disaster management notes consist of various knowledge and quality content Emergency management or disaster management is the managerial function charged with creating the framework within which communities reduce vulnerability to hazards and cope with disasters.[1] Emergency management, despite its name, does not actually focus on the management of emergencies, which can be understood as minor events with limited impacts and are managed through the day-to-day functions of a community. Instead, emergency management focuses on the management of disasters, which are events that produce more impacts than a community can handle on its own.[2] The management of disasters tends to require some combination of activity from individuals and households, organizations, local, and/or higher levels of government. Although many different terminologies exist globally, the activities of emergency management can be generally categorized into preparedness, response, mitigation, and recovery, although other terms such as disaster risk reduction and prevention are also common. The outcome of emergency management is to prevent disasters and where this is not possible, to reduce their harmful impacts. Emergency planning ideals Emergency planning aims to prevent emergencies from occurring, and failing that, initiates an efficient action plan to mitigate the results and effects of any emergencies. The development of emergency plans is a cyclical process, common to many risk management disciplines, such as business continuity and security risk management, wherein recognition or identification of risks[3] as well as ranking or evaluation of risks[4] are important to prepare. There are a number of guidelines and publications regarding emergency planning, published by professional organizations such as ASIS, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), and the International Association of Emergency Managers (IAEM).[5] A team of emergency responders performs a training scenario involving anthrax. Emergency management plans and procedures should include the identification of appropriately trained staff members responsible for decision-making when an emergency occurs. Training plans should include internal people, contractors and civil protection partners, and should state the nature and frequency of training and testing. Testing a plan's effectiveness should occur regularly; in instances where several businesses or organisations occupy the same space, joint emergency plans, formally agreed to by all parties, should be put into place. Drills and exercises in preparation for foreseeable hazards are often held, with the participation of the services that will be involved in handling the emergency, and people who will be affected. Drills are held to prepare for the hazards of fires, tornados, lockdown for protection, earthquakes and others. In the U.S., the Government Emergency Telecommunications Service supports federal, state, local and tribal government personnel, industry

1. Disaster management
Prof. A.K. Sood
MD, PhD, DNB ( Health & Hosp. Mgt), DNB (MCH) , MBA
Head, Department of Education & Training
Acting Head Department of Medical Care & Hospital Administration
National Institute of Health & Family Welfare
New Delhi
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Dr.A.K. Sood NIHFW

2. “Any occurrence that causes
damage
ecological disruption
loss of human life
or deterioration of health
and health services
on a scale sufficient to warrant an extra ordinary
response from outside the affected community or area
(WHO)”.
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3. Natural Disasters
Earthquake
Volcanic Eruptions
Landslides
Avalanches
Windstorms (Cyclone, Typhooon, Hurricane)
Tornadoes
Hailstorms and Snowstorms
Seasurges/Tsunami
Floods
Droughts
Locust Swarms
Epidemics of diseases
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4. Manmade Disasters
Conventional warfare
Nuclear, Biological, Physical and Chemical
Warfare
Vehicular (Plane, Train, Ship and Car etc.)
Drowning
Collapse of building
Explosions
Fires
Biological
Chemicals including poisoning.
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5. Health related issues
Food and Nutrition
Mental Health
Communicable Diseases
Injuries Following Disasters
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6. General principles
The following principles should be considered before
preparing plan and writing disaster manual:
a. The plan should be ‘simple’ to be understood by
everyone, so that it can be put into action
immediately.
b. The plan should be ‘flexible’ to fit in different
types of disasters.
c. It should be ‘clear and concise’, so that even in
panic and confusion, staff should be able to act
upon it instantaneously.
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7. d. It should be adaptable for all hours i.e., day and
night including holidays
e. It should be an ‘extension of normal hospital
and public health working’, so that people can
act on it immediately in a routine manner.
f. It should be rehearsed before implementation
and updated according to experience gained.
g. The concept of triage, basic life support and
advance life support should be understood well
and followed to determine priority in order to
manage emergency and mass casualties.
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8. Preplanning activities by the DHO
i. Assessment of Problem
The disaster profile of the district and talukas
should be made by the review of disasters that
have occurred during the last 10-15 years.
The analysis of data can reveal type of disaster
the district is prone to.
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9. ii. Advance Warning
The forecast of disasters like cyclone, flood,
earthquake etc. is made by meteorological
department.
The information should be shared by CMO
along with various departments concerned with
disaster planning and advanced action has to be
taken according to district disaster plan.
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10. iii. Coordination
The interdepartmental coordination has to be
assured at all levels in the district.
It is done between Collector, Municipal
Commissioner, Chief Executive Officer of Zila
Parishad, Superintendent of Police, Fire Control
Officer, Home Guards, Executive Engineer,
Superintendents of various hospitals, State
transport department and Public Relations
Officer.
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Dr.A.K. Sood NIHFW

