The document discusses direct and indirect assertive sentences. It defines assertive sentences as simple statements that denote facts and end with a period. Direct speech reports the exact words spoken, while indirect speech conveys the full sense of what was said without using the exact words. The rules for changing direct assertive sentences to indirect include replacing demonstratives like 'this' and 'here' with 'that' and 'there' as well as changing temporal references like 'now' to 'then'. Examples are provided to illustrate applying these rules.

1. DIRECT & INDIRECT (ASSERTIVE SENTENCES)
Presented By:
Syed Ibrahim Shams
13 Jan, 2014
Direct & Indirect (Assertive Sentences)
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2. CONTENT
• Kinds of Sentence
• Assertive Sentence
• Direct & Indirect Sentences
• Rules
• Examples
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Direct & Indirect (Assertive Sentences)
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3. KINDS OF SENTENCES
Assertive
Sentence
Interrogative
Sentence
Kinds of
Sentence
Imperative
Sentence
Exclamatory
Sentence
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Direct & Indirect (Assertive Sentences)
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4. ASSERTIVE SENTENCES
A simple statement can be called an Assertive Sentence.
It is also known as Declarative, Statement or Affirmative Sentence.
An assertive sentences denotes statements, declarations and facts.
Example:
– The Earth is round.
– Fehmida is not our teacher
Clue: These sentences ends with full stop (.)
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5. DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH
There are two ways of making a report. If it consists of the actual
words of the speaker it is in the Direct Speech,
But if it does not consist of the actual words of the speaker – and only
conveys the full sense of what he said – it is in the Indirect Speech.
Example:
– The doctor said to me, ‚I am too busy to test your eyes just now.‛ :Direct
Sentence:
– The doctor said to me that he was too busy to test my eyes just then. :Indirect
Sentence:
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6. RULES (DIRECT & INDIRECT ASSERTIVE SENTENCES)
• ‘This’ is changed into ‘That’
• ‘These’ into ‘Those’
• ‘Here’ into ‘There’
• ‘Now’ into ‘Then’
• ‘Today’ into ‘That Day’
• ‘Tonight’ into ‘That Night’
• ‘Yesterday’ into ‘The Previous Day’
• ‘Tomorrow’ into ‘The Next Day’
• ‘Sir/Madam’ into ‘Respectfully’
• ‘Respectfully/Good Morning/Good Evening’ into ‘Greeted’ etc
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7. EXAMPLES (DIRECT & INDIRECT ASSERTIVE SENTENCES)
• I said to him, ‚These books are mine.‛
– I said to him that those books were mine.
• He said to her, ‚I live here.‛
– He said to her that he lived here.‛
• She said to her teacher, ‚Sir, it is hot.‛
– She said to her teacher respectfully that it was hot.
• The teacher said, ‚You are again late today, Yahya.‛
– The teacher said to Yahya that he was again late that day.
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8. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME
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