Calcium channel blockers - Medicinal chemistry for B.Pharm.Purna Nagasree K
This ppt describes about the drugs used as calcium channel blockers, their mechanism of action, metabolism and Structure activity relationship of dihydropyridines
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood
to meet the metabolic demand of the body and also unable to receive it back because every time after a systole.
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR, HYPERTENSION,...Dr. Ravi Sankar
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR, HYPERTENSION,TYPES,CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION, CLASSIFICATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SAR, ACE INHIBITORS, ARB , DIURETICS(WATER PILLS), TIPS TO STOP SILENT KILLER.
BY P. RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR,A.P, INDIA.
Chemistry of Anti Anginal Drugs by Professor BeubenzProfessor Beubenz
This presentation will give you an idea about the chemistry of Anti-anginal drugs along with its classification, mechanism of action & Structural Activity Relationship.
#Professor_Beubenz
For more such videos do
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to the Channel Professor Beubenz
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7yjQm4zzX8&t=1183s
Calcium channel blockers - Medicinal chemistry for B.Pharm.Purna Nagasree K
This ppt describes about the drugs used as calcium channel blockers, their mechanism of action, metabolism and Structure activity relationship of dihydropyridines
A condition in which the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood
to meet the metabolic demand of the body and also unable to receive it back because every time after a systole.
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR, HYPERTENSION,...Dr. Ravi Sankar
ANTI HYPERTENSIVE AGENTS [MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY] BY P.RAVISANKAR, HYPERTENSION,TYPES,CAUSES OF HYPERTENSION, CLASSIFICATION, MECHANISM OF ACTION, SAR, ACE INHIBITORS, ARB , DIURETICS(WATER PILLS), TIPS TO STOP SILENT KILLER.
BY P. RAVISANKAR, VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR,A.P, INDIA.
Chemistry of Anti Anginal Drugs by Professor BeubenzProfessor Beubenz
This presentation will give you an idea about the chemistry of Anti-anginal drugs along with its classification, mechanism of action & Structural Activity Relationship.
#Professor_Beubenz
For more such videos do
#Subscribe
#Share
#Like
to the Channel Professor Beubenz
Thank You.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-7yjQm4zzX8&t=1183s
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
3rd unit drugs used in congestive heart faliureNikithaGopalpet
Introduction.
Signs and Symptoms.
Types of CHF.
Classification .
Drugs used in CHF.
Mechanism of action.
Structure.
Adverse Drug Reactions and
Uses.
Reference
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
3rd unit drugs used in congestive heart faliureNikithaGopalpet
Introduction.
Signs and Symptoms.
Types of CHF.
Classification .
Drugs used in CHF.
Mechanism of action.
Structure.
Adverse Drug Reactions and
Uses.
Reference
Hypolipidaemics pharmacology with a note on Statins /Fibrates/ Sterol absorption Inhibitors/ CETP Inhibitors / Lipoprotein Lipase activators and Bile acid sequestrants
Hello everyone.....I shared a pdf file containing the deep knowledge about HYPERLIPIDEMIA AND THE PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUGS . In the B.pharma 5th semester...there is an most important topic ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC DRUGS in the subject Pharmacology -II so i uploaded this file to help the students about this most important topic.....if u want this assignment in any format....feel free to DM me on my gmail id.....careof22@gmail.com.....THANK YOU
To be able to describe:
Cholesterol synthesis, source & metabolism
Hyperlipidemia – definition & normal values.
Anti hyperlipidemic drugs: its classification, mechanism of action & side effects.
The natural history of atherosclerosis might involve coronary plaque rupture / erosion, thrombus formation and vessel lumen occlusion, clinically recognized as acute coronary syndrome (ACS). International guidelines strongly recommend early statin administration in patients admitted for ACS. In addition to lowering circulating levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), statin treatment was shown to promote plaque stabilization or regression in several ways, including reduction in necrotic lipid core, anti-inflammatory effects and improvement in endothelial function.
