The marks, such as Full Stop, Comma, and Brackets, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly Describes about the Punctuation and its Types and its Usage. Please use this Power Point for your reference purpose.
Phrase and clause are the most important elements of English grammar. Phrase and clause cover everything a sentence has. Clauses are the center of sentences and phrases strengthen the sentences to become meaningful. If the clauses are the pillars of a building, the phrases are the bricks. A phrase usually is always present within a clause, but a phrase cannot have a clause in it. The basic difference between a clause and a phrase is that a clause must have a finite verb and a phrase must not. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly Discussed about the Phrases and Clauses in very detailed manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
I hope this would be beneficial for people that want to study punctuation rules.
This presentation is made when I'm in Grade 10, Satrinonthaburi School, Nonthaburi province, Thailand.
A Proper Understanding of the Punctuation Marks enables Impressive Writing. English Grammar considers these marks as the most significant for Correct Writing. Remember, a Punctuation Mark can
Phrase and clause are the most important elements of English grammar. Phrase and clause cover everything a sentence has. Clauses are the center of sentences and phrases strengthen the sentences to become meaningful. If the clauses are the pillars of a building, the phrases are the bricks. A phrase usually is always present within a clause, but a phrase cannot have a clause in it. The basic difference between a clause and a phrase is that a clause must have a finite verb and a phrase must not. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly Discussed about the Phrases and Clauses in very detailed manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
I hope this would be beneficial for people that want to study punctuation rules.
This presentation is made when I'm in Grade 10, Satrinonthaburi School, Nonthaburi province, Thailand.
A Proper Understanding of the Punctuation Marks enables Impressive Writing. English Grammar considers these marks as the most significant for Correct Writing. Remember, a Punctuation Mark can
About all Parts of Speech
( Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection)
Explained in a very simple and easy language.
Most useful for students from 4 std.
Accurate use of punctuation is a foremost need of communication; However, for business communication the need arises much more than usual. These are the rules of punctuation marks which you must apply in order to use punctuation accurately. Each and every sign is included in it, if not, then let me know.
About all Parts of Speech
( Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, Interjection)
Explained in a very simple and easy language.
Most useful for students from 4 std.
Accurate use of punctuation is a foremost need of communication; However, for business communication the need arises much more than usual. These are the rules of punctuation marks which you must apply in order to use punctuation accurately. Each and every sign is included in it, if not, then let me know.
In 2003 I had prepared this presentation on basic rules of English Language. There are a few points we mostly get confused and look for gramatical rules, so I had tried to collect all under one umbrella for everyone's ease. Being shared with all. :) Do correct me if you find faults. Thanks.
Concord means a harmonious relationship between two grammatical items. Of all the types of concord the most important is the concord of number and person between the subject and the verb.
In English the concord system is simple, a verb is not affected by the gender system at all because it has the same form for both masculine and feminine subjects. Further, subject-verb-concord in English is restricted to simple present tense. In English there is nothing like object-verb-concord. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about the Grammar topic Concord and its Rules in very clear manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
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A transitive verb is a verb that requires an object to receive the action. An intransitive verb does not take an object. Using an object immediately after an intransitive verb will create an incorrect sentence. However, there may be other information after the verb, such as one or more prepositional phrases or an adverb. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about the Transitive and Intransitive verbs. Please make use of this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
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Indirect Speech: the message of the speaker is conveyed or reported in our own words. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about Direct and Indirect Speech and the tips for conversion of Direct to Indirect Speech. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your reference purpose.
A Participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly an Adjective. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about the Grammar topic Participles and its types and also I enclose the list of Participles in this presentation. Please use this Power Point for your reference purpose.
An infinitive is a form of verb that appears in its basic form. It is preceded by a particle “to,” and can serve as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly discussed about Infinitives and its usage in very detailed manner. please use this Power Point Presentation for your Reference.
Model lesson plan for B.ed students for the subject englishAnto Henry
There are many methods of writing lesson plan for the subject English. This is a Socratic method of writing lesson plan for English. The Socratic method of writing lesson plan is in the form of dialogue i.e Question and Answer method. This method improve the imaginative power of students in various aspects in their teaching field. In this document I provide the model lesson plan for B.Ed students for English Supplementary Reader in Socratic method. Please use this document for getting idea about the Socratic method of writing lesson plan when you are going to write your lesson plan.
