OM VERMA ASSISTANT PROFESSOR GRACIOUS COLLEGE OF NURSING ABHANPUR( C.G)

2. EMERGENCY AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
PRESENTED BY
OM VERMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
RELIANCE INSTITUTE OF NURSING

4. DEFINITION
• A “disaster” can be defined as “any occurrence
that causes damage , ecological disruption, loss
of human life or deterioration of health & health
services property damage loss of livelihoods
and services and environment damage.
BY K. PARK

5. • The term disaster implies unexpected and
significantly large rush of causalities
caused by natural calamity or man made
disaster.

6. (1)Disaster is an unforcing unknown
event of which coause type, date,
time, and strength of damage are
unlimited.”
(2) The term disaster amply unexpected
and significant large risk of casually
caused by natural calamite or men
made disaster.

7. MEANING OF DISASTER
• D = destruction
• I = incidence
• S = sufferings
• A = administrative, financial failure
• S = sentiments
• T = tragedies
• E = eruption of communicable disease.
• R = research programme & its implementations.

10. Metrological disaster
• Violent, sudden and destructive
change to the environment related
to, produced by, or affecting the
earth's atmosphere, especially the
weather-forming processes

11. CYCLONE
FLOOD
TSUNAMI
A temporary overflow of a normally
dry area due to overflow water,
unusual buildup, runoff of surface
waters, or abnormal erosion
Floods can also be overflow of
mud flow caused by buildup of
water underground.
Cyclones are Large revolving storms
( ghumaavdaar tufan ) caused by
winds ( high speed round air )
blowing around a central area of
low atmospheric pressure
an unusually large sea wave produced by
a seaquake or undersea volcanic eruption (
jawalamukhi )

12. TOPOGRAPHICAL
• Disasters caused by
movements and
deformation of the
earth's crust

13. earthquake
a sudden violent
shaking of the ground,
typically causing great
destruction, as a result
of movements within the
earth's crust or volcanic
( jawalamukhi ) action.

14. BIOLOGICAL DISASTER
• Biological warfare (BW), also known as germ
warfare, is the deliberate use of disease-
causing biological agents such as protozoa,
fungi, bacteria, parasites , or viruses, to kill or
incapacitate
• humans, other animals or plants. Biological
weapons (often referred to as bioweapons) are
living organisms or replicating (virus) that
reproduce or replicate within their host victims

15. EPIDEMICS OF
COMMUNICABLE
DISEASES
a widespread occurrence of an infectious
disease in a community at a particular time.

16. SOCIOLOGICAL
DISASTE ,
VIOLENCER
•TERIRRIOSM
•WAR
TECHNOLOGICAL
DISASTER
•BIO CHEMICAL
•FIRE
•EXPLOSION
TRANSPOTATION
ACCIDENTS
RAILS
SPACE

19. violence - behaviour
involving physical
force intended to
hurt, damage, or kill
someone or
something, strength
of emotion or of a
destructive.

21. .
War is defined as a conflict
between to large groups of
population, which involves physical
force, violence and the use of
weapons ( piston ).
War has destroyed entire cultures,
countries, economies and inflicted great
suffering on humanity

22. Terrorism is defined as an act that is violent or
dangerous to human life,
with the intent of furthering political or social objectives.

24. Industrial disasters occur in a commercial
context, such as mining accidents. They often
have an environmental impact. The Bhopal
disaster is the industrial disaster
dangerous gas methyl
isocyanate escaped from
an insecticide plant

25. A nuclear explosion is an explosion that
occurs as a result of the rapid release of
energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction.
Nuclear explosions produce radiation and
radioactive debris.

26. A power outage is an interruption of normal sources
of electrical power.

27. Fire is the rapid oxidation
of a material in the chemical process of
combustion, releasing heat, light,
and various reaction products.

