Vaccines based on messenger RNA (mRNA) have attracted worldwide attention as Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have been authorized for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and similar agencies around the world. This is the first time an mRNA-based vaccine has been approved for use in healthy people, marking an important milestone in the achievements of science and public health.
Vaccines based on messenger RNA (mRNA) have attracted worldwide attention as Pfizer and Moderna vaccines have been authorized for emergency use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and similar agencies around the world. This is the first time an mRNA-based vaccine has been approved for use in healthy people, marking an important milestone in the achievements of science and public health.
mRNA vaccine is a novel vaccine technology, which delivers mRNA that encoding the antigen protein of pathogen to the cell, and expresses the antigen protein, and then stimulates the immune response of the body.
Creative Biolabs has developed non-replicating mRNA vaccine platform, mRNA vaccine platform, mRNA pharmacology optimization platform, and and Self-amplifying mRNA vaccine platform to spport your vaccine researches. If you need more information about mRNA vaccine, please follow us.
DNA vaccines (types, method and mechanism) Aneela Rafiq
DNA Vaccine is very promising method in current century. it can eliminate the risks of encountering pathogen with living cell.
this presentation has a brief concept about DNA Vaccine, to understand the baseline of genetic vaccine.
Mechanism of Action of mRNA Based Vaccine
1. mRNA encapsulated in the delivery vehicle is taken up by APC cell.
2. Delivery vehicle is digested, and mRNA released.
3. mRNA is translated by the host’s ribosome and antigen is formed.
4. After the antigen is formed, it can be processed through different pathways.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/mrna-vaccine-platform.htm
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
* Responsible for transferring genetic information from DNA to protein
* A template for protein translation
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/mrna-vaccine-platform.htm
Current updates of swine mycoplasma vaccinesMamta Singh
Current measures do not provide sustainable control of the disease, although they are beneficial from an economic point of view,efforts to develop a more effective vaccine against swine mycoplasma have been proposed and vaccines developed using recombinant DNA technology represents a viable alternative
This presentation talks about vaccines, currently being used in medicinal processes and therapeutics and their types. It elaborates the importance of the different types of vaccines along with their examples and their mechanism of action. The mode of production of all the types of vaccines is also discussed in the presentation including recent developments made for the production of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
introduction , history, types, peptide vaccines for particular diseases in common, its production and the after effects of taking them. how long and who all can take the vaccine.
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells directly produce the antigen, thus causing a protective immunological response.
mRNA vaccine is a novel vaccine technology, which delivers mRNA that encoding the antigen protein of pathogen to the cell, and expresses the antigen protein, and then stimulates the immune response of the body.
Creative Biolabs has developed non-replicating mRNA vaccine platform, mRNA vaccine platform, mRNA pharmacology optimization platform, and and Self-amplifying mRNA vaccine platform to spport your vaccine researches. If you need more information about mRNA vaccine, please follow us.
DNA vaccines (types, method and mechanism) Aneela Rafiq
DNA Vaccine is very promising method in current century. it can eliminate the risks of encountering pathogen with living cell.
this presentation has a brief concept about DNA Vaccine, to understand the baseline of genetic vaccine.
Mechanism of Action of mRNA Based Vaccine
1. mRNA encapsulated in the delivery vehicle is taken up by APC cell.
2. Delivery vehicle is digested, and mRNA released.
3. mRNA is translated by the host’s ribosome and antigen is formed.
4. After the antigen is formed, it can be processed through different pathways.
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/mrna-vaccine-platform.htm
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
* Responsible for transferring genetic information from DNA to protein
* A template for protein translation
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/vaccine/mrna-vaccine-platform.htm
Current updates of swine mycoplasma vaccinesMamta Singh
Current measures do not provide sustainable control of the disease, although they are beneficial from an economic point of view,efforts to develop a more effective vaccine against swine mycoplasma have been proposed and vaccines developed using recombinant DNA technology represents a viable alternative
This presentation talks about vaccines, currently being used in medicinal processes and therapeutics and their types. It elaborates the importance of the different types of vaccines along with their examples and their mechanism of action. The mode of production of all the types of vaccines is also discussed in the presentation including recent developments made for the production of mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2
introduction , history, types, peptide vaccines for particular diseases in common, its production and the after effects of taking them. how long and who all can take the vaccine.