The gerund looks exactly the same as a present participle, but it is useful to understand the difference between the two. The gerund always has the same function as a noun (although it looks like a verb). In this Power Point Presentation I clearly Discussed about the Grammar Gerunds. Please use this Power Point for your Reference Purpose
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In English the main Parts of Speech are Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly describes about the Part of Speech Adverbs in very clear manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your Reference Purpose.
In English the main Parts of Speech are Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly describes about the Part of Speech Adjectives in very clear manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your Reference Purpose.
In English the main Parts of Speech are Noun, Pronoun, Adjective, Verb, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunction, and Interjection. In this Power Point Presentation I clearly describes about the Part of Speech Noun in very clear manner. Please use this Power Point Presentation for your Reference Purpose.
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Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
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The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
PUNCTUATIONS
1. P R E P A R E D B Y
A N T O H
D E P A R T M E N T O F E N G L I S H
S T X A V I E R ’ S C O L L E G E O F E D U C A T I O N ( A U T O N O M O U S )
P A L A Y A M K O T T A I
T I R U N E L V E L I
I N D I A
T A M I L N A D U
P I N – 6 2 7 0 0 2 .
PUNCTUATION
2. Definition
There was no punctuation in any languages of
ancient times. With the advancement of civilization,
punctuation was introduced in the written form of
the language to help a reader distinguish words and
ideas from each other and to mirror the natural
rhythms of the spoken language.
3. Types of Punctuation
Period or Full Stop (.)
Question Mark (?)
Exclamation Mark (!)
Comma (,)
Colon (:)
Semi Colon (;)
Hyphen (-)
Dash (—)
Apostrophe (‘)
Quotation Marks (“__”) (‘__’)
Parenthesis ()
Brackets [] and ()
4. Period or Full Stop (.)
The period is also called full stop in England.
A period declares the end of a sentence.
It also indicates the separation of sentences so that
the readers cannot mix up different sentences.
A period is used at the end of a sentence which is
complete and not a question or an exclamatory
sentence.
5. Examples
Alex was a little boy when he first saw a person
dying.
He was so shocked and panicked that he could not
sleep for several days.
He still fears the sight of someone’s death.
8. Question Mark (?)
The note of interrogation is used to complete
sentences that form a direct question.
Indirect questions are regarded as statements, and
they take periods, not question marks.
9. Examples
Have you had your breakfast?
Where are you going?
I don’t know where he is going. (A statement, not
a direct question)
10. Further Examples
Do you know he was watching TV all day long while I
was cleaning the house for the party that we want to
throw on this weekend? (It’s a long sentence, yet
it is a direct question.)
Did you once think about your family? Your
career? Your future? Your life? (Series of
questions using the same subject and verb)
11. Exclamation Mark (!)
The note of exclamation indicates excitement,
either positive or negative.
It can also be used for giving additional emphasis to
sentences, phrases, or single words, and especially to
commands and interjections.
12. Examples
Wait! Don’t take another step!
I can’t believe she could say that!
What a gorgeous house!
Note: It is best to avoid using a note of
exclamation whenever the excitement can be
described in words. You should be
meticulous in using this punctuation in any
form of writing.
13. Comma (,)
The comma is the most useful and common
punctuation mark in English.
It has many important roles in making a written
form of English easy to read.
Commas usually add breathing scope for the readers
in sentences, so that their thoughts cannot get all
jumbled up.
A comma has many uses.
14. Uses of Comma (,)
Comma between Independent Clauses
Comma after Introductory Clauses, Phrases, and
Expression
Series Comma
Comma before Tag Question
Comma in Direct Address
Comma for Adding Nonessential Ideas and
Nonrestrictive Clauses
Commas in Names and Dates
Commas in Dialog
15. Comma between Independent Clauses
Usually, a comma separates two independent clauses
when they are connected by certain coordinating
conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, or for).
However, if the clauses are very short, no comma is
needed.
16. Examples
They finished dinner in pin-drop silence, but Alex
knew that he would have to apologize.
I wanted to watch a movie after dinner, but I could
not tell her as I was confused about her reactions.