Update on the efficacy of statin treatment in acute coronary syndromes by Rosa, Gian Marco; Carbone, Federico; Parodi, Antonello; Massimelli, Elena A; Brunelli, Claudio; Mach, François (more...) European journal of clinical investigation, 05/2014, Volume 44, Issue 5, 501 - 515
Introduction
Limit Test for Chlorides
Limit Test for sulphates
Limit Test for Heavy metals
Limit Test for Iron
Limit Test for Arsenic
Limit Test for Lead
Reference
Learning objectives
Introduction
Complexing agents
Complexing Titration using EDTA
Need for Maintenance of pH
pH Indicators used in complexometric Titrations
Types of EDTA Titration
Factors Influencing EDTA reaction
Masking and demasking agents
Conclusion
Reference
Learning objectives
Introduction
Types of solvents
Acidimetry in non aqueous medium
Alkalimetry in non aqueous medium
Estimation of Sodium benzoate and Ephedrine HCl
Applications of non aqueous titrations in pharmacy
Conclusion
Reference
Learning objectives
Introduction
Preparation of a standard solution used for redox titration
Oxidizing and reducing agents used in volumetric analysis
N/10 potassium permanganate preparation
N/10 potassium dichromate preparation
N/10 Iodine solution preparation
Examples of redox titrations
Conclusion
References
Learning objectives
Introduction
Conditions For Volumetric Analysis
Terms In Volumetric Analysis
Primary Standard
Methods Of Expressing Concentrations In Volumetric Analysis
Types of Titration Methods
Classification Of Titrimetric Or Volumetric Methods
Conclusion
References
Introduction
error, accuracy, precision
Source of Errors
Types of Errors
Methods of minimizing errors
Test for rejection of data
Significant Level
Rounding of Figures
References
What is Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Introduction of Inorganic chemistry
What are Inorganic Compounds ??
Importance of Inorganic Pharmaceuticals Inorganic Chemistry ??
Difference between Organic Chemistry and Inorganic Chemistry
Definitions
Introduction.
Methods of Administration of Local Anaesthetics
Classification .
Drugs used in local anaesthetics.
Mechanism of action and SAR.
Structure and Synthesis.
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Introduction.
Types of Diabetics Mellitus
Insulin and Insulin Preparations
Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents
Classification .
Drugs used in Anti-Diabetic agents
Mechanism of action .
Structure
Synthesis and SAR
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
Reference
Introduction of Steroids
Nomenclature
Sex Hormones
Biosynthesis of sex hormones
Structure, synthesis of Testosterone, Oestriol, Oestradiol, Diethyl stilbestrol, Progesterone
Reference
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
1. 3RD UNIT
ANTI-HYPERLIPIDEMIC
AGENTS
Prepared by
G. Nikitha, M.Pharmacy
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
Sree Dattha Institute Of Pharmacy
Hyderabad
1
Subject: Medicinal Chemistry-II
Year: B.Pharmacy 3rd Year
Semister: 1st Semister
2. CONTENTS
Introduction.
Classification .
Drugs used in Anti Hyperlipidaemics Agents
Mechanism of action .
SAR.
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions .
Uses.
2
3. INTRODUCTION
Lipids are naturally fat like components of cells in the body.
Although body synthesis the required amount of lipids additional
amount is derived from food and can be harmful.
These plasma lipids are water insoluble and hence need to
transported through carriers known as lipoproteins.
An increase in lipid particularly cholesterol a condition involving
damage of heart.
3
4. Lipoproteins are of 4 types:
High density lipoprotein (HDL)
Low density lipoprotein (LDL)
Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)
Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
4
14. 1. HMG-COA reductase inhibitors:
This class of drug is known to be the most efficient and best
tolerated among all other antihyerlipidaemic drugs.
Mechanism of action:
Cholesterol is synthesizes in the liver by the conversion of 3-
hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) to mevalonic
acid by the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase. Statins act by inhibiting
this rate limiting enzyme, thereby resulting in reduced hepatic
cholesterol synthesis. This in turn results in compensatory increase
in synthesis of high affinity LDL receptors on the surface of liver
cells and consequent increase in the uptake and catabolism of
plasma IDL and LDL. Thus a significant decrease in plasma LDL
cholesterol levels is achieved. 14
15. SAR of HMG-COA reductase inhibitors :
Mevastatin and Lovastatin are the lead compounds in the
development of HMGRIs.
Lactone ring, bicyclic rings Ethylene Bridge are very important for
the activity.
Provastatin is the ring opened dihydroxyacid with a 6 hydroxyl
group is more hydrophilic. So it has the low penetration to the
peripheral tissues and less side effects.
15
16. Common for all statins
The 3,5 dihydroxycarboxylate is essential for inhibitory activity.
Compounds containing a lactone are prodrugs requiring in vivo
hydrolysis.
The absolute stereochemistry of the 3-and 5-hydroxyl groups must
be same as the Mevastatin and Lovastatin.
