Secondary metabolites
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The document discusses several classes of secondary metabolites found in plants, including their biosynthetic pathways, chemical properties, classification, and examples. It describes alkaloids derived from amino acids, terpenoids formed from the acetate pathway, glycosides containing a glycone and aglycone, polyketides from acetate precursors, and phenylpropanoids and phenolic compounds from the shikimic acid pathway such as lignans, flavonoids, coumarins, and tannins. Specific secondary metabolites are highlighted for each class with their sources and therapeutic uses.
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![SECONDARY METABOLITES
VINOD KUMAR[1st year]
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
SPER,JAMIA HAMDARD, NEW DELHI
SUBMITTED TO:
VIDHU AERI MAM
DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
SPER,JAMIA HAMDARD, NEW DELHI](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/secondarymetabolites-211105050822/85/Secondary-metabolites-1-320.jpg)
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Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
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Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
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Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
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Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
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Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
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25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
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Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
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Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidade
Novas diretrizes da OMS para os cuidados perinatais de mais qualidadeProf. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.BPH. BPHpdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnataka
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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2024 State of Marketing Report – by Hubspot
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
Everything You Need To Know About ChatGPT
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Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage Engineerings
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How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental Health
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
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Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
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Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
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5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
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See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
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Secondary metabolites
- 1. SECONDARY METABOLITES VINOD KUMAR[1st year] DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY SPER,JAMIA HAMDARD, NEW DELHI SUBMITTED TO: VIDHU AERI MAM DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOGNOSY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY SPER,JAMIA HAMDARD, NEW DELHI
- 2. Metabolic pathways • Light reaction—PRODUCE ATP AND NADP • Calvin cycle C3-CARBON FIXATION • Shikimic acid pathway---phenolic compound • Acetate pathway • Acetate mevalonate pathway----terpenes • Amino acid pathway----alkaloids
- 3. ALKALOIDS METABOLIC PATHWAY – AMINO ACID PATHWAY ALKALOIDS ARE HIGHLY LOCALIZED IN CERTAIN MORPHOLOGICAL PARTS ONLY SUCH AS IN SEEDS [NUX VOMICA], ROOTS [RAUWOLFIA],BARKS [KURCHI,CINCHONA],LEAVES[COCA LEAVES] AND FRUITS. IN SOME CASES LIKE VINCAAND EPHEDRA EVERY PART OF THE PLANT CONTAIN ALKALOIDS PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL TEST OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION COLOURLESS CRYSTALLINE SOLID SHARP MELTING PT THEY ARE BASIC IN NATURE •MAYERS TEST[CREAM COLOURED PPT] •DRAGENDORFF S TEST[REDDISH BROWN PPT] •WAGNERS TEST[REDDISH BROWN PPT] •HAGERS TEST [YELLOW PPT] INDOLE –ERGOT[MIGRAINE], NUX VOMICA [CNS STIMULANT] ISOQUINOLINE-OPIUM[NARCOTIC ANALGESIC], IPECAC[ EMETIC] TROPANE- BELLADONNA[ANTICHOLINERGIC] PURINE- COFFEE,KOLA,TEA[CNS STIMULANT] STEROIDAL- ASHWAGANDHA[SEDATIVE]
- 4. TERPENOIDS COMPONENTS OF RESINS DERIVATIVES OF POLYMER OF ISOPRENE ABUNDANTLY FOUND IN VOLATILE OILS DUE TO THEIR PLEASANT FLAVOUR PLAYS IN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PERFUMERY, COSMETICS,SOAPS,FOODS, PHARMACEUTICALS AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES.THERAPEUTICALLY IT EXHIBIT VARIOUS ACTIVITES LIKE ANTIHELMINITIC, ANALGESICS, ANTISEPTIC, STIMULANT, CARMINATIVE AND DIURETIC CHEMICAL TEST CLASSIFICATIONS 1. DRUG+ALCOHOLIC SOLUTION OF SUDAN III RED COLOUR GOLBULES WILL OBTAIN 2. DRUG + TINCTURE ALKANE RED COLOUR WILL BE OBTAINED MONOTERPENOIDS-BITTER ORANGE PEEL, BLACK PEPPER, CAMPHOR OIL, CUMMIN[AROMATIC, STIMULANT, CARMINATIVE,FLAVOURING AGENT] SESQUITERPENOIDS-SANDAL WOOD OIL DITERPENOIDS-TAXUS [ANTICANCEROUS AGENT] TRITERPENOIDS TETRA AND POLYTERPENOIDS
- 5. GLYCOSIDES CONSITS OF GLYCONE AND AGLYCONE CHEMICAL TEST CLASSIFICATION •KELLER KILIANI TEST •BALJET TEST •LEGAL TEST •XANTHIDROL TEST •BORNTRAGERS TEST ANTHRACENE- ALOES,SENNA,CASCARA[PURGATIVE] STEROIDAL- DIGITALIS,SQUILL,STROPHANTHUS[CARDI OTONIC] SAPONIN
- 6. POLYKETIDES PRECURSOR: LINEAR COMBINATION OF ACETATE DERIVED FROM ACETYL CO-ENZYME FATTY ACID AND GLYCERIDE MORPHOLOGICAL PART: LEAFS, SEED COATING AND CELL MEMBRANE USES:USED IN COSMETIC INDUSTRIES SOAPS AND VEHICLE IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION TYPES •SATURATED FATTY ACID EXAMPLES •BUTYRIC ACID, LAURIC ACID AND STEARIC ACID SOURCE BUTTER COCONUT OIL COCOA BUTTER •UNSATURATE D FATTY ACID •POLYSATURAT ED FATTY ACID OLEIC ACID LINOLEIC ACID OMEGA 3 AND OMEGA 6 OLIVE OIL LINSEED OIL SOYBEAN OIL,WALNUTS AND FLAXSEEDS ANTIBOTICS POLYENE ANTIBIOTICS TETRACYCLINE MACROLIDES STATINS MEVASTATIN LOVASTATIN
- 7. PHENYLPROPANOIDS AND SIMILAR PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS BIOSYNTHESIS PATHWAY- SHIKIMIC ACID LIGNANS,FLAVONOIDS, COUMARINS AND TANNINS LIGNANS •LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT •IN PLANT IT STRENGTHEN THE CELL WALL •ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI CANCER ACTIVITY FLAVONOIDS •SOURCE: BERRIES, RED CABBAGE,ONION,TEA ETC •ANTIOXIDANT •HESPERETIN,QUERCETIN TANNINS SOLUTION FORM IN THE CELL SAP AND IN VACUOLES •HYDROLYSABLE –GALLIC AND ELLAGIC ACID [ANTIOXIDANT] •CONDENSED –BLACK CATECHU [ASTRINGENT] AND ASHOKA BARK [OXYTOCIC] •PSEUDOTANNINS:IPECA CUANHA ACID IPECACUANHA AND CATECHIN IN COCA.