Direct Speech: the message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in his own actual words without any change.
Indirect Speech: the message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in our own words. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about Direct and Indirect Speech and the tips for conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
A brief presentation on narration or reported speech. Describes the change of verbs and tense with examples. Also know what is 1st Person, 2nd Person, and 3rd Person.
by Ankush
A brief presentation on narration or reported speech. Describes the change of verbs and tense with examples. Also know what is 1st Person, 2nd Person, and 3rd Person.
by Ankush
Direct Speech (Direct sentence) is a sentence in which the words of the speaker as it is written directly.Indirect Speech is a phrase that comes from direct sentences that tell back in another form or a sentence that reports something spoken by someone else.
direct narration
When the actual words of the speaker are used while conveying a sense is called direct narration .
For Example :
She says , ” I am a Teacher”
He says , “ I am going to Karachi”
indirect narration
It is not the actual words of the speaker but it only conveys the full sense of what he / she has said.
For Example :
She says that she is a teacher.
He said that he is going to Karachi.
We use direct and indirect speech (quoted speech) to convey the speaker's words without any changes or sometimes with some changes. There are two different times/occasions when we need to speak differently. 1st face-to-face. When there are two persons or groups of people talking about anything require active and passive voice sentences. Like I want to speak English. I went to the park yesterday. In these situations, two persons are involved. For Instance:
First-person pronoun and second-person pronoun: “I, we & you.”
But sometimes we needed to share stories, describe events, or report something about the past. On such occasions, we use direct and indirect speech. And mostly third-person pronoun is involved.
Concord means a harmonious relationship between two grammatical items. Of all the types of concord the most important is the concord of number and person between the subject and the verb.
In English the concord system is simple, a verb is not affected by the gender system at all because it has the same form for both masculine and feminine subjects. Further, subject-verb-concord in English is restricted to simple present tense. In English there is nothing like object-verb-concord. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about the Grammar topic Concord and its Rules in very clear manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
Tenses demonstrate the time of an action in a sentence usually performed by or centered around the subject of the sentence. The actions are called verbs. Verbs change according to tenses and other issues. As verbs are the most important elements of English sentences, tenses also carry paramount importance in English grammar. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about the Tenses and its types in very detailed manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
A transitive verb is a verb that requires an object to receive the action. An intransitive verb does not take an object. Using an object immediately after an intransitive verb will create an incorrect sentence. However, there may be other information after the verb, such as one or more prepositional phrases or an adverb. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about the Transitive and Intransitive verbs. Please make use of this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
Phrase and clause are the most important elements of English grammar. Phrase and clause cover everything a sentence has. Clauses are the center of sentences and phrases strengthen the sentences to become meaningful. If the clauses are the pillars of a building, the phrases are the bricks. A phrase usually is always present within a clause, but a phrase cannot have a clause in it. The basic difference between a clause and a phrase is that a clause must have a finite verb and a phrase must not. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly Discussed about the Phrases and Clauses in very detailed manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
A Participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly an Adjective. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about the Grammar topic Participles and its types and also I enclose the list of Participles in this presentation. Please use this Power Point for your reference purpose.
An infinitive is a form of verb that appears in its basic form. It is preceded by a particle “to,” and can serve as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about Infinitives and its usage in very detailed manner. please use this Power Point Presentation for your Reference.
Model lesson plan for B.ed students for the subject englishAnto Henry
There are many methods of writing lesson plan for the subject English. This is a Socratic method of writing lesson plan for English. The Socratic method of writing lesson plan is in the form of dialogue i.e Question and Answer method. This method improve the imaginative power of students in various aspects in their teaching field. In this document I provide the model lesson plan for B.Ed students for English Supplementary Reader in Socratic method. Please use this document for getting idea about the Socratic method of writing lesson plan when you are going to write your lesson plan.
The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle, but it is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb). In this Power Point Presentation I clearly Discussed about the Grammar Gerunds. Please use this Power Point for your Reference Purpose
Verb Forms! Verbs are subdivided into two groups, regular verbs and irregular verbs, on the basis of how their past tense and past participles are formed. In this Power Point Presentation, we will learn list of regular verbs and irregular verbs in English.
