The document summarizes the structure and functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It describes that the liver is the largest internal organ located in the upper right abdomen. It performs many metabolic functions like producing bile, storing glucose and vitamins, and breaking down drugs and toxins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and contains both exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
This document summarizes the histology and function of the pancreas. It describes the two main types of pancreatic tissue - exocrine and endocrine. The exocrine pancreas is made up of acini that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts. The endocrine pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that are clusters of hormone-producing cells. The major cell types in the islets and their hormones are identified. The document also outlines the regulation and functions of the pancreas as well as some common pancreatic diseases.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It describes that the liver is the largest internal organ located in the upper right abdomen. It produces bile, stores vitamins and minerals, and breaks down toxins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and contains both exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
The document provides information on the digestive system. It discusses the different parts of the digestive system including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It describes the histological layers common to the tubular organs of the digestive system, including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia. It also provides details on the microscopic structure and functions of the various glands and tissues within these organs.
The document provides information about the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the morphology and functions of each organ. The liver has two lobes and is surrounded by Glisson's capsule. Its functions include bile production, glycogen storage, and detoxification. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before releasing it in response to cholecystokinin. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas produces enzymes for digestion, while the endocrine pancreas is made of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon.
The liver is composed of repeating lobules that contain hepatocytes radiating from a central vein. Between hepatocytes are sinusoids lined with endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Bile canaliculi connect hepatocytes and drain bile into interlobular bile ducts. The perisinusoidal space of Disse contains fibers and lipocytes between sinusoids and hepatocytes. There are three types of lobules - classical with peripheral to central blood flow, portal defined by a bile duct, and acinar surrounding a central artery in three oxygen zones. Hepatocytes are polyhedral cells that contact sinusoids through spaces of Disse.
Histology of the Digestive System II:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Lecture presentation by Professor Tatiana Bororinkhina of First Moscow State Medical University
This document summarizes the histology and function of the pancreas. It describes the two main types of pancreatic tissue - exocrine and endocrine. The exocrine pancreas is made up of acini that secrete digestive enzymes into ducts. The endocrine pancreas contains islets of Langerhans that are clusters of hormone-producing cells. The major cell types in the islets and their hormones are identified. The document also outlines the regulation and functions of the pancreas as well as some common pancreatic diseases.
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It describes that the liver is the largest internal organ located in the upper right abdomen. It produces bile, stores vitamins and minerals, and breaks down toxins. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The pancreas is located behind the stomach and contains both exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
The document provides information on the digestive system. It discusses the different parts of the digestive system including the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It describes the histological layers common to the tubular organs of the digestive system, including the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia. It also provides details on the microscopic structure and functions of the various glands and tissues within these organs.
The document provides information about the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the morphology and functions of each organ. The liver has two lobes and is surrounded by Glisson's capsule. Its functions include bile production, glycogen storage, and detoxification. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile before releasing it in response to cholecystokinin. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas produces enzymes for digestion, while the endocrine pancreas is made of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon.
The liver is composed of repeating lobules that contain hepatocytes radiating from a central vein. Between hepatocytes are sinusoids lined with endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. Bile canaliculi connect hepatocytes and drain bile into interlobular bile ducts. The perisinusoidal space of Disse contains fibers and lipocytes between sinusoids and hepatocytes. There are three types of lobules - classical with peripheral to central blood flow, portal defined by a bile duct, and acinar surrounding a central artery in three oxygen zones. Hepatocytes are polyhedral cells that contact sinusoids through spaces of Disse.
Histology of the Digestive System II:
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Lecture presentation by Professor Tatiana Bororinkhina of First Moscow State Medical University
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas comprises acinar cells that secrete digestive enzymes and ductal cells that release bicarbonate and form a duct system to transport enzymes to the duodenum. Around 500-800 ml of digestive juices are secreted per day to break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The endocrine pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells to regulate blood sugar levels.
The liver is the largest internal organ located in the upper right and partially left abdomen. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions performed by hepatocytes. Hepatocytes are arranged in plates separated by sinusoids, with a space of Disse between hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells. The liver lobule is the basic functional unit, and has a dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein. The liver performs many vital roles including bile production, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, hormone degradation, detoxification, and immune functions.