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells directly produce the antigen, thus causing a protective immunological response.
vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.
HISTORY OF VACCINES-
EDWARD JENNER conduct experiments in 1796 that lead to the creation of the first smallpox vaccine for prevention of smallpox.
A vaccine for RABIES is developed by LOUIS PASTEUR .
Vaccine for COLERA and TYPHOID were developed in 1896 and PLAGE vaccine in 1887.
The first DIPHTHERIA vaccine is developed in about 1913 by EMIL ADOLPH BEHRING,WILLIAM HALLOCK PARK.
The whole cell PERTUSIS vaccines are developed in 1914.
A TETANUS vaccine is developed in 1927.
Vaccine discovery
DNA vaccine, mechanism
methods of delivery
Main concerns: do DNA vaccines cause insertional mutation and elicit anti-DNA antibodies in the body?
completed and ongoing trials.
new strategies: Prime Boost vaccines
Future prospects
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins or glyco-proteins binding selectively without the involvement of enzymes, Gene responsible for expression lection found in chromosome 10q11.2-q21
Found in plnats grains, legume, soy bean, kidney bean
Lectins recognize tumor marker which play important role for diagnosing tumor cell, screening tumour and able to detect subtle neoplastic changes
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2. INTRODUCTION:
Definition.
Ideal properties of the vaccine.
Types of vaccines.
A) Conventional vaccines.
1) killed vaccines.
2) live-attenuated vaccines.
3) sub unit vaccines.
4) recombinant vaccines.
B) Modern vaccines.
1) peptide based vaccines.
2) nucleic acid based vaccines.
3. PEPTIDE BASED VACCINES:
Peptide vaccine consists of those peptides from the microbial
antigen that stimulates protective immunity.
The protective immune response to a pathogenic micro organism
or parasite usually involves the induction of both humoral and
cell mediated response.
In many cases, the peptides used for producing synthetic
vaccines were selected only on their likelihood of forming
surface epitope.
After the identification of a protective epitope, it is possible to
incorporate the corresponding peptide sequence into a carrier
protein.
The term epitope refers to a stretch of 6-8 amino acids on antigen
that specifically binds to antibody or to receptors on immune T-
cells.
4. PEPTIDE VACCINE DELIVERY METHODS:
Emulsion:
All emulsion based particulate carriers for vaccine are based
on a common mechanism of action of formation a depot at the
injection site that is capable of attracting the immune cells.
The stability of emulsion as delivery system is directly
proportional to vaccine safety and efficacy.
o Liposome:
Most popular and extensively used as vehicles for vaccine.
Composition of liposomes can be tailored for
biocompatibility and adoptability in order to deliver their
contents to antigen presenting cells.
Where cross presentation is facilitated promoting cellular
response.
5. Virosomes – are composed of assembled viral membrane proteins
which render then enhanced binding to APCs and promote cytosolic
delivery.
ISCOMS – immunostimulatory complexes are particulate antigen
delivery system composed of antigen, cholesterol, phospholipids and
saponin.
Polymeric particles – natural, synthetic, Biodegradable.
Other Particulate Systems - Other particulate systems used to deliver
vaccine antigens include carbon nanotubes, silicon dioxide
nanoparticles, dendrimers, ferritin nanoparticles, peptide nanocarriers,
gold nanoparticles, liposome- poly cation -DNA (LPD) complex,
oligosaccharide ester derivatives (OEDs) micro particles and
combination systems, e.g., liposomes and w/o emulsion.
6. Advantages:
* If the peptide that induces protective immunity is identified it can be
synthesized easily on a large scale.
* It is safe and can be administered to immunodeficient and pregnant
individuals.
Disadvantages:
* Poor antigenicity, Peptide fragments don’t stimulate the immune
system as well as a whole organism vaccine.
