epidemiology, prevention and control

1. EPIDEMIOLOGY ,
PREVENTION & CONTROL
OF ACUTE DIARRHOEAL
DISEASE
PRESENTED BY:
SWAPNIL SHUKLA
PARA -H2
ROLL NO : 136
Department of community medicine

2. What is diarrhoea?
Passage of 3 or more loose , liquid or watery
stools in a day.
What is not diarrhoea?
1: Frequent formed stools
2: Pasty stools in breastfed child
3: Stools during or after feeding
4: PSEUDODIARRHOEA: small volume of stools
frequently ( IBS)

3. TYPES
o ACUTE DIARRHOEA : <2 weeks , the main danger
is dehydration,90% attacks are self limited (resolved
by ORS).
o PERSISTENT DIARRHOEA : 2-4 weeks.main danger is
malnutrition and serious non intestinal infection.
o DIARRHOEA WITH SEVERE MALNUTRITION(marasmus
& kwashiorkor):- main dangers are severe systemic
infection, dehydration, heart failure and vitamin &
mineral deficiency.
o ACUTE BLOODY DIARRHOEA:-also called as
dysentery-main dangers are damage of intestinal
mucosa,sepsis and malnutrition.

4.  1.2-1.9 episodes per person annually in the
general population.
 2.4 episodes per child < 3 years old annually.
 5 episodes per year for children < 3years old
and in daycare.
 Seasonal peak in the winter

5.  When the WHO initiated the diarrhoeal control
programme in 1980,appoximetely 4.6 milion
children uesd to die each year of the
dehydration caused by diarrhoea.
 In India,acute diarrhoeal disease accounts for
about 8% of deaths under-5 years age group.
 During the year 2013,about 10.7 milion cases
with 1535 deaths were reported in in india.

6. BACTERIA VIRUS
Vibrio cholera Rotavirus
Shigella Adenovirus
E.coli Astrovirus
Salmonella
Staphylococcus
Yersinia
COMMON CAUSES – BACTERIA AND
VIRUS

7.  Fluid replacement to prevent dehydration.
 Zinc treatment.
 Rotavirus and measles vaccinations.
 Promotion of early and exclusive
breastfeeding and vitamin A supplementation.
 Promotion of hand washing and soap.
 Improved water supply quality and quantity ,
 Including treatment and safe storage of
household water.
 Community-wide sanitation promotion.
 Fly control
PLAN FOR COMPREHENSIVE DIARRHOEA
CONTROL

8. With introduction of oral rehydration by WHO it is now
Firmly established that oral rehydration treatment can
be safely and successfully used in treating acute
diarrhoeas due to all aetiologies ,in all age groups ,and
In all countries.
ORAL REHYDRATION THERAPY

9. INGREDIENTS AMOUNT( GMS
PER LITRE)
SODIUM
CHLORIDE
2.6
GLUCOSE 13.5
POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE
1.5
TRISODIUM
CITRATE
2.9
COMPOSITION OF WHO-ORS

10. After appropriate treatment of
diarrhoea zinc supplementation
can prevent the occurrence of
diarrhoea for the following 2-3
months
ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION

11.  Immunization against measles is a potential
intervention for diarrhoea control.
 When administered at the recommended age ,
the measles vaccine can prevent upto 25% of
diarrhoea deaths in children under 5 years of
age
 All children who have been immunized against
measles was protected from diarrhoea to an
extent.
IMMUNIZATION

12.  EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING – no other food
or drink is given.
 An infant should be exclusively breastfed for
first six months of life.
 Majority of breastfed children do not suffer
from diarrhoea.
 Breast milk contains several anti infective
factors which protect the baby from enteral
infection
BREAST FEEDING

13. Park's textbook of
Preventive and social
Medicine ( 23rd edition)
REFERENCES

14. THANKYOU