Histology of the liver and gall bladder [compatibility mode]Hanaa Said
The document provides an overview of the histology of the liver and gall bladder. It describes the anatomy and vascular supply of the liver. It discusses the histological structure of the liver including liver lobules, hepatic sinusoids, hepatocyte plates, Kupffer cells, Ito cells, pit cells, and hepatocytes. For each cell type, it details histological appearance, location, and functions. The document provides detailed information on the histology of the major cell types and structures found in the liver.
The pancreas is a mixed exocrine and endocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes and hormones. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The appendix is a small tubular structure extending from the cecum whose function in humans is unknown.
The document describes the structure of the stomach. It has three main layers: the inner mucosal layer, middle submucosal layer, and outer muscular layer. The mucosal layer contains gastric pits and glands that secrete mucus, acid, and enzymes. It has three types of glands - cardiac, fundic, and pyloric - that differ in their cell types and secretions. The submucosal layer contains connective tissue and nerves. The thick muscular layer comprises three layers of muscle that aid in digestion by churning food.
The document summarizes the histology of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the four layers of the GI tract wall - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It then focuses on specific structures of the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. Key points include the four regions of the stomach, gastric glands and their role in digestion, villi and crypts in the small intestine, and acini and islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes and hormones. Clinical correlations are provided regarding conditions like atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and acute pancreatitis.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the liver:
- The liver is covered by Glisson's capsule and is divided into lobules that contain hepatocytes arranged in plates separated by sinusoids. Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes drain into ductules.
- Blood enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and flows through sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins.
- The liver performs many metabolic functions like detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose regulation. It also stores vitamins, glycogen, and lipids. Bile produced by hepatocytes is secreted into small bile ducts and stored in the gallbladder.
01.12.09(b): Histology - Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
Histology of Gall bladder and its formation which consist of mainly 3 layers which they are:
- Mucosa
- Muscularis / Fibromuscular layer
- Serosa / Adventitia
And you must note that there is no Muscularis mucosa
& Submucosa inside Gall bladder...
Prepared by Nahry Omer Muhammad, University of Sulaimany/Collage of Medicine
The stomach is a dilated segment of the digestive tract that adds fluid to ingested food. It has several regions including the cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus. The fundus is the uppermost curve located to the left of the cardia. The body and fundus contain several cell types including parietal cells that produce hydrochloric acid, chief cells that produce enzymes, and mucous neck cells. The pylorus is the cone-shaped section that connects the stomach to the small intestine. It contains gastric glands and pits. The stomach has four principal layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
The document summarizes the structure and features of the large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum, and has simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells. The liver is divided into lobules by connective tissue sheets and contains hepatocytes and sinusoids. The gallbladder has a muscular wall with three tunics. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions, with exocrine pancreas made up of acini that produce enzymes and endocrine islets of Langerhans.
The document summarizes key aspects of the digestive system, including:
1) It describes the general organization of the digestive tract into four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
2) It outlines the regions and functions of the small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
3) It discusses the large intestine/colon and its regions - ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. The colon has fewer villi and glands than the small intestine.
4) It briefly covers the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas - their locations, functions, histology
Karaciğer, safra, pankreas histoloji ve anatomisiSemih Tan
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas have important roles in digestion and metabolism. The liver produces bile which aids in digestion and performs metabolic functions. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. The pancreas produces enzymes that break down nutrients. These organs receive blood supply from branches of the celiac trunk and have both exocrine and endocrine functions. They have complex internal anatomy organized into lobules and zones to efficiently process nutrients and waste.
study of structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract
- histology of the oral cavity
- histology of the pharynx
- histology of the esophagus and stomach
- histology of intestine
- histology of the liver and pancreas
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the stomach. It describes the stomach's four regions, functions, layers of tissue, and the major cell types found in the gastric glands. The cardiac, fundic, and pyloric regions each contain variations of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa layers. The fundic glands house six main cell types - surface, mucous, stem, parietal, chief, and diffuse neuroendocrine cells - which each play distinct roles in digestion.
This document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the digestive system, including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It describes the stomach as a pear-shaped organ that stores and breaks down food. The small intestine absorbs nutrients over its 6 meter length. It contains villi and crypts that aid in digestion and absorption. The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts waste before it is excreted, including the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons.
