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Disaster management (2)
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- 2. What is disastermanagement ??? “A disaster can be defined as any occurrence that cause damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area”. (W.H.O.) “A disaster can be defined as an occurrence either nature or manmade that causes human suffering and creates human needs that victims cannot alleviate without assistance”. American Red Cross (ARC) ’
- 3. What is DisasterManagement
- 4. What it involves?? Dealing with and avoiding both natural and man made disasters. Preparedness before disaster. Rebuilding and supporting society after natural disasters.
- 5. BACKGROUND Enormous populationpressures and urbanization A flood, a drought or an earthquake millions of peoples are affected each time a disaster occurs Large-scale displacement and the loss of life, loss of property and agricultural crops
- 6. The reasonsfor this are varied including: an increasing population pressures in urban areas an increase in the extent of encroachment into lands, e.g., river beds or drainage courses, low lying areas etc. poor or ignored zoning laws and policies lack of proper risk management (insurance) BACKGROUND
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- 8. FACTORS AFFECTING DISASTER • Age •Immunization status • Degree of mobility • Emotional stability Host factors • Physical Factors • Chemical Factors • Biological Factors • Social Factors • Psychological Factors Environmental factors
- 9. CHARACTERISTIC OF DISASTER Predictability Controllability Speed of onset Length of forewarning Duration of impact Scope and intensity of impact
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- 12. PRINCIPLES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT Disaster management is the responsibility of all spheres of government Disaster management should use resources that exist for a day-to-day purpose. Organizations should function as an extension of their core business Individuals are responsible for their own safety. Disaster management planning should focus on large- scale events.
- 13. Contd…. DM planningshould recognize the difference between incidents and disasters. DM planning must take account of the type of physical environment and the structure of the population. DM arrangements must recognise the involvement and potential role of non- government agencies.
- 14. PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT DisasterPreparedness Disaster impact Disaster Response Rehabilitation Disaster Mitigation
- 15. Disaster preparedness Preparedness shouldbe in the form of money, manpower and materials Evaluation from past experiences about risk Location of disaster prone areas Organization of communication, information and warning system Ensuring co-ordination and response mechanisms
- 16. Development ofpublic education programme Co-ordination with media National & international relations Keeping stock of foods, drug and other essential commodities. Contd….
- 17. E.g.: Indian Meteorologicaldepartment (IMD) plays a key role in forewarning the disaster of cyclone-storms by detection tracing. It has 5 centres in Kolkata, Bhubaneswar, Vishakapatanam, Chennai & Mumbai. In addition there are 31 special observation posts setup a long the east coast of India. The International Agencies which provides humanitarian assistance to the disaster strike areas are United Nation agencies. Office for the co-ordination of Humanitarian Affair (OCHA) World Health Organization (WHO) UNICEF World Food Programme (WFP) Food & Agricultural Organisation (FAD) E.g.: Non Governmental Organizations Co-Operative American Relief Every where (CARE) International committee of Red cross International committee of Red cross
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- 19. Disaster response Epidemiologicsurveillance and disease control Vaccination Nutrition
- 20. Rehabilitation phase Watersupply Food safety Basic sanitation and personal hygiene Vector control
- 21. Disaster mitigation Thisinvolves lessening the likely effects of emergencies. These include depending upon the disaster, protection of vulnerable population and structure. Eg. improving structural qualities of schools, houses and such other buildings so that medical causalities can be minimized. Similarly ensuring the safety of health facilities and public health services including water supply and sewerage system to reduce the cost of rehabilitation and reconstruction. This mitigation compliments the disaster preparedness and disaster response activities.
- 22. DISASTER-EFFECTS Deaths Disability Increase in communicable disease Psychological problems Food shortage Socioeconomic losses Shortage of drugs and medical supplies. Environmental disruption
- 23. DISASTER RECOVERY SuccessfulRecovery Preparation Be vigilant in Health teaching Psychological support Referrals to hospital as needed Remain alert for environmental health Nurse must be attentive to the danger
- 24. Major Disasters inIndia 1984 Bhopal Gas Tragedy 2001 Gujarat earthquake 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 2008 Mumbai attacks
- 25. India’s Vulnerability toDisasters 57% land is vulnerable to earthquakes. Of these, 12% is vulnerable to severe earthquakes. 68% land is vulnerable to drought. 12% land is vulnerable to floods. 8% land is vulnerable to cyclones. Apart from natural disasters, some cities in India are also vulnerable to chemical and industrial disasters and man-made disasters.
- 26. GOI – NGODisaster preparation and Response Committee Members World Vision of India SOS Children's Village India Ramakrishna Mission Plan international OXFAM India Trust Lutheran World Service India Red Cross Catholic Relief Services CASA CARITAS India Voluntary Health association Of India Action Aid Action for Food Production-AFPRO Indo German Social Services Society
- 27. Areas of Concern Activating an Early Warning System network and its close monitoring Mechanisms for integrating the scientific, technological and administrative agencies for effective disaster management Terrestrial communication links which collapse in the event of a rapid onset disaster Vulnerability of critical infrastructures (power supply, communication, water supply, transport, etc.) to disaster events
- 28. Contd… Funding :Primacy of relief as disaster response. Preparedness and Mitigation very often ignored. Lack of integrated efforts to collect and compile data, information and local knowledge on disaster history and traditional response patterns. Need for standardized efforts in compiling and interpreting geo- spatial data, satellite imagery and early warning signals. Weak areas continue to be forecasting, modeling, risk prediction, simulation and scenario analysis, etc.