11. iv. Preparedness
The preparation at all the times to face disaster,
chaos, disruption will save undue loss of life.
Much of damage resulting from disaster can be
lessened and human suffering reduced if there
is an organised and planned effort to meet the
problems.
It is therefore essential to evolve a suitable
medical and public health plan for each district
which will be useful to deal with any disaster
that may arise.
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12. The Disaster Manual
Introduction
Distribution of responsibilities
Disaster containment
Chronological action plan
Checklist of personnel and
Rehearsal and conclusion
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13. I. Disaster preparedness- measures taken to prepare for
and reduce effects of disasters.
NDMA given guidelines for medical preparedness and
mass casualty management. States are required to
develop state guidelines
Hazard, risk and vulnerability assessment-types
of hazards, nature of vulnerable people
Response mechanisms and strategies-
evacuation , search and rescue teams,
assessment team, mechanisms for activation of
facilities, relief measures
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14. Disaster preparedness plans- for various
agencies and sectors
Coordination-civil defense, police, defense,
NGOs, health , media, red cross,
Information management- collection,
compilation, timely action, decision making,
public information
Early warning signs-to detect, predict disaster,
from health dept, met, agriculture dept, media,
local sources etc
Resource mobilization
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15. Public education training and rehearsals- of the
preparedness plan
Community based disaster preparedness-local
volunteers, citizens organizations, business
organizations, NGOs
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16. II. Disaster mitigation
Taking measures to reduce the effects of a
hazards before it occurs
Minimize the effect on Buildings, community
services, infrastructure water, electricity,
telephone, communication roads, health food,
trade, economies, social harmony, looting , law
and order, political set up etc
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17. III. Triage
This should be done at site and at each
department and each point like, at reception,
resuscitation and evacuation of patients since
the priority may have to be changed from time
to time.
Triage means allotment of priority for treatment
and evacuation of casualties.
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18. Priority I (Critical and Severely ill)
It is allotted to the critically ill patients who need
immediate resuscitation and life and limb saving
surgery within six hours.
Priority II (Moderately ill)
These patients require possible resuscitation
and/or early surgery within the next 24 hours.
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19. Priority III (Minor illness)
These are patients who have minor illness.
The moribund patients under irreversible shock
are also allotted ‘priority III’ since chances of
survival of these patients are very little
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20. IV. Principles of Treatment of Casualties
Basic Life Support
Maintenance of airway
Ventilation factor e.g. in pneumothorax
Control of haemorrhage.
Preparation for transportation e.g. use of splints
and stretchers etc.
Advanced Life Support
The various clinical procedures done and life
support provided by various equipments at the
hospital is called ‘Advanced Life Support’.
This is provided in the hospital at wards, ICU
and OT. 20
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21. V. Administrative issues
Documentation
The proper documentation in previously
structured forms should be done to save time.
There may be problems to do documentation in
unconscious patients and those brought dead.
Police Documentation Team
This should be assisted by hospital P.R.O.,
however, investigation by police may be
delayed, if hospital is very busy in treating the
casualties.
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22. Administrative issues
Communication
The telephone line and inter-communications will be
busy or may be faulty, hence messengers should be
earmarked to carry the message.
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23. Friends and Relatives
The anxious friends and relatives want to know
the welfare of their kith and kin and hospital
administrator or matron should calm them down
and give them all the possible latest details
about their elatives.
Crowd Control
There is ‘convergence effect’ that means crowd
converge at hospital as they are curious to
know as to what has happened and how it has
happened.
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24. Other issues
 Involvement of Voluntary Workers
 Patient's Property
 Press and Broadcasting Services
 Ambulance Service
 Emergency -To operate X-ray machines,
functioning of operation theatre and carry out
work even in night enough standby
arrangements for light should be procured.
 Disposal of Dead
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25. Guidelines for hospital emergency
preparedness
GOI UNDP DRM programme (2002-2008)
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