The document describes the general structure of tubular organs in the digestive system. It discusses the four layers (tunics or telae) that make up the wall of these organs: the tunica mucosa, tela submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa or adventitia. It provides details on the composition and features of each layer. The document also discusses the oral cavity and its structures like the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates, tongue, and teeth. It describes the major and minor salivary glands and provides histological details.
The document summarizes the histology of the digestive system. It describes the four main layers of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) and provides details on the histology of specific regions including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and ruminant stomach. It outlines the epithelial cell types, glands, and muscle layers present in each region.
The liver develops from the endodermal lining of the foregut, forming a hepatic diverticulum that grows into the mesenchymal septum transversum. Hepatic cords and biliary system primordia within the diverticulum differentiate into liver parenchyma and bile ducts between the septum transversum layers. During development, the diverticulum elongates to form the common bile duct while its outgrowth develops into the gallbladder and cystic duct. Fetal liver receives blood from the umbilical vein and does not perform normal metabolic functions until after birth when the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are obliterated.
The digestive glands include the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. The salivary glands secrete saliva to aid digestion in the oral cavity. The liver secretes bile and produces proteins to aid digestion in the duodenum. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes through its exocrine function and hormones through its endocrine function to regulate digestion in the duodenum.
The gallbladder and biliary system functions to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver to aid in fat digestion. The gallbladder receives bile from the liver via the hepatic ducts and cystic duct and contracts to deliver it to the small intestine in response to food. Gallstones may form from changes in bile composition and can cause various clinical syndromes like cholecystitis, cholangitis, or gallstone ileus. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT, and procedures like ERCP or MRCP. Treatment depends on the syndrome but typically involves laparoscopic cholecystectomy or occasionally medical dissolution therapy.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the stomach and intestines. The stomach breaks down food, stores it, and slowly empties into the small intestine. The small intestine further breaks down food with help from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. The large intestine absorbs water from undigested material and passes waste. Common ailments include indigestion, diarrhea, and constipation. Proper diet, hydration, chewing, eating habits, and bowel regularity help maintain stomach health.
The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. The exocrine pancreas comprises acinar cells that secrete digestive enzymes and ductal cells that release bicarbonate and form a duct system to transport enzymes to the duodenum. Around 500-800 ml of digestive juices are secreted per day to break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The endocrine pancreas consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin from beta cells and glucagon from alpha cells to regulate blood sugar levels.
The liver is the largest internal organ located in the upper right and partially left abdomen. It has both exocrine and endocrine functions performed by hepatocytes. Hepatocytes are arranged in plates separated by sinusoids, with a space of Disse between hepatocytes and sinusoidal cells. The liver lobule is the basic functional unit, and has a dual blood supply from the hepatic artery and portal vein. The liver performs many vital roles including bile production, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, protein synthesis, hormone degradation, detoxification, and immune functions.
Histology of the liver and gall bladder [compatibility mode]Hanaa Said
The document provides an overview of the histology of the liver and gall bladder. It describes the anatomy and vascular supply of the liver. It discusses the histological structure of the liver including liver lobules, hepatic sinusoids, hepatocyte plates, Kupffer cells, Ito cells, pit cells, and hepatocytes. For each cell type, it details histological appearance, location, and functions. The document provides detailed information on the histology of the major cell types and structures found in the liver.
The pancreas is a mixed exocrine and endocrine gland that produces digestive enzymes and hormones. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. The appendix is a small tubular structure extending from the cecum whose function in humans is unknown.
The document describes the structure of the stomach. It has three main layers: the inner mucosal layer, middle submucosal layer, and outer muscular layer. The mucosal layer contains gastric pits and glands that secrete mucus, acid, and enzymes. It has three types of glands - cardiac, fundic, and pyloric - that differ in their cell types and secretions. The submucosal layer contains connective tissue and nerves. The thick muscular layer comprises three layers of muscle that aid in digestion by churning food.
The document summarizes the histology of the gastrointestinal tract. It describes the four layers of the GI tract wall - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. It then focuses on specific structures of the stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. Key points include the four regions of the stomach, gastric glands and their role in digestion, villi and crypts in the small intestine, and acini and islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that produce digestive enzymes and hormones. Clinical correlations are provided regarding conditions like atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, and acute pancreatitis.
The document provides information about the structure and function of the liver:
- The liver is covered by Glisson's capsule and is divided into lobules that contain hepatocytes arranged in plates separated by sinusoids. Bile canaliculi between hepatocytes drain into ductules.
