DNA vaccines work by introducing genetic material into cells that codes for an antigen, which stimulates an immune response against pathogens. They were first discovered in 1990 when injection of DNA plasmids produced an immune response in mice. Since then, DNA vaccines have been studied for various diseases and have advantages over traditional vaccines like not requiring refrigeration and inducing both antibody and cellular immunity. However, concerns remain around potential toxicity and more research is still needed before widespread human use.

1. Submitted by :
4th idiots.
Presented by :
Iqbal Danish
BS Microbiology
DNA vaccines

2. DNA vaccine is DNA sequence used as a vaccine.
This DNA Sequence code for antigenic protein of
pathogen.
As this DNA inserted into cells it is translated to form
antigenic protein. As this protein is foreign to cells , so
immune response raised against this protein.
In this way ,DNA vaccine provide immunity against that
pathogen.
INTRODUCTION

3. In1990, University of Wisconsin, Jon Wolff found
that injection of DNA plasmids produce a protein
response in mice.
In 1993, Merck Research Laboratories, Dr. Margaret
Liu found that intramuscular injection of DNA from
influenzae virus into mice produced complete
immune response
In 1996, trials involving T-cell lymphoma, influenzae &
herpes simplex virus were started
HISTORY

6. DNA vaccines Vs Traditional vaccines
Uses only the DNA from
infectious organisms.
Avoid the risk of using
actual infectious
organism.
Provide both Humoral &
Cell mediated immunity
Refrigeration is not
required
Uses weakened or killed
form of infectious
organism.
Create possible risk of
the vaccine being fatal.
Provide primarily
Humoral immunity
Usually requires
Refrigeration.
DNA vaccines Traditional vaccines

12. HOW DNA VACCINE IS MADE
Viral gene
Expression
plasmid
Plasmid with foreign gene
Recombinant DNA
Technology

13. Bacterial cell
Transform into
bacterial cell
Plasmid
DNA

14. Plasmid DNA get
Amplified

15. Plasmid DNA
Purified
Ready to use

16. Syringe delivery:-
METHODS OF DELIVERY
Either
intramuscularly
or
Intradermally

17. Gene gun delivery:-
Contd..
Adsorbed plasmid DNA
into gold particles
Ballastically accelerated
into body with gene gun.

21. Mode of delivery Advantages Disadvantages
Gene Gun DNA bombarded
directly into cells
Requires little quantity
of DNA
Requires inert particles
such as gold for
carrying DNA
Intramuscular or
Intradermal
No special delivery
mechanism Spread of
DNA is fast throughout
the body
Needs large amount of
DNA for induction of
immunity
Jet injection No need of carriers
Delivered directly under
few mm of skin
High pressure causes
shearing of DNA
Expression of DNA is
lower Requires large
amounts of DNA (up to

22. HOW DNA VACCINE WORKS
BY TWO PATHWAYS
ENDOGENOUS :- Antigenic Protein is presented by
cell in which it is produced
EXOGENOUS :- Antigenic Protein is formed in
one cell but presented by
different cell

23. HOW DNA VACCINES WORK
Muscle Cells Plasmid DNA
+

24. mRNA
Antigenic
Protein
Antigenic
Peptides
MHC-I
Plasmid
DNA
Nucleus
ENDOGENOUS PATHWAY

25. Memory T cells
T- Helper Cell

26. EXOGENOUS PATHWAY
Antigenic Protein come outside

27. Antigen Presenting Cell
Antigenic Peptides
T- Helper Cell
Cytokines
Activated B-Cell Memory B-Cell
Plasma B-Cell
Memory
Antibodies
MHC-II

28. WHEN VIRUS ENTER IN THE
BODY
Viral Protein
Memory T-Cell
Antibodies

29. Elicit both Humoral & cell mediated
immunity
Focused on Antigen of interest
Long term immunity
Refrigeration is not required
Stable for storage
ADVANTAGES

30. Limited to protein immunogen
only
Extended immunostimulation
leads to chronic inflammation
Some antigen require processing
which sometime does not occur
DISADVANTAGES

31. Genetic Toxicity
Integration of DNA vaccine into host Genome
Insertional mutagenesis
Chromosome instability
Turn ON Oncogenes
Turn OFF Tumor suppressor genes

32. Over Expression of DNA vaccine
Acute or chronic inflammatory responses
Destruction of normal tisues

33. Generation of Autoimmune diseases
Anti DNA Antibodies
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune Myositis

34. Generation of Autoimmune diseases
Anti DNA Antibodies
Autoimmune diseases
Autoimmune Myositis

35. Antibiotic Resistance
Plasmid used is resistance to
antibiotics for selection
Raise the resistance to same
antibiotic in the host

36. June 2006,DNA vaccine examined on horse
Horse acquired immunity against west
nile viruses
August 2007,DNA vaccination against multiple
Sclerosis was reported as being effective
CURRENT CLINICAL TRIALS

37. Vaccine target Product
name
Marked
by
Year of
license
and
country
Target organism
West Nile virus West Nile
Innovator
Centers
for
Disease
Control
and
Preventio
n and Fort
Dodge
laboratori
es
2005 USA horses
Infectious
haematopoieti
c necrosis
virus
Apex-IHN Novartis 2005 Canada Salmon fish

38. Melanoma Canine
Melanoma
Vaccine
Merial,
Memorial
Sloan–
Kettering
Center and
The
Animal
Medical
Center of
New York
2007 USA For the
treatment
of
aggressive
form
cancer of
the
mouth,
nail bed,
foot pad
of New
York
license and
serves as
an
alternative
to surgery

39. Growth
hormone
releasing
hormone
LifeTide-
SW5
VGX
Animal
Health
2007
Australia
Swine and
food and
animals
Increases
the
number of
piglets
weaned in
breeding
sows and
helps to
significantl
y
decreases
perinatal
mortality
and
morbidity

40. Plasmid with multiple genes provide immunity against
many diseases in one booster
DNA vaccines against infectious diseases such as
AIDS, Rabies, Malaria can be available
FUTURE PROSPECTS

41. DNA vaccines are in their early phase.
There are no DNA vaccines in market at
present.
But this just the beginning .
DNA vaccines are going to be the vaccines of
next generation.
CONCLUSION