- 29. Contd… Absence ofa national level, state level, and district level directory of experts and inventory of resources. Absence of a National Disaster Management Plan, and State level and district level disaster management plans. Sustainability of efforts Effective Inter Agency Co-ordination and Standard Operating Procedures for stakeholder groups, especially critical first responder agencies. Emergency medicine, critical care medicine, triage, first aid
- 30. Nodal Agencies forDisaster Management Floods : Ministry of Water Resources, CWC Cyclones : Indian Meteorological Department Earthquakes : Indian Meteorological Department Epidemics : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Avian Flu: Ministry of Health, Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
- 31. Chemical Disasters: Ministry of Environment and Forests Industrial Disasters : Ministry of Labour Rail Accidents : Ministry of Railways Air Accidents : Ministry of Civil Aviation Fire : Ministry of Home Affairs Nuclear Incidents : Department of Atomic Energy Mine Disasters : Department of Mines Nodal Agencies for Disaster Management
- 32. Dynamics of Disasters There is a high probability or a low probability for an event happening somewhere sometime soon… The unpredictability of disaster events and the high risk and vulnerability profiles make it imperative to strengthen disaster preparedness, mitigation and enforcement of guidelines, building codes and restrictions on construction of buildings in flood-prone areas and storm surge prone coastal areas.
- 33. New Directions forDisaster Management in India The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has been set up as the apex body for Disaster Management in India, with the Prime Minister as its Chairman. Disaster Management Authorities will be set up at the State and District Levels to be headed by the Chief Ministers and Collectors/Zilla Parishad Chairmen respectively.
- 34. New Directions forDisaster Management in India A National Disaster Mitigation Fund will be administerd by NDMA. States and districts will administer mitigation funds. A National Disaster Response Fund will be administerd by NDMA through the National Executive Committee. States and Districts will administer state Disaster Response Fund and Disaster Response Fund respectively. 8 Battalions of National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) are being trained and deployed with CSSR and MFR equipments and tools in eight strategic locations. A National Disaster Management Policy and National Disaster Response Plan will also be drawn up.
- 35. Lessons Learnt BePrepared : Preparedness and Mitigation is bound to yield more effective returns than distributing relief after a disaster. Create a Culture of Preparedness and Prevention. Evolve a code of conduct for all stake-holders
- 36. Future Directions Encourageand consolidate knowledge networks Mobilise and train disaster volunteers for more effective preparedness, mitigation and response (NSS, NCC, Scouts and Guides, NYK, Civil Defence, Homeguards) Increased capacity building leads to faster vulnerability reduction. Learn from best practices in disaster preparedness, mitigation and disaster response
- 37. Future Directions Mobilisingstakeholder participation of Self Help Groups, Women’s Groups, Youth Groups, Panchayati Raj Institutions Anticipatory Governance: Simulation exercises, Mock drills and Scenario Analysis Indigenous knowledge systems and coping practices Living with Risk: Community Based Disaster Risk Management
- 38. Invest in Preparedness Investments in Preparedness and Prevention (Mitigation) will yield sustainable results, rather than spending money on relief after a disaster. Most disasters are predictable, especially in their seasonality and the disaster-prone areas which are vulnerable. Communities must be involved in disaster preparedness.
- 39. Inclusive, participatory,gender sensitive, child friendly, eco-friendly and disabled friendly disaster management Technology driven but people owned Knowledge Management: Documentation and dissemination of good practices Public Private Partnership Future Directions
- 40. Best Practices On12 November, 1970 a major cyclone hit the coastal belt of Bangladesh at 223 km/hr. with a storm surge of six to nine meters height, killing an estimated 500,000 people. Due to the Cyclone Preparedness Program, the April 1991 cyclone with wind speed of 225 km/hr. killed only 138,000 people even though the coastal population had doubled by that time. In May 1994, in a similar cyclone with a wind speed of 250 km/hr. only 127 people lost their lives. In May 1997, in a cyclone with wind speed of 200 km/hr. only 111 people lost their lives.
- 41. New possibilities NationalUrban Renewal Mission for 70 cities: recent experience of “unprecedented” extreme weather conditions in a few major metros and megacities 100,000 Rural Knowledge Centres ( IT Kiosks): Need for Spatial e-Governance for informed decision making in disaster-prone areas: before, during and after disasters
- 42. Disaster Reduction Day NIDM observed "Disaster Reduction Day" on the 12th October Rallies and special lectures were organized in the universities and colleges to mark the initiatives of awareness for disaster reduction amongst youth & children Children's Colour Activity Book for Disaster Preparedness
- 43. FOR INFORMATIONON DISASTERS DIAL TOLL FREE No. 1070 Log on to http://www.ndmindia.nic.in
- 44. DISASTER NURSING Itcan be defined as the adaptation of professional nursing skills in recognizing and meeting the nursing, physical and emotional needs resulting from a disaster.
- 45.
Editor's Notes
- #6 1.India is a country highly vulnerable to natural disasters. 2.Enormous population pressures and urbanization have forced people to live on marginal lands or in cities where they are at greater risk to disasters. 3.Whether it is a flood, a drought or an earthquake, millions of peoples are affected each time a disaster occurs. In addition to large-scale displacement and the loss of life, these events result in the loss of property and agricultural crops worth thousand of Crores of rupees annually.
- #7 The reasons for this are varied including: an increasing population pressures in urban areas an increase in the extent of encroachment into lands, e.g., river beds or drainage courses, low lying areas etc. poor or ignored zoning laws and policies lack of proper risk management (insurance) In India the primary responsibility for responding to disasters lies at the State level. Many states have yet to prepare Disaster Management Plans. Section 11 of DM Act provides that “There shall be drawn up a plan for Disaster Management for the whole of the Country to be called National Plan.” The National Response Plan to be prepared by an Inter Ministerial Central Team formed by the NEC in the MHA Spanning all the Central Ministries/Departments. The Mitigation and Preparedness Plans The National Human Resource and Capacity Building Plan To be prepared by National Institute of Disaster Management,