- Blood enters the liver through the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery and flows through sinusoids before draining into the hepatic veins.
- The liver performs many metabolic functions like detoxification, protein synthesis, and glucose regulation. It also stores vitamins, glycogen, and lipids. Bile produced by hepatocytes is secreted into small bile ducts and stored in the gallbladder.
01.12.09(b): Histology - Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Gastrointestinal / Liver sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
http://openmi.ch/med-m1gastro
Histology of Gall bladder and its formation which consist of mainly 3 layers which they are:
- Mucosa
- Muscularis / Fibromuscular layer
- Serosa / Adventitia
And you must note that there is no Muscularis mucosa
& Submucosa inside Gall bladder...
Prepared by Nahry Omer Muhammad, University of Sulaimany/Collage of Medicine
The stomach is a dilated segment of the digestive tract that adds fluid to ingested food. It has several regions including the cardiac, fundus, body, and pylorus. The fundus is the uppermost curve located to the left of the cardia. The body and fundus contain several cell types including parietal cells that produce hydrochloric acid, chief cells that produce enzymes, and mucous neck cells. The pylorus is the cone-shaped section that connects the stomach to the small intestine. It contains gastric glands and pits. The stomach has four principal layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
The document summarizes the structure and features of the large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon, and rectum, and has simple columnar epithelium and goblet cells. The liver is divided into lobules by connective tissue sheets and contains hepatocytes and sinusoids. The gallbladder has a muscular wall with three tunics. The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions, with exocrine pancreas made up of acini that produce enzymes and endocrine islets of Langerhans.
The document summarizes key aspects of the digestive system, including:
1) It describes the general organization of the digestive tract into four layers - mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa.
2) It outlines the regions and functions of the small intestine - duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
3) It discusses the large intestine/colon and its regions - ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon. The colon has fewer villi and glands than the small intestine.
4) It briefly covers the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas - their locations, functions, histology
Karaciğer, safra, pankreas histoloji ve anatomisiSemih Tan
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas have important roles in digestion and metabolism. The liver produces bile which aids in digestion and performs metabolic functions. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile. The pancreas produces enzymes that break down nutrients. These organs receive blood supply from branches of the celiac trunk and have both exocrine and endocrine functions. They have complex internal anatomy organized into lobules and zones to efficiently process nutrients and waste.
study of structures and functions of the gastrointestinal tract
- histology of the oral cavity
- histology of the pharynx
- histology of the esophagus and stomach
- histology of intestine
- histology of the liver and pancreas
The document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the stomach. It describes the stomach's four regions, functions, layers of tissue, and the major cell types found in the gastric glands. The cardiac, fundic, and pyloric regions each contain variations of mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa layers. The fundic glands house six main cell types - surface, mucous, stem, parietal, chief, and diffuse neuroendocrine cells - which each play distinct roles in digestion.
This document summarizes the anatomy and histology of the digestive system, including the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It describes the stomach as a pear-shaped organ that stores and breaks down food. The small intestine absorbs nutrients over its 6 meter length. It contains villi and crypts that aid in digestion and absorption. The large intestine reabsorbs water and compacts waste before it is excreted, including the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colons.
The document describes the general structure of tubular organs in the digestive system. It discusses the four layers (tunics or telae) that make up the wall of these organs: the tunica mucosa, tela submucosa, tunica muscularis, and tunica serosa or adventitia. It provides details on the composition and features of each layer. The document also discusses the oral cavity and its structures like the lips, cheeks, hard and soft palates, tongue, and teeth. It describes the major and minor salivary glands and provides histological details.
The document summarizes the histology of the digestive system. It describes the four main layers of the digestive tract (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa) and provides details on the histology of specific regions including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and ruminant stomach. It outlines the epithelial cell types, glands, and muscle layers present in each region.
The liver develops from the endodermal lining of the foregut, forming a hepatic diverticulum that grows into the mesenchymal septum transversum. Hepatic cords and biliary system primordia within the diverticulum differentiate into liver parenchyma and bile ducts between the septum transversum layers. During development, the diverticulum elongates to form the common bile duct while its outgrowth develops into the gallbladder and cystic duct. Fetal liver receives blood from the umbilical vein and does not perform normal metabolic functions until after birth when the umbilical vein and ductus venosus are obliterated.
