1. COURSE CODE : ENG(101)
INSTRUCTOR: MA’AM KHADIJA
TOPIC : DIRECT AND INDIRECT NARRATION
2. • Direct Speech/quoted speech:
Saying exactly what
someone has said is called direct
speech . Here what a person says
appears within quotation
marks(“……….”) and should be word
for word
Example: she said ,” Today’s lesson is
on presentations.”
3. • Indirect speech does not use quotations
marks to enclose what the person said
and it does not have to be word for word
• Example : He said that he was going to
the cinemas
4. • Reporting speech is not enclosed in
quotation marks.
• Reported speech is enclosed in quotation
marks.
For example :
He said , “ I am ill”
In the above example he said is reporting
speech while I am ill is a reported speech
5. •Rule No 1:
The pronouns of the reported speech will
change as following
• 1st person pronoun will change according
to the subject of the reporting speech
• 2nd person pronoun will change
according to the object of reporting
speech
• 3rd person pronoun will never change
6. • If there is present or future tense in
reporting speech the verb in the
reported speech may be in present,
past or in future
Example: He says , “I will finish my
work”
He says that he will finish his work
7. • If there is any universal truth in
reported speech than there will be no
effect of on tense of reporting speech
• Examples :
He said , “Sun rises in the East”.
He said that Sun rises in the East.
8. • If there is past tense in reporting
speech the verb of the reporting
speech will change as follows
Present indefinite will convert into
past indefinite
oExample : Muneeb said, “I want to go
home”
oMuneeb said that he wanted to go
home
9. Present continuous will convert into
past continuous tense
oEXAMPLE :
oTony said , “ I am doing my work”
o Tony said that he was doing his
work.
10. Present perfect will convert into past
perfect
oExample :
Eva said , “I have bought a new
bag”
Eva said that she had bought a
new
bag.
11. Past simple will convert into past
perfect
oExample :
Dad said “ I mowed the garden “
Dad said that I had mowed the
garden
12. The will shall form of the future tense
of reported speech will convert into
would
oEXAMPLE :
oShe said “I will never leave you”
oShe said that I would never leave you
13. • Can will convert into could
• EXAMPLE:
Billy said , “I can swim 500 meters”
Billy said that I could swim 500
meters
14. • May will convert into might
• EXAMPLE:
She said , “it may be too expensive”
she said that it might be too
expensive .
15. • Must will convert into had to
• EXAMPLE :
He said , “Every one must arrive on
time”
He said that every one had to arrive
on time.
16. • The adverb of nearness should be
put into those of distance
DIREC
T
SPEE
CH
INDIREC
T
SPEECH
NOW THEN
HERE THERE
THIS THAT
THESE THOSE
18. • Well ,all right , no , yes , and hello are
removed
• EXAMPLE :
He said to me , “ well you may go
now”
He said to me that I might go than .
19. • Good morning , good day , fare well , and good noon
etc.. are replaced with greetings
EXAMPLE :
She said , “Good morning Miss Naghma”
She greeted Miss Naghma with “good morning”
Some times they remain as it is .
20. • DEFINITION :
The sentences which tells about
right , wrong , positive , negative ,
possible and impossible are called
assertive sentences
EXAMPLE :
Two and two makes four.
He will not tell a lie .
21. • These sentences usually starts with the subject and
ends at full stop (.)
• The pronouns will be changed as described before
• The verb will be changed as described before
• The adverbs and other words will be changed as
described
22. • If the reported speech is partially placed before the
reporting speech in direct narration, it will be in correct
order (reporting + reported ) in indirect narration
• EXAMPLE : “Now it is my turn ,” said to them , “to sit here
behind this chair”
He said to them that it was then his turn to sit
there behind that chair
23. • Told can be used instead of said but “ to ” will
not be used
24. • DEFINITION :
The sentences which represent
order , advice , request or suggestion is
called imperative sentences
These sentences don’t have subject
25. • The pronouns will change according to rules explained
above
• The forms of verb will change according to the rules
described above
• The adverb and other specific words will change as
explained earlier
26. • EXAMPPLES :
• The manager said to the peon , “ get out
of my office”
• Reporting verb along with “ to” will changed
into ordered , requested , advised , forbade
, urged or suggested according to the
reported speech .
• The manager ordered the peon to get out of
my office.
27. • He said to my father , “ please forgive me this time”
He requested my father to forgive him that time .
• She said to her brother , “work very hard from today.”
She advised her brother to work very hard from that day
.
28. • Mother said to me , “ never tell a lie”
Mother forbad me not to tell a lie
• He said to me , “ knock at this door “
He asked me to knock at that door .
• He said to his teacher , “ Sir, kindly excuse me now”
He requested his teacher respectfully to excuse
him then
29. • She said to us , “ keep quite over here”
She directed us to keep quite over there.
• I said to them , “ go on doing your duty”
I urged them to go on doing their duty.
• He said to me , “ try your luck again”
He encouraged me to try my luck again.
30. • If “never” or “ do not” come in reporting speech
forbade will be used
• “To” will surely be added after suggested
• The tense of the reporting verb will not be
changed but “ to” will be added instead of that.
31. • DEFINITION:
The sentences in which some question
is asked are called interrogative
sentences.
• These sentences usually starts with
some question word or verb
• These sentences end at ( ? )
32. • Pronouns , verbs and specific words will be changed
according to above described rules .
• The question mark will be replaced by full stop .
• “Said” to is replaced by “asked to”
• The interrogative sentence structure will be replaced but
assertive sentence structure
33. • If reported speech begins with verb than “ if” is used
instead of “that”
• EXAMPLE :
• He said to me , “ Are you going to school now”
He asked me if I was going school than.
34. • If reported speech stars with any question word like
when , who , why there is no need to use if or that
• EXAMPLES:
I said to him, “what do you eat yesterday “
I asked him what he had eaten the previous
day .
35. • DEFINITION:
The sentence which represent
happiness, sadness , excitedness ,
wonderness is called exclamatory
sentences
• EXAMPLE: Alas! He has died
How beautiful this painting is !
36. • Pronoun , verb , adverb , specific words will change
according to given rules as described above
• If the interjection is in start of the reported speech it will
be removed along with the exclamation mark but
according to the meaning “said” reporting speech will
change into following:
37. • Exclaimed with joy
• Exclaimed with sorrow
• Exclaimed with wonder
OR
• Exclaimed joyfully
• Exclaimed sorrowfully
• Exclaimed with great wonder
38. • How or what like question words will change into very
great or very and sentence structure will be assertive
• EXAMPLE :
We said , “ How old this woman is!”
we said with surprise that that woman is very
old
39. • DEFINITION :
The sentences in which there is prayer or wish
are called optative sentences .
• Example:
May he reach quite safe and sound!
would that I were in Micah today!
40. • The sentences usually starts with the may or would that
and ends with exclamation mark
• May of reported speech will convert into “prayed”
• Would that will be changed into wished
• The indirect narration will be in assertive form
• Pronoun , verb and other specific words will change as
explained above
41. • All the rules that are explained above will be
reversed to change the narration from indirect
to direct