30. An aviation incident is an
occurrence other than an
accident, associated with the
operation of an aircraft, which
affects or could affect the
safety of operations,
passengers, or pilots
Ain aviation accidents can be of natural, technical or human
origin, such as mechanical breakdowns, negligence or terrorist
attacks

32. TraffiC collisions are the leading
cause of death, and road-based
pollution creates a substantial
health hazard, especially in major

33. Space travel presents significant
hazards, mostly to the direct
participants (astronauts or
cosmonauts and ground support
personnel), but also carry the
potential of disaster to the public at
large. Accidents related to space
travel have killed 22 astronauts and
cosmonauts, and a larger number of
people on the ground.
Accidents can occur on the ground
during launch, preparation, or
training, or in flight, due to
equipment malfunction or the
naturally hostile environment of
space itself.

35. DISASTER AGENT
Primary agents include falling buildings,
heat , rising ,water and smoke.
Secondary agents include bacteria and
viruses that produce
contamination or infection after the primary
agent has caused
injury or destruction.
HOST
Human kind.
Age, sex, immunization status, pre-existing
health, degree of
mobility, emotional stability,

36. ENVIRONMENT
PHYSICAL FACTORS
CHEMICAL FACTOR
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
SOCIAL FACTORS
PSYCHOLOGICAL
FACTORS

41. MITIGATION
• Lessen (observation ) the impact of a
disaster before it strikes (war)
• Activities that reduce or eliminate a
hazard
• Prevention
• Risk reduction
• Examples
• Immunization programs
• Public education

42. PREPAREDNESS
• Activities undertaken to handle a
disaster when it strikes
• Activities that are taken to build
capacity and identify resources that
may be used
• Emergency communication plan
• Preventive measures to prevent spread
of disease
• Public Education

43. • Disaster preparedness - is ongoing multisectoral activity.
• Integral part of the national system responsible for
developing plans and programmers for disaster management,
• prevention,
• mitigation,
• response,
• rehabilitation and
• reconstruction.

44. • Co-ordination of a variety of sectors to carry out-
• Evaluation of the risk.
• Adopt standards and regulations.
• Organize communication and response
mechanism.
• Ensure all resources- ready and easily mobilized.
• Develop public education programmers.
• Coordinate information with news media.
• Disaster simulation exercises.

45. RESPONSE
 Responsed phase is the intervention of the disaster
response activities need to be continually monitored
and adjusted to the changing situation and during a
disaster to reduce the loss of human lives property
damage , (and responders if necessary). Activities a
hospital, healthcare system, or public health agency
take immediately before, during, and after a disaster
or emergency occurs

46. RECOVERY
• Getting a community back to its pre-disaster status
• Activities undertaken by a community and its components after
an emergency or disaster to restore minimum services and
move towards long-term restoration.
• Debris Removal
• Care and Shelter (assessment )
• Damage Assessments
• Funding Assist

59. • TRIAGE
• is a process of determining the priority
of patients treatments based on the
severity of their condition. Triage
categories separate patient’s according
to severity of injuries & use of color code
tagging system so that the triage
categories is immediately obvious. It
consist of four color- red , yellow, green,
& black. Each color signifies the different
level of priority.

60. S.NO TRIAGE
CATEGORY
PRIORITY COLOUR TYPICAL CONDITION
1. IMMEDIATE –
injuries are life
threatening with
minimal
intervention
1. RED chest wound, airway
obstruction, asphyxia, open
fracture of long bones, 2nd
/3rd degree burn of 15-40%
of total body surface area.
2. Delayed –
injuries are
significant and
require medical
care, but can
wait without
threat to life or
limb
2. yellow Stable abdominal wound
without evidence of
significance hemorrhage,
soft tissue injury,
maxillofacial wound,
vascular injury, G.I tract
disruption, fracture
debridement, CNS injury.

61. S.NO TRIAGE
CATEGORY
PRIORITY COLOUR TYPICAL CONDITION
3. Minimal –
injuries are
minor and
treatment can
be delay hours
to days.
3 Green Upper extremities fracture,
minor burns, sprains,
laceration without bleeding,
behavioral disorder or
psychological disturbance.
4. Expectant –
injuries are
expectant and
chances of
survival,
comfort
measure should
be provided
when possible.
4 Black Unresponsive patient with
penetrating head wounds,
high spinal cord injury, 2nd
or 3rd degree burn with 60%
of body surface area,
seizures, shock, multiple
injuries, no pulse & B.P
pupil fixed and dilated.