The digestive glands include the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. The salivary glands secrete saliva to aid digestion in the oral cavity. The liver secretes bile and produces proteins to aid digestion in the duodenum. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes through its exocrine function and hormones through its endocrine function to regulate digestion in the duodenum.
The gallbladder and biliary system functions to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver to aid in fat digestion. The gallbladder receives bile from the liver via the hepatic ducts and cystic duct and contracts to deliver it to the small intestine in response to food. Gallstones may form from changes in bile composition and can cause various clinical syndromes like cholecystitis, cholangitis, or gallstone ileus. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like ultrasound or CT, and procedures like ERCP or MRCP. Treatment depends on the syndrome but typically involves laparoscopic cholecystectomy or occasionally medical dissolution therapy.
The document summarizes the structure and function of the stomach and intestines. The stomach breaks down food, stores it, and slowly empties into the small intestine. The small intestine further breaks down food with help from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. The large intestine absorbs water from undigested material and passes waste. Common ailments include indigestion, diarrhea, and constipation. Proper diet, hydration, chewing, eating habits, and bowel regularity help maintain stomach health.
The document summarizes the key accessory digestive glands - the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. The pancreas secretes enzymes to break down nutrients and hormones to regulate blood sugar. The liver produces bile to emulsify fats and performs many metabolic functions. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver and releases it in response to food in the duodenum.
The document outlines the key structures and functions of the human digestive system. It describes the organs involved in digestion, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, pancreas, liver, and large intestine. It also explains the roles of enzymes and chemicals in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids during digestion.
The document describes the structure and function of the small intestine. It is divided into three parts: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The jejunum is wider in diameter, shorter, and has thicker walls than the ileum, which is narrower, longer, and has thinner walls. Both the jejunum and ileum receive blood vessels through arterial arcades and are connected to the abdominal wall by the mesentery, while lymphatics drain the small intestine.
This document discusses the development of the duodenum, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It describes how the duodenum forms through the development of loops and rotation. It also covers how the pancreas arises from ventral and dorsal buds that fuse. The liver forms from the hepatic bud that migrates to the abdomen. The gallbladder develops from the cystic duct and pars cystica of the liver. Some common congenital anomalies are also outlined.
This document describes the anatomy and structures of the large intestine including the cecum, vermiform appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum. It discusses the location, blood supply, lymph drainage, peritoneal coverings, and relationships to surrounding structures of each part of the large intestine. The document is authored by Dr. Sherif Fahmy and appears to be lecture notes on the anatomy of the large intestine.
The document discusses the process of digestion that occurs in the stomach and intestines. It begins with an activity to simulate how food is broken down in the stomach by shaking food pieces in a ziplock bag with water. Next, it explains that in the stomach, food is broken down mechanically by muscle contractions and chemically through digestive enzymes and juices. Food stays in the stomach for about four hours before moving to the small intestine as a thick liquid. Another activity simulates how nutrients pass through the walls of the intestines using a paper towel. Finally, it describes how the small intestine, about 7 meters long, further breaks down food into nutrients that are then absorbed and carried by the bloodstream to the body.
The small intestine absorbs nutrients and digests food. It measures around 6 meters long and 2.5-3 meters wide. It is divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Digestive enzymes break down proteins into amino acids, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and some carbohydrates into simple sugars. Absorption then occurs as the digested molecules pass into surrounding blood vessels and are transported to the body. The small intestine typically takes 3-6 hours to pass a meal through fully.
The small intestine extends from the stomach to the large intestine. It is divided into three sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine completes the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats using enzymes in the intestinal walls. It absorbs the digested nutrients through fingerlike protrusions called villi and transports them to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
The small intestine is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum receives partially digested food from the stomach and digestive juices from the pancreas and gallbladder. The jejunum, which is around 2.5 meters long, contains villi that increase absorption of nutrients. The ileum, the final 3 meter section, absorbs vitamins and bile acids before connecting to the large intestine.
The small intestine is responsible for most digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is divided into three parts - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands which secrete mucus to protect the lining and help regulate pH. It connects to the bile ducts and pancreas. The jejunum and ileum further digest food and absorb nutrients through fingerlike villi before waste passes to the large intestine.