We had dinner and then I watched a movie. (No
comma is needed between these clauses)
17. Comma after Introductory Clauses, Phrases and
Expression
Commas are used not only between independent
clauses but also after introductory clauses and
phrases.
Some expressions and connectors which are placed
at the beginning of a sentence also require a comma
after them.
18. Examples
If you take off your jacket, you’ll catch a cold. (If the subordinators
are used at the beginning of the sentences, the comma marks the
separation of the two clauses)
Being insulted, the piper went to the hill. (Participial phrases are
always separated from the clauses by commas.)
Before start riding it, you should read the instructions.
When you came here, Alex was the general manager.
Well, I cannot play in the next match.
However, Alex will play in the next match.
In winter we usually stay at home most of the time. (Short phrases
like “in winter” don’t need commas.)
Note: A good way to clear the confusion about commas is
to read the sentence aloud to make sure whether there is
enough pause taken or not for using a comma.
19. Series Comma
Commas are used to separate multiple items of the
same category in a series.
These items can be a series of words, Phrases, or
Clauses.
20. Examples
We brought pizzas, burgers, chocolate, and a
chocolate cake on tour.
The batsman set up his pads, put on his helmet, and
played a good knock. (verb phrases)
He is a player, a singer, an actor, and a director.
21. Comma between Tag Question
Commas are used before a tag question which is
usually a reassuring statement of a sentence’s overall
idea.
22. Examples
They’re ready to go, aren’t they?
They’ll never do it, will they?
He loves you, doesn’t he?
23. Comma in Direct Address
Commas are used in vocative uses.
Calling someone by name or directly referring to
them requires separation by commas.
24. Examples
Hey, Joe, what are you doing?
Listen, Lee, you have to bowl well today.
You know, kid, when I was your age, I used to go out
a lot.
25. Comma for Adding Non Essential Ideas and Non
Restrictive Clauses
Commas can be used to add nonessential ideas or
facts in the form of words, phrases, or clauses into a
sentence.
Usually removing these ideas from sentences does
not affect the grammatical accuracy of the sentences.
26. Examples
There’s a palace in London, just across the river,
where I visited last week.
The new player, you know him, scored a brilliant
century.
I suggest if that’s okay, that you let him go.
27. Comma in Names and Dates
Commas are used to separate names of places and
dates.
28. Examples
Jefferson City, Missouri, is one of the biggest cities in
the world.
Brisbane, Queensland, is a big city.
They were married April 05, 2013, in Melbourne.
(No comma is necessary only for month and day – g.,
they were married on April 5 in Melbourne.)
He was born June 24, 1993, in London.
29. Comma in Dialog
Commas are used in the dialog to set off the indirect
speech from the direct speech.
30. Examples
I told him, “Don’t go there!”
“When we were going there,” she said, “we saw
thousands of palm trees.”
“Please, give me that ball”, said the boy.
31. Common Mistakes in Commas
Commas do not separate two verbs or verb
phrases joined by a coordinator.
Incorrect: I cleaned, and painted the box.
Correct: I cleaned and painted the box.
32. Common Mistakes in Commas
Commas do not separate two nouns, noun
phrases, or noun clauses which are joined by
a conjunction.
Incorrect: My coach, and our board president both
sent letters.
Correct: My coach and our board president both
sent letters.
33. Common Mistakes in Commas
Subordinate clauses do not need commas
when they are joined by a conjunction
between them.
Incorrect: I’ll be late if you don’t let me go now.
Correct: I’ll be late if you don’t let me go now. (If
you don’t let me go now, I’ll be late.)
34. Colon (:)
Colons are the least used punctuation mark.
The usage of colons is limited.
Yet, if you know how to use them, you will be able to
use them in your writing.
35. Usage of Colon
Colons are used in the salutations of formal
letters.
Example:
1. Dear Sir:
2. To whom it may concern:
3. To all members:
36. Usage of Colon
Colons sometimes introduce a series/list to
describe some new information after a
complete sentence.
Example:
Incorrect: The fruit seller had: bananas, apples,
and oranges.
Correct: The fruit seller had three kinds of fruit:
bananas, apples, and oranges.
