executable File
 Non Executable File
– Directory
– Root Directory
– Parent Directory

2. What is a Command
 A command is a set of instructions
used to perform a specific work
 Interpreted by the OS interpreter to a
machine language
– E.g. <md Ram>,<cd Ram>,etc.

3. Types of Command
 Internal Command
– Those commands which are already loaded
in the Command.COM file while switching to
the MS DOS
– E.g. CLS, VER, DEL, etc.
 External Command
– Those commands which are not loaded when
loading the Program but are available in the
Disk and can be invoked whenever necessary
– E.g. FORMAT, TREE, XCOPY, etc.

4. What is a File
 A group of organized data (records)
which are assembled for one particular
purpose and considered as one unit
 Stored in permanent storage like hard
disk, diskettes,etc.

5. Types of Files
 Files can broadly be categorized into two
types:
– Executable Files
– Non-Executable Files (Data Files)

6. What are EXE Files
 Exe Files:
– Program files that run or execute
themselves
– Have either COM or EXE or BAT as
extension

7. What are Data Files
 Non- executable files that contain only
the data that we produce
 Cannot execute themselves
 Need application program to run

8. What is a Directory
 A directory is a list of file which is itself
a file stored in the computer’s memory
so that users can reference it as it is
required
 Also called a catalog of files

9. Root Directory
 The Root directory is that directory
that is automatically created when the
disk is formatted
 It is the current drive that we have
been working
– E.g. A:, B: (for Floppy Disk Drive)
– C:,D: etc. (for Hard Disk Drive)

10. Current / Parent Directory
 Current directory is that directory in
which you are currently working
 Parent directory is that directory which
is one level up of the current directory
– E.g. C:RamHari>
Root directory
Parent directory
Current directory

11. Getting into MS DOS
 To start MS DOS,
click on the Start
button and choose
Run
 In the Run dialog
box, type CMD or
COMMAND which is
the EXE file for MS
DOS
 Click on the OK
button

12. Listing the Directories and
Files in MS DOS
 For listing the Sub-directories and Files
within a directory, we use the DIR
command
 Syntax :
– DIR [Directory_name]
– E.g. C:>DIR NCIT
 Displays all the directories/files within the
directory NCIT

13. 1. Dir/p : -Display file and directory page wise.
2. Dir/w :- Display file And directory in horizontal
Style.
3. Dir/p/ w:- Display file And directories page wise
and horizontal style also.
4. Dir/ah :-Display all hidden files and directories.
5. Dir/a-d : - Display only files.
6. Dir/ad :- Display only Directories.
7. Dir/a/s:-Display all directory and file with
subdirectory.
8. Dir/a :- Display All Hidden And Non hidden file
and directories.
9. Dir n*.* :Display all file and directory starting
with ‘ n ’ alphabet.

14. Creating a Directory in MS DOS
 For creating the Directory in MS DOS, we
use the MD (Make Directory)command
 Syntax:
– C:> MD NCIT

15. Changing a Directory in MS DOS
 For changing the directory in MS DOS,
we use the CD (Change Directory) command
 Syntax:
– C:>CD NCIT
 Now it appears as:
– C:NCIT>

16. Switching between Directories
 For switching between the directories
we use the CD.. Or CD commands
 The CD.. Command switches from the
current directory to the Parent directory
whereas the CD command switches
from the current directory to the Root
directory

17. Creating Files in MS DOS
 For creating the files in DOS, the command
COPY CON is used
 Syntax:
– COPY CON filename
Note: File name should not exceed eight characters excluding
three characters for extension
– E.g. College1.txt

18. Reading Files in MS DOS
 For reading the Pre-created files in MS
DOS, we use the TYPE command. It
displays all the contents that are in the
file.
 Syntax :
– TYPE Filename

19. Renaming Files
 For renaming the files in MS DOS we
use the REN Command
 Syntax:
– REN oldfilename newfilename

20. Deleting Files in MS DOS
 For deleting files in MS DOS we use
the DEL command
 Syntax :
– DEL Filename

21. Deleting directories in MSDOS
 For deleting the directories in MS DOS
we use the RD command
 Syntax :
– RD Directoryname
Note : For removing the directory first the directory should
be empty