The small intestine is responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients. It is made up of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The small intestine contains finger-like villi covered in microvilli that increase surface area for absorption. Glands including crypts of Lieberkuhn and Brunner's glands secrete enzymes and mucus. Movement patterns in the small intestine include segmentation contractions that mix contents, peristalsis that propels contents aborally, and villi movements that enhance absorption. Disorders can impair digestion or absorption.
The document discusses the development of the duodenum. It begins from the foregut and midgut during the 4th week of development. As the stomach rotates, the duodenum shifts to the right and becomes retroperitoneal. The duodenum is temporarily obliterated between weeks 5-7 due to epithelial cell proliferation. It normally recanalizes by the end of embryogenesis. The duodenum receives blood supply from branches of the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries.
The gastrointestinal tract consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and accessory organs. Food enters the mouth and is mechanically and chemically broken down through digestion and absorption in the stomach and small intestine before waste is excreted. Accessory organs such as the liver, gallbladder and pancreas secrete enzymes and bile to aid in digestion. Disorders can disrupt these functions and cause symptoms like nausea, vomiting or diarrhea.
The document summarizes the key aspects of the digestive system. It describes how the digestive system prepares food for use by all body cells through digestion. It then outlines the main parts and functions of the digestive tract, from the mouth through the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. The document also discusses the roles of accessory organs like the liver, gallbladder and pancreas in producing digestive enzymes and chemicals.
This document provides a study guide for histology terms related to the nucleus, cytoplasm, epithelial tissues, glands, cilia, microvilli, and cellular junctions. It defines key terms and describes what students should learn about the structure and function of various cell and tissue types. For example, it explains the differences between euchromatin and heterochromatin in the nucleus, specialized inclusions in different cell types, and modes of secretion for exocrine and endocrine glands.
This document provides an overview of human anatomy and physiology concepts including:
1) It defines anatomy as the study of structure and physiology as the study of function. It also states that structure dictates function.
2) It describes the different levels of organization in the human body from the subatomic to the organism level.
3) It introduces the 11 organ systems and provides brief descriptions and components/functions of several key systems like the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous and cardiovascular systems.
4) It discusses homeostasis and how homeostatic control mechanisms maintain the body's internal environment through negative and positive feedback loops.
The stomach is a J-shaped muscular sac located in the upper abdomen between the esophagus and small intestine. It has four regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric part. The stomach is supplied by branches of the celiac artery and drains into the portal vein. Lymph from the stomach drains to nearby lymph nodes. The vagus and splanchnic nerves provide the main innervation to the stomach.
This document summarizes key aspects of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It describes the liver's location, lobes, capsule, and functions including bile production, metabolism, and detoxification. It discusses the gallbladder's role in bile storage and pancreas' exocrine and endocrine functions, with the pancreas producing digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Key cell and tissue types are also outlined, such as hepatocytes in the liver and acinar and islet cells in the pancreas.
Lect. 14 digestive system - associated glandsHara O.
This document provides information about the accessory organs of the digestive system, including the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas. It describes the structure and function of the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands. It also discusses the role of the liver in vascular functions, metabolism, secretion, and excretion. Additionally, it outlines the structure of liver lobules and hepatocytes. The document concludes by examining the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas.
This document provides information on the structure and function of the kidney and renal circulation. It discusses the basic anatomy of the nephron and its parts including the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. It also describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. Regarding renal circulation, it notes the kidney receives a high blood flow and has a unique portal system, as well as features like autoregulation and high oxygen consumption.
The liver is the largest organ in the abdominal cavity and performs many metabolic functions. It is composed of hepatocytes arranged in lobules around a central vein. Blood flows from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery into sinusoids between hepatocytes. Bile is secreted into bile canaliculi and flows through bile ducts. The liver regulates nutrients, metabolizes drugs and toxins, and synthesizes proteins. It is innervated by the hepatic plexus and refers pain to the epigastrium.
The document describes the structure and function of the kidney and renal circulation. It discusses the key components and functions of the nephron including the glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. It also describes the juxtaglomerular apparatus and its role in regulating blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin system. Additionally, it outlines the special features of renal circulation including its high pressure, permeability and blood flow.
The liver is the second largest organ and largest gland in the body. It has a dual blood supply and is divided into lobules that contain hepatocytes, sinusoids, and a central vein. Blood flows into lobules through the portal vein and hepatic artery and out through hepatic veins. Hepatocytes are arranged in plates separated by sinusoids and produce bile that flows into canaliculi and out of the liver. The liver has regenerative abilities and its segmentation allows for resection of parts without damaging remaining tissue.