37. Usage of Colon
A colon is also used to connect two independent
clauses where the first one explains the second
clause or logically follows it. The first word after
a colon usually is not capitalized unless the colon
introduces a series of new sentences or
independent clauses.
Example:
1. He was just thinking only one thing: what was his dog
doing then?
2. I knew the clue: you just had to read it in the mirror.
38. Usage of Colon
Colons are used for expressing Time in
figures
Example:
1. 1:30 AM (Not o'clock)
2. 7:35 PM
3. 6:30 in Morning
39. Semi Colon (;)
Semicolons are almost like periods, but they
connect two independent clauses or sentences
together instead of using a coordinating conjunction.
Semicolons between the two clauses or sentences
indicate that the clauses are closely related.
Semicolons can be replaced by the coordinating
conjunctions.
40. Examples
We do not need a car now; we want to sell it. (This
semicolon could be replaced by ‘and’).
41. Further Information
Common transitional expressions such as
( therefore, for instance, namely, indeed,
additionally, further, moreover, likewise,
and finally are used after a semicolon to start a new
clause.)
42. Examples
We used to love hunting; however, it is not legal
He does not like me; likewise, I do not like him.
It’s too cold out here; indeed, it’s winter.
43. Hyphen (-)
Hyphens combine words together to make
Compound Nouns/Adjectives.
Hyphens are also used with some suffixes and
prefixes, such as -like, -wise, anti-, and post- to
make new adjectives.
45. Further Information
Compound numbers and continuous numbers
require hyphen in them.
A hyphen is used with compound numbers from 21
to 99 in words and with fractions which work as
adjectives in the sentence. Fractions which are nouns
don’t need hyphens.
47. Dash (—)
A dash hints a brief break in thought or helps to add
information to a sentence.
A dash has no space before or after it.
48. Examples
The man was running around the building—I
couldn’t see his face—and disappeared down the
alley.
This house—and every house on the street—will be
connected by this wire.
Russel Crow—you know him, I think—is coming to
our locality.
49. Further Information
A dash can replace the conjunctions such
as namely, that is, or in other words to add
new information or explanation.
50. Examples
I was thinking about another road—the one through
New York.
There’s only one way not to lose—don’t even
participate in the game.
51. Apostrophe (‘)
An apostrophe indicates possession and the
exclusion of letters in contractions.
52. Examples
They’re going to Canada.
I’m not going.
Robert’s watch
Someone's glasses
Trees’ leaves (If there is an ‘s’ before the
apostrophe, no ‘s’ is needed for it)
Teams’ scores
Jones’ pen
53. Quotation Marks (“__”) (‘__’)
Quotation marks are used for enclosing direct
quotations of written or spoken words of others,
or dialog said by characters in fiction.
They are also called quote marks or just
quotes for short.
The first of the pair is the opening or open quote.
It curves to the right: “ ‘. The second one is
the closing or close quote. It curves to the left: ’ ”.
54. Examples
Have you seen the music video for the song
“Despacito”?
“Play with aggression” shouted the coach.
Your exact words were “get out of my room.”
“I'd never dreamed that I'd lose somebody like you”–
this line from the song ‘Wicked Games’ always makes
me sad.
55. Important Notes
Commas and periods must always be
placed inside the quotation marks, according to
most citation systems.
Colons, as well as, semicolons, on the other hand,
should be placed outside the quotation marks.
Note of interrogation and note of exclamation should
be placed inside the quotation marks when they are
part of the quoted elements. Seemingly, when the
note of interrogation and exclamation are not a part
of the quoted materials, they are not
placed outside the quotation marks.
57. Examples
The parks (in Boston) are always crowded.
We provide a lot of services. (See our website)
We provide a lot of services (see our website).
58. Brackets [] and ()
Brackets enclose the additional things in the
quoted material.
These additions are used for clarifications of the
words or phrases of the quoted materials.
59. Examples
“It [the river] taught me all I ever knew about life.”
“Yeats used to love her [Maude Gonne], and he wrote
many poems about her.”
“Every man[sic] must die one day.”
“I told [Spielberg] I wouldn’t do the movie.”
60. Further Information
Brackets are also required to block off materials that
fall within materials which are already enclosed by
parentheses.
61. Example
We provide a lot of services. (See the website [Table
23] for the details)