A double bound between C6 and C7 can either increase or decrease
activity. The ethyl group provides optimal activity for compounds
containing ring A and some heterocyclic rings (pyrrole ring of
atorvastatin). The ethenyl group is optimal for compounds with other
rings such as indole and pyrimidine rings seen in fluvastatin and
cerivastatin.
16
17. Ring A sub class- the decline ring is essential for anchoring the
compound to the enzyme active site. Replacement with the
cyclohexane ring resulted in 10,000 fold decrease in activity.
Stereochemistry of the ester chain is important for activity, the
conversion of this ester to an ether resulted in a decrease in activity.
Methyl substitution at R2 position increases activity (simvastatin is
more potent than Lovastatin).
β hydroxyl group substitution at R1 position enhances
hydrophilicity and provides some cellular specificity. 17
18. Ring B sub class- either zero or one (five or six member
heterocyclic).
The para-flurophenyl cannot be coplanar with the central aromatic
ring. (Structural restraints to cause coplanarity have resulted in a loss
of activity).
R substitution with aryl groups of hydrocarbon chains enhances
lipophilicity and inhibitory activity.
18
19. Pharmacokinetics:
All strains of oral administration get absorbed to the extent of 40-
90% except fluvastatin which is completely absorbed. Lovastatin
and simvastatin are prodrugs which get hydrolysed to active
metabolites in the GIT while atorvastatin, fluvastine, rosuvastatin are
fluorinated compounds which are activate drugs. All statins undergo
first pass metabolism and excreted mainly through bile.
Adverse Drug Reactions:
Nausea, headache, rashes, and bowel upset
Sleep disturbances
Memory loss, impotence, gynaecomatia, peripheral neuropathy
Liver damage
19
20. Therapeutic Uses:
Statins are useful in both primary and secondary
hypercholesterolaemia. They cause reduction in the progression of
atherosclerotic lesions and occurrence of myocardial infarction.
Statins are the first line drugs for primary hyperlipidaemics which
increased LDL and total cholesterol level.
They are used to reduce the incidence of myocardial infarction in
patients
20
22. Pharmacokinetics:
Oral route of administration, Lovastatin is given as a lactone prodrug
and thus, in order to produce its mechanism of action, it is required
to be converted to the active beta-hydroxy form. This drug activation
process does not seem to be related to CYP isoenzyme activity. but
rather to be controlled by the activity of serum paraoxonase,
Following an oral dose of 14C-labeled lovastatin to man, 10% of the
dose was excreted in urine and 83% in feces. The latter represents
absorbed drug excreted in bile, together with unabsorbed drug.
Adverse Drug Reactions:
pain in your stomach area, constipation
Nausea, headache
Heartburn, memory loss/forgetfulness
weakness/lack of energy, muscle pain
Confusion, inability to fall asleep 22
23. Therapeutic Uses:
Lovastatin is used to decrease the amount of cholesterol and other
fatty substances in your blood.
If cholesterol builds up in your arteries, it may block the flow of
blood to your heart, brain, or other parts of your body. This raises
your risk of serious problems, such as a heart attack or stroke.
Lowering your cholesterol level lowers these risks
Dose:
10-80 mg/ day
23
25. 2. Fabric acid derivative
This groups of drugs are derivatives of fibric acid like isobutyric acid
and include gemfibrozil, benzafibrate, fenofibrate.
Mechanism of action:
These are known to simulate the nuclear transcription receptor called
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) which
controls the expressions of genes mediating triglyceride metabolism.
They enhance the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) which is
responsible for the hydrolysis of VLDL triglycerides. Hence
incorporation of fatty acids into VLDL in the liver is decreased and
there by synthesis and secretion of VLDL is inhibited.
25
26. SAR of Fabric acid derivative:
Isobutyric acid group is essential for activity.
Compounds containing an ester, such as clofibrate and fenofibrate
are prodrugs and require in vivo hydrolysis.
Substitution at para position of the aromatic ring with a chloro group
or a chlorine containing isopropyl ring produce compound with
significantly longer half life.
Most of drugs contain a phenoxyisobutyric acid, the addition of an
m-propyl spacer as seen in gemfibrozil results in an active drug.
26
27. Pharmacokinetics:
They are completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. They
mostly exist in protein bound form and are mainly excreted in an
unchanged through urine.
Adverse Drug Reactions:
Allergic reactions, nausea, diarrhea are common side effects.