* Not applicable to all viruses Ex: polio virus which has 2 antigens.
Challenges:
1)stability of recombinant peptides (recombinant peptides may be
readily digested by enzymes in body),
2)peptide antigenicity (peptide antigenicity may result in immune
responses) and
3)production scales (different production scales may require a
completely different technology for synthesis and purification).
7. NUCLEIC ACID BASED VACCINES:
Nucleic acid vaccines are based on DNA or RNA encoding
the antigen of interest.
In their simplest form, they can consist of highly purified
nucleic acid formulate in a buffer.
Most often, however, specialized delivery systems are
utilized to increase vaccine potency.
8. DNA VACCINES:
* In this DNA sequence is used.
* The introduced DNA is taken up by cells and it is translated
to form antigenic protein.
As this protein is foreign to cell so immune
response against this protein.
* The concept of nucleic acid vaccine evolved from initial
studies in experimental animals in which the inoculation with
naked plasmid DNA resulted in a protective immune
response.
* After inoculation into a muscle, the efficiency of cellular
uptake of the naked DNA is degraded before it reaches the
nucleus for transcription.
11. DNA VACCINE DELIVERY SYSTEM:
Delivery of DNA vaccine using electroporation:
Principle is to temporarily permeabilise cell membranes to allow
for increased uptake of large molecules such as plasmid DNA.
Because electroporation permeabilizes membranes it can work in a
wide variety of tissues including skin and muscle.
Surface modified biodegradable microspheres for DNA vaccine
deliver:
For sustained delivery, DNA can be encapsulated in biodegradable
microspheres, which are capable of releasing DNA molecules for a
period of up to several months in order to help to direct the
microsphere to desired cell types, cell type
specific targeting ligands can be fixed to the microsphere surface.
12. Gene gun:
DNA coated on the surface of gold pellets which are air-
propelled into the epidermis, mainly non applicable to
cancer.
Needle-Free injection:
Is accomplished by forcing liquid medications at high
speed through a micro-orifice. E.g.: Bioject, vita jet3 etc.
13. ADVANTAGES
* Elicit both humoral and cell mediated immunity.
* Long term immunity.
* Heat stability
* Ease of large scale production.
* Can be made in a short time span and very cheap to make.
DISADVANTAGES
* Formation of anti nucleic acid antibody possible.
* Extended immune stimulation leads to chronic
inflammation.
* No DNA vaccine has been licensed for use in humans yet.
14. RNA VACCINES:
An RNA is injected in the body. This RNA encodes the information to
produce the antigen, which is a protein from a pathogen, that will
stimulate the immune system.
Typically mRNA vaccines are synthetically produced by an enzymatic
process, and offer the advantage of tight control over the immunogenic
profile, pharmacokinetics and dosing.
However, RNA vaccines have several attributes that provide potential
advantages over DNA vaccines
1. There is a finite chance that plasmid DNA vaccines can integrate
into the genome of the immunized host. Use of RNA would eliminates
this.
2. Plasmid DNA vaccines must be delivered into and transcribed
within the nucleus in order to transfect a cell i.e they must transfers
two membrane barriers (plasma and nuclear membrane).since RNA
vaccines are translated directly in the cytoplasm.
15. ADVANTAGES:
* Active in non dividing cells.
* No need for promoter.
* Lyophilized vaccines retain full biological activity.
* Needs to cross only one membrane to be active in the
cytoplasm.
DISADVANTAGES:
* Cost effective.
16. REFERENCES
https://www.slideshare.net/tayedesta7/dna-vaccine-final-ppt
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4514143/
http://www.uniroma2.it/didattica/BAC-
TEK/deposito/Rna_vaccines.pdf
https://www.genengnews.com/gen-exclusives/rna-based-
therapeutics-and-vaccines/77900520
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology : An Introduction for Pharmacists
and Pharmaceutical Scientists by Crommelin, D. J. A.; Sindelar,
Robert D.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/6997375_Design_of_P
eptide-Based_Vaccines_for_Cancer