62. TRIAGE (CATEGORIZING)
Red - high priority
Yellow - medium priority
Green – ambulatory
Black – death

63. • TEAMS
• Fire Damage Restoration
• Water Cleanup
• Mold Removal
• Storm Damage Cleanup & Restoration
Certified Technicians Professional Work
Furniture Handling
• Flood Water Removal
• On-Site Consultation Insurance Claim
Specialists

64. • Medical superintendent /Director
• Additional medical superintendent
• Nursing superintendent /Chief nursing officer
• Chief medical officer(Casualty)
• Head of departments(surgery, medicine,
orthopedics', radiology)
• Blood bank in charge
• Officer in charge stores
• Security officers
• Dietician
• Transport officer
• Sanitary superintendent

65. POLICY
 THE POLICY DEVELOPMENT IS THE FORMAL
STATEMENT OF A COURSE OF ACTION.
POLICY IS STRATEGIC IN NATURE
&PERFORMS THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONS :
 1. ESTABLISH LONG TERM GOALS
 2.ASIGN RESPONSIBILITIES FOR
ACHIEVING GOALS.
 3. ESTABLISH RECOMMENDED WORK
PRACTICE.
 4. DETERMINE CRITERIA FOR DECISION
MAKING .
 5. DEVELOP PUBLIC EDUCATION

66.  Prevention of danger or treat of any disaster
 Mitigation (loss) or reduction of risk of any disaster
 Capacity building including research and knowledge
management
 Preparedness to deal with any disaster
 To response to any threatening disaster situation or
disaster
 Evacuation prevention and relief
 Rehabilitation and reconstruction

67. EQUIPMENTS IN DISASTER MANAGMENT
• Sterile adhesive bandages in assorted sizes
• 2-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6)
• 4-inch sterile gauze pads (4-6)
• Hypoallergenic adhesive tape
• Triangular bandages (3)
• 2-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls)
• 3-inch sterile roller bandages (3 rolls)
• Scissors
• Tweezers
• Needle
• Moistened towelettes

68. • Antiseptic
• Thermometer
• Tongue blades (2)
• Tube of petroleum jelly or other lubricant
• IV fluids with set,bllod set for collection of blood
samples
• Cleansing agent/soap
• Latex gloves (2 pair)
• Sunscreen
• Dressing and sucture materials
• face mask ambulance must kept ready

69. • Medication which included antibiotics ,analgesic, anti
inflammatory
• Oxygen cylinder
• Suctioning unit
• Ventilation device
• Airway management
• Basic wound care supply and splinting supply
• Patent transfer equipment
• Personal safety eq
• Safety eye cover
• OTHERS
• Air lifting bag
• Fire alarm system
• Lift jacket
• Bome detector equipments

70. • Non-Prescription Drugs
• Aspirin or nonaspirin pain reliever
• Anti-diarrhea medication
• Antacid (for stomach upset)
• Syrup of Ipecac (use to induce vomiting if
advised by the Poison Control Center)
• Laxative
• Activated charcoal (use if advised by the
Poison Control Center)

71. • Sanitation
• Toilet paper, towelettes*
• Soap, liquid detergent*
• Feminine supplies*
• Personal hygiene items*
• Plastic garbage bags, ties (for personal
sanitation uses)
• Plastic bucket with tight lid
• Disinfectant
• Household chlorine bleach

72. CHILDREN'S
• Special Items
Remember family members with special needs,
such as infants and elderly or disabled persons.
• For Baby*:
• Formula
• Diapers
• Bottles
• Powdered milk
• Medications

73. ADULTS
• For Adults*:
• Heart and high blood pressure medication
• Insulin
• Prescription drugs
• Denture needs ( teeth realated )
• Contact lenses and supplies
• Extra eye glasses
• Entertainment: games and books.

74. IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS
• Important Documents
Keep these records in a waterproof, portable container:
• Will, insurance policies, contracts, deeds, stocks and bonds
• Passports, social security cards, immunization records
• Bank account numbers
• Credit card account numbers and companies
• Inventory of valuable household goods, important telephone
numbers
• Family records (birth, marriage, death certificates)

75. FOODS AND WATER SUPPLY
• Include a selection of the following foods in your Disaster
Supplies Kit:
• Ready-to-eat canned meats, fruits and vegetables
• Canned juices, milk, soup (if powdered, store extra water)
• Staples: sugar, salt, pepper
• High energy foods: peanut butter, jelly, crackers, granola
bars, trail mix
• Vitamins
• Foods for infants, elderly persons or persons on special diets
• Comfort/stress foods: cookies, hard candy, sweetened
cereals, lollipops, instant coffee, tea bags

76. • Store water in plastic containers such as soft
drink bottles. Avoid using containers that will
decompose or break, such as milk cartons or
glass bottles. A normally active person and
effected and old persons needs to drink

77. REHABILITATION AND
RECONSTRATIONS
The final phase of disaster lead to a restoration of the pre-
disaster conditions. Rehabilitation starts from very first moment
of a disaster. In first weeks after disaster, the pattern of health
needs, will change rapidly, moving from causality treatment to
more routine primary health care. Some of them are as
follows-
• a) water supply
• b) food safety
• c) basic sanitation & personal hygiene
• d) vector control

78. ROLES
• ROLE OF A NURSE IN DISASTER RESPONSE…
• Immediate post disaster intervention:-
• Establish safety.
• Medical Treatment & Nursing Care as Per Need
• Utilization of Available Resources
• Psychological Support
• Life Saving Measures , First Aid
• Evacuation & Supply - Shelter, Food, Water, Medicine,
Communication
• Maintaining Public Moral
• Voluntary Reception, Relatives Waiting Areas Management
of Infection Control

79. EMERGENCY NURSING
• Emergency Nursing treat patients in
emergency situations where they‘are
experiencing trauma or injury. These
nurses quickly recognize
identification) life-threatening
problems

80. • PRIORITIES EMERGENCY NURSING
•
• PRIORITIES MAJOR GOALS:
• To restore life
• To prevent deteri-oration before more
definitive treatment can be given.
• To restore the patient to useful living
•
• * Injuries to face, neck and chest that impairs
respiration are the highest priorities

81. •PRINCIPLES

84. CIRCULATION

86. • PRINCIPLES:
• maintain patent airway & provide adequate ventilation
employing resuscitation measures when necessary
• control haemorrhage & its consequences
• evaluate and restore cardiac output
• prevent and treat shock, maintain or restore effective
circulation
• carry out a rapid initial and ongoing physical examination
• assess whether or not the patient can follow commands,
evaluate the size & reactivity of pupils
• start ECG monitoring if appropriate
• splint suspected fractures including cervical spines in patients
with head injuries
• protect wounds with sterile dressings
• start a flow sheet of patient’s vital sign, neurological state, to
guide in decision making

87. SCOPES OF EMERGENCY NURSING

90. • 1 Certified Emergency Nurse:-
• A licensed, Registered Nurse, who has demonstrated
expertise in emergency nursing by passing a computer-
administered examination given by the Board of Certification
for Emergency Nursing .

91. • 2 Emergency Nurse Practitioner :-
• A specialist nurse who will independently assess,
diagnose, investigate, and treat a wide range of common
accidents and injuries working autonomously( govt) without
reference to medical staff. They primarily treat a wide range of
musculoskeletal problems, skin problems and minor illness,
many are considered experts in wound management. They are
trained in advanced nursing skills

92. • 4 Emergency Care Practitioner
• A specialist nurse or specialist paramedic who works in the
pre-hospital setting dealing with a wide range of medical or
emergency problems. Their primary function is to assess,
diagnose and treat a patient in the home in an emergency
setting.

93. • 5 Additional Emergency Nursing
Training and Qualifications