Weight gain
Increase in serum amino transferases or alkaline phosphatase levels
and reversible myopathy have also reported.
Chronic therapy may increases the risk of gall stone formation.
27
28. Therapeutic Uses:
Fibrates are the first line drugs used in the treatment of
hypertriglyceridaemic especially those associated with low HDL-C
level.
They are effective in decreasing genetic hypertriglyceridaemic and
dysbetalipoproteinaemia.
They are also effective in treating familial combined
hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperlipidaemics associated with type-2
diabetes.
28
30. Pharmacokinetics:
Oral route of administration, Hepatic and gastrointestinal: rapid de-
esterification occurs in the gastrointestinal tract and/or on first-pass
metabolism to produce the active form, clofibric acid (chlorophenoxy
isobutyric acid [CPIB]), eliminated through urine.
Adverse Drug Reactions:
Head ache, Nausea , Vomiting
Fever
Blood in urine
Sweating of feet
Increase of appetite, Stomach pain, gastric problems
Weight gain
Chest pain
30
31. Therapeutic Uses:
Used in the treatment of III, IV, V hyperlipidaemics
They are also effective in treating familial combined
hypertriglyceridaemia and hyperlipidaemics associated with type-2
diabetes.
Dose:
5 to 2 grams a day. This is divided into two to four doses.
31
33. 3. Bile acid Sequestrantes
Mechanism of actions:
They are insoluble non-absorbable basic anion exchange resins
which bind with bile acids and form insoluble complexes in the
intestine which gets excreted in faces.
Adverse Drug Reactions:
Head ache, Vomiting
Constipation, Heart burn are common
Therapeutic Uses:
Cholestyramine is used as an anti-hyperlipidaemic in children and
pregnant women.
It is also used in treating pruritus associated with biliary cirrhosis
and cholestatic jaundice. 33
34. SAR of Bile acid Sequestrantes:
Cholestyramine is a copolymer consisting primarily of polystyrene
with small amount of divinyl benzene as a cross linking agent.
In addition it contains some fixed quaternary ammonium groups.
These positively charged groups function as binding sites for anions.
Colestipol is a copolymer of tetraethylenepentamine and
epichlorhydrin. It contains basic secondary and tertiary amines.
Total nitrogen content of Colestipol is greater than Cholestyramine
the functional ion exchange capacity of the resin depends upon
intestinal pH and may be less than Cholestyramine.
The adsorption capacity of Cholestyramine for bile salts is more
than the Colestipol.
34
36. Pharmacokinetics:
Oral route of administration, metabolized through bile acids.
Cholestyramine resin adsorbs and combines with the bile acids in
the intestine to form an insoluble complex which is excreted in the
feces.
Adverse Drug Reactions:
Constipation.
Upset stomach or stomach pain.
Diarrhea or loose stools.
Nausea.
Vomiting.
Belching.
Loss of appetite.
Skin irritation.
36
37. Therapeutic Uses:
Cholestyramine is used to reduce high cholesterol levels. It's given to
people with high cholesterol who haven't been able to lower their
cholesterol enough with diet changes. This drug is also used to treat
itching due to partial bile obstruction.
Dose:
4 to 16g/day
37
39. Pharmacokinetics:
Oral route of administration, Colestipol hydrochloride binds bile
acids in the intestine forming a complex that is then ultimately
excreted in the feces. In humans, less than 0.17% of a single 14C-
labeled colestipol hydrochloride dose is excreted in the urine when
given following 60 days of chronic dosing of 20 grams of colestipol
hydrochloride per day.
The increased fecal loss of bile acids due to colestipol hydrochloride
administration leads to increased oxidation of cholesterol to bile
acids, it is not absorbed into the systemic circulation nor is it
hydrolyzed by any digestive enzymes. Its action is ultimately limited
to the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, where it is eventually
passed into the feces
39
40. Adverse Drug Reactions:
Constipation, Diarrhea
stomach/abdominal pain, gas,
Nausea and vomiting may occur.
Weakness
Confusion
Rashes
Therapeutic Uses:
It is used along with a proper diet to lower cholesterol in
the blood. Lowering cholesterol helps decrease the risk for strokes
and heart attacks.
Dose:
5-30 mg day
40
41. Reference books
Text book of Medicinal chemistry volume-1-3rd edition by
V.Alagarasamy.
Text book of Medicinal chemistry volume-2-3rd edition by
V.Alagarasamy.
Medicinal chemistry by Rama Rao Nadendla.
41