The marks, such as Full Stop, Comma, and Brackets, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly Describes about the Punctuation and its Types and its Usage. Please use this Power Point for your reference purpose.
In English the main Parts of Speech are Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly describes about the Part of Speech Adverbs in very clear manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your Reference Purpose.
In English the main Parts of Speech are Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly describes about the Part of Speech Adjectives in very clear manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your Reference Purpose.
In English the main Parts of Speech are Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly describes about the Part of Speech Noun in very clear manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your Reference Purpose.
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Direct and indirect speech
1. P R E P A R E D B Y
A N T O H
D E P A R T M E N T O F E N G L I S H
S T X A V I E R ’ S C O L L E G E O F E D U C A T I O N ( A U T O N O M O U S )
P A L A Y A M K O T T A I
T I R U N E L V E L I
I N D I A
T A M I L N A D U
P I N – 6 2 7 0 0 2 .
DIRECT AND INDIRECT
SPEECH
2. Definitions
Direct Speech: the message of the speaker is
conveyed or reported in his own actual words
without any change.
Indirect Speech: the message of the speaker is
conveyed or reported in our own words.
3. Example
Direct: Radha said, “I am very busy now.”
Indirect: Radha said that she was very busy then.
4. Changes
All inverted commas or quotation marks are
omitted and the sentence ends with a full stop.
Conjunction ‘that’ is added before the indirect
statement.
The pronoun ‘I’ is changed to ‘she’. (The Pronoun
is changed in Person)
The verb ‘am’ is changed to ‘was’. (Present Tense
is changed to Past)
The adverb ‘now’ is changed to ‘then’.
5. Tips
Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb
Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct Speech
Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
Changes in Modals
Conversion of Interrogative
Command, Request, Exclamation, Wish
Change of Pronouns
Change of Place and Time
Punctuation
Conversion of Indirect to Direct Speech
6. Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb
When the reporting or principal verb is in the
Past Tense, all Present tenses of the direct
are changed into the corresponding Past
Tenses.
Direct: He said, “I am unwell.”
Indirect: He said (that) he was unwell.
7. Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb
If the reporting verb is in the Present or
Future Tense, the tenses of the Direct Speech
do not change.
Direct: He says/will say, “I am unwell.”
Indirect: He says/will say he is unwell.
8. Conversion Rules as per the Reporting Verb
The Tense in Indirect Speech is NOT
CHANGED if the words within the quotation
marks talk of a universal truth or habitual
action.
Direct: They said, “We cannot live without water.”
Indirect: They said that we cannot live without
water.
9. Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct
Speech
Simple Present Changes to Simple Past
Direct: "I am happy", she said.
Indirect: She said that she was happy.
10. Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct
Speech
Present Continuous Changes to Past
Continuous
Direct: "I am reading a book", he explained.
Indirect: He explained that he was reading a
book.
11. Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct
Speech
Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
Direct: She said, "He has finished his food“.
Indirect: She said that he had finished his food.
12. Conversion Rules of Present Tense in Direct
Speech
Present Perfect Changes to Past Perfect
Direct: "I have been to Gujarat", he told me.
Indirect: He told me that he had been to Gujarat.
13. Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
Simple Past Changes to Past Perfect
Direct: He said, “Ira arrived on Monday."
Indirect: He said that Ira had arrived on Monday.
14. Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
Past Continuous Changes to Past Perfect
Continuous
Direct: "We were living in Goa", they told me.
Indirect: They told me that they had been
living in Goa.
15. Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
Future Changes to Present Conditional
Direct: He said, "I will be in Kolkata tomorrow."
Indirect: He said that he would be in Kolkata the
next day.
16. Conversion Rules of Past & Future Tense
Future Continuous Changes to Conditional
Continuous
Direct: She said, "I'll be using the car next
Friday.”
Indirect: She said that she would be using the car
next Friday.
17. Changes in Modals
CAN changes into COULD
Direct: He said, "I can swim."
Indirect: He said that he could swim.
18. Changes in Modals
MAY changes into MIGHT
Direct: He said, "I may buy a house.”
Indirect: He said that he might buy a house.
19. Changes in Modals
MUST changes into HAD TO/WOULD HAVE
TO
Direct: He said, "I must work hard.”
Indirect: He said that he had to work hard.
