The document discusses the differences between direct and indirect speech. Direct speech repeats the exact words spoken, while indirect speech changes the words but maintains the same meaning. There are rules for changing verbs and pronouns when converting from direct to indirect speech based on tense. For example, the present tense would change to the past tense. Indirect speech also changes words like "I" and "you" based on who is speaking. The document provides examples of converting different types of statements like assertive, imperative, interrogative and exclamatory sentences from direct to indirect speech.

1. DIRECT AND INDIRECT
SPEECH
COMMUNICATION SKILLS|Unit-4

2. DEFINITION AND EXAMPLE
 Reported speech is how we represent the speech of other people or what we
ourselves say. There are two main types of reported speech: direct speech
and indirect speech.
 Direct speech repeats the exact words the person used, or how we
remember their words.
Example-She says ,” I am ill.”
 In indirect speech, the original speaker’s words are changed.
Example-She says that she is ill.

3. KEY TERMINOLOGY
• Reporting Speech: The first part of the direct speech is called reporting
speech .
• Reported Speech: The second part of the sentence, which is enclosed in
inverted commas or quotation marks, is called reported speech .
• Reporting Verb: The verb of the reporting speech is called the reporting verb .
• Reported Verb: The verb of the reported speech is called the reported verb.

4. BASIC RULES OF REPORTED SPEECH
 Changes in Person of Pronouns:
• First-person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according to
the subject of the reporting speech.
• Second-person pronouns in reported speech are always changed according
to the object of the reporting speech.
• Third-person pronouns in reported speech are not changed.
Example:
Direct Speech: You say, “I shall visit London.”
Indirect Speech: You say that you will visit London.

5. Changes in Verbs:

6. Present indefinite tense is changed into past indefinite tense. For example:
Direct Speech: They said, “They take a walk every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they took a walk every day.
Present continuous is changed into past continuous tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They are taking a walk every day.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they were taking a walk every day.
Present perfect is changed into the past perfect tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They have taken a walk.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken a walk.
Present perfect continuous tense is changed into past perfect continuous tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They have been taking a walk since morning.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking a walk since morning
.

7. .
Past indefinite is changed into past perfect tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They took a walk.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken a walk.
Past continuous tense is changed into past perfect continuous tense.
Direct Speech: They said, “They were taking a walk.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had been taking a walk.
No changes are necessary to change into past perfect and past perfect continuous
tenses.
Direct Speech: They said, “They had taken a walk.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they had taken a walk.
In future tense, no changes are made except shall and will are changed into would.
Direct Speech: They said, “They will take a walk.”
Indirect Speech: They said that they would take a walk.

8. Important Word Changes:

9. EXAMPLE

10. Conversion as per type of statements:
Assertive Sentences
Direct Speech: She says, “I was not writing a letter to my brother.”
Indirect Speech: She says that she was not writing a letter to her brother.
Imperative Sentences
1)Direct Speech: The teacher said to me, “Shut the door.”
Indirect Speech: The teacher ordered me to shut the door.
2)Direct Speech: He said to me, “Shut the door.”
Indirect Speech: He requested me to shut the door.
3) Direct Speech: He said to me, “You should work hard to pass the exam.”
Indirect Speech: He advised me that I should work hard to pass the exam.
4) Direct Speech: He said to me, “Not to smoke.”
Indirect Speech: He forbade me to smoke.

11. Interrogative Sentences
Direct Speech: I said to her, “When do you do your homework?”
Indirect Speech: I asked her when she did her homework.
Exclamatory Sentences
Direct Speech: He said, “Hurray! I have won the match.”
Indirect Speech: He exclaimed with great joy that he had won the match.

12. THANK YOU!
Name-Vanshita Chugh
Branch-AIML(B)
Enrollment No.-09917711621