22. Copying Files in MS DOS
 In MS DOS, Files can be copied within
the same as well as to another Drive /
directory
 For copying the files in the same drive
we use the following syntax :
– COPY sourcefile destination
– E.g. C:>COPY [c:]NCITfile1.txt C:NCITNGH

23. Copying Files in MS DOS
 Files can be copied not only in the same
drive but in different drive, too. For copying
the files in different drive, a complete
location along with the Drive specification
should be mentioned
 Syntax :
– C:>COPY C:NCITfile1 D:NCITNGHNCIT

24. The MOVE Command
 The MOVE Command in MS DOS is used to
permanently move the files from one location
to another.
 The COPY command only copies the files leaving the
original one, whereas the MOVE command does not
leave any copy
 Syntax :
– C:>MOVE source_file destination_directory
 E.g.
– C:>MOVE c:NCITfile1 D:NCIT1file2

25. The VOL Command
 The VOL command is used to check the
Volume of the Disk-drive. It displays the
volume of the current disk-drive
 Syntax :
– VOL Drivename
 E.g.
– C:> VOL

26. Checking the Version of OS
 The VER command is used to check the
version of the Operating System that is
used in the Computer
 Syntax :
– C:>VER
 E.g. C:>VER
Returns the version of OS as Microsoft Windows 2000
[version 5.00.21951]

27. Checking the Date/Time
 For checking the date from the system in MS
DOS, we use the DATE command. It returns
the current system date.
 Similarly, the TIME command returns the
current time from the system.
 Syntax :
– C:>DATE
 E.g. C:>DATE

28. External Commands
Those commands which are not
loaded when loading the Program
but are available in the Disk and can
be invoked whenever necessary
E.g. FORMAT, TREE, XCOPY, etc.

29. The Label Command
 The Label command is used to check
the label of the disk that you have
been currently working
 Syntax :
– Label [drivename]
 E.g.
– C:>Label

30. XCopy Command
 Xcopy command is used to copy the files from
one location to another along with the
directories/sub-directories
 Syntax :
– C:>XCOPY c:dir_name d:[dir_name]
 E.g. C:>XCOPY c:CSE d:[CSE]
Note: For copying all the sub-directories, /S is used

31. The DISKCOPY Command
 The DISKCOPY command is used to copy
all the files from one disk to the another
disk
 It can be used to copy files from one floppy
disk to another (if two floppy drives exist in the System)
 Syntax :
– C:> DISKCOPY first_diskdrive: second_diskdrive:
 E.g.
– C:> DISKCOPY A: B:

32. The DISKCOMP Command
 The DISKCOMP command in MS DOS
compares the contents of two disks (hard
disk or floppy disk). The system first reads the
contents of one disk and compares it
with the another
 Syntax :
– C:> DISKCOMP A: B:
For defining the no.of sectors, /no. can be used

33. The FORMAT Command
 The FORMAT command prepares a new
disk for use by organizing the disk into
magnetic tracks and sectors
 Syntax :
– A:>FORMAT [Drive_name]
 E.g.
– C:>FORMAT A:

34. The TREE Command
 The TREE command is used to display
all directory pathnames on the
specified disk
 Syntax :
– C:>TREE [disk_name]
 E.g.
– C:>TREE A:

35. The EDIT Command
 The EDIT command in MS DOS is used to
edit the files. It provides a different full
screen Editor window with a few menu
options.
 Syntax :
– C:>EDIT [filename]
 E.g.
– C:>EDIT file1

36. The MORE Command
 The MORE Command in MS DOS is used to
view the contents of directories or files one
line after the another, I.e. it displays one line
at one press of return (Enter) key
 Syntax :
– DIR |MORE
 E.g.
– DIR C:NCIT |MORE
A pipeline is used along with the MORE command

37. The PRINT Command
 The PRINT Command in MS DOS is
used to print the text files
 Syntax :
– PRINT Filename
 E.g.
– PRINT File1.txt

38. The PROMPT Command
 The PROMPT is used to configure a
DOS prompt into our linking
 Syntax :
– C: PROMPT Promptname
 E.g.
– PROMPT NCIT
Now, the Prompt will be as NCIT