20. Changes in Modals
Modals that DO NOT Change: Would, Could,
Might, Should, Ought to.
Direct: He said, "I should face the challenge.”
Indirect: He said that he should face the
challenge.
21. Conversion of Interrogative
Reporting Verb like ‘said/ said to’ changes to
asked, enquired or demanded
Direct: He said to me, “What are you doing?”
Indirect: He asked me what I was doing.
22. Conversion of Interrogative
If sentence begins with auxiliary verb, the
joining clause should be if or whether.
Direct: He said, “Will you come for the meeting?”
Indirect: He asked them whether they
would come for the meeting.
23. Conversion of Interrogative
If sentence begins with ‘wh’ questions then
no conjunction is used as the "question-
word" itself act as joining clause.
Direct: “Where do you live?” asked the girl.
Indirect: The girl enquired where I lived.
24. Command, Request, Exclamation, Wish
Commands and Requests
Indirect Speech is introduced by some verbs like
ordered, requested, advised and suggested.
Forbid(s)/ forbade is used for the negative
sentences. The imperative mood is changed into
the Infinitive.
Direct: Rafique said to Ahmed, “Go away.”
Indirect: Rafique ordered Ahmed to go away.
Direct: He said to her, “Please wait.”
Indirect: He requested her to wait.
25. Command, Request, Exclamation, Wish
Exclamations and Wishes
Indirect Speech is introduced by some words
like grief, sorrow, happiness, applaud.
Exclamatory sentence changes into assertive
sentence and Interjections are removed.
Direct: He said, “Alas! I am undone.”
Indirect: He exclaimed sadly that he was broke.
26. Change of Pronouns
The first person of the reported speech
changes according to the subject of reporting
speech.
Direct: She said, “I am in ninth class.”
Indirect: She says that she was in ninth class.
27. Change of Pronouns
The second person of reported speech
changes according to the object of reporting
speech.
Direct: He says to them, "You have
completed your job.”
Indirect: He tells them that they have
completed their job.
28. Change of Pronouns
The third person of the reported speech
doesn't change.
Direct: He says, "She is in tenth class.”
Indirect: He says that she is in tenth class.
29. Change of Place and Time
Words expressing nearness in time or place in Direct Speech are generally
changed into words expressing distance in Indirect Speech.
Now -- then
Here -- there
Ago -- before
Thus -- so
Today -- that day
Tomorrow -- the next day
This -- that
Yesterday -- the day before
These -- those
Hither-- thither
Come -- go
Hence -- thence
Next week/month -- following week/month
30. Change of Place and Time
Direct: She said, “My father came yesterday.”
Indirect: She said that her father had come the day
before.
Direct: She says/will say, “My father
came yesterday.”
Indirect: She says/will say that her father had
come yesterday.
Note: (Here the reporting verb ‘says’ is in the
present tense OR ‘will say’ is in future tense;
hence the time expression ‘yesterday’ won’t
change.)
31. Punctuation
The words that are actually spoken should be
enclosed in quotes and begin with a capital
letter
Example: He said, “You are right.”
32. Punctuation
Comma, full stop, question mark, or
exclamation mark must be present at the end
of reported sentences and are placed inside
the closing inverted comma or commas.
Example: He asked, “Can I come with you?”
33. Punctuation
If direct speech comes after the information
about who is speaking, comma is used to
introduce the piece of speech, placed before
the first inverted comma.
Example: She shouted, “Stop talking!”
Example: “Thinking back,” she said, “he didn't
expect to win.”
Note: (Comma is used to separate the two
reported speech and no capital letter to begin
the second sentence).
34. Conversion of Indirect to Direct Speech
• Use the reporting verb, "say" or "said to" in its correct tense.
• Remove the conjunctions "that, to, if or whether etc"
wherever necessary.
• Insert quotation marks, question mark, exclamation
and full stop, as per the mood of the sentence.
• Put a comma before the statement.
• Write the first word of the statement with capital letter.
• Change the past tense into present tense wherever the
reporting verb is in the past tense.
• Convert the past perfect either into past tense or present
perfect as found necessary.
35. Conversion of Indirect to Direct Speech
Example
Indirect: He asked whether he is coming.
Direct: He said to him, “Are you coming?”