The document discusses transportation processes in plants, humans, and animals. In plants, transportation occurs through vascular tissue including xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves, while phloem transports organic compounds from leaves to other plant parts. In humans, the circulatory system transports blood, with the heart pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs and oxygenated blood throughout the body. Key parts of the circulatory system discussed include blood vessels and platelets. Transportation in animals is similar to humans, with blood and lymph vessels moving nutrients, gases, and waste.
The document summarizes the functions and structure of the liver. It notes that the liver is the largest internal organ, located on the right side below the diaphragm. The liver has important metabolic, storage, excretory, protective, circulatory and coagulation functions, including breaking down toxins, producing bile and proteins, and regulating blood flow. The liver is made up of lobules containing hepatocytes and sinusoids that receive blood flow and allow for nutrient exchange. Damage to the liver can cause jaundice and diseases like hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer.
class 11 NEET
structural organization in animal
topic FROG
morphology ,anatomy, in detail
general characteristics
digestive system
respiratory systems
circulatory system
nervous system
reproductive system
ecological values
metamorphosis
The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The kidneys filter waste from the blood to produce urine. The ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The bladder stores urine until urination, at which point urine passes through the urethra and out of the body. The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra each have distinct tissue layers including mucosa, muscularis, and serosa that allow them to perform their specialized functions within the urinary system.
The document summarizes the histology of the liver. It describes the liver as the largest gland in the body, located in the right and left hypochondrium and epigastric region. The liver receives dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery. It discusses the connective tissue capsule, trabeculae, and reticular fibers that make up the liver stroma. It then describes the liver parenchyma as organized into thousands of hepatic lobules centered around a central vein, and delineates the classical hepatic lobule, portal lobule, and hepatic acinus of Rappaport models.
The document summarizes the histology of the liver. It describes the liver's location, vascular supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery, and histological structure. The liver structure consists of connective tissue capsule, trabeculae that branch into the interior, and reticular fibers that support endothelial cells lining hepatic sinusoids. The liver parenchyma is organized into thousands of hepatic lobules centered around a central vein and containing hepatocytes radiating in plates.
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the digestive system, describing the tubular nature of the digestive tract and its individual organs like the liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and sections of the small and large intestines. It provides details on the histology and microscopic structure of the digestive organs and discusses their roles in digestion and absorption of nutrients. The major blood vessels supplying the digestive system and regions like the duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the small intestine are also outlined.
The document summarizes the histological structure of the pancreas. It describes the pancreas as having both exocrine and endocrine parts. The exocrine portion consists of acini that secrete digestive enzymes through a system of ducts into the duodenum. The endocrine portion consists of clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels. On a microscopic level, the exocrine pancreas is made up of serous acini composed of pyramidal cells that secrete enzymes into the lumen, while the islets of Langerhans contain alpha, beta, and delta cells that secrete glucagon, insulin, and somatost
The document summarizes the structure and cellular composition of hepatic tissue. It describes how the liver is organized into hexagonal lobules surrounding a central venule, with hepatocyte plates radiating outward between sinusoids. The sinusoids are lined with endothelial and Kupffer cells and allow for blood and bile flow. Bile flows toward portal triads at the periphery while blood drains into the central venule and exits the liver.
The document discusses the general functions and anatomy of the digestive system. It describes the individual organs and their structures in detail. The digestive tract consists of a hollow muscular tube and accessory organs. Its overall function is to process food for absorption and eliminate waste. Each organ has specific roles in mechanical and chemical digestion, secretion, absorption, and waste removal. The document outlines the histological organization and layers of the digestive tract walls. It provides detailed descriptions of each organ's gross and microscopic anatomy.
Fatty acids are the major source of energy through fatty acid oxidation. This process generates acetyl-CoA and ATP in the liver and muscle. The liver converts much of the acetyl-CoA to ketone bodies - acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate - which are fuel for other tissues like muscle during fasting when fatty acids are released from adipose tissue. Fatty acid oxidation is controlled by the need for ATP. Fatty acids must be activated to acyl-CoA before undergoing β-oxidation in the mitochondria, which is transported via carnitine shuttle.
This digital resource provides material on the histology of the endocrine system to supplement what was presented in lab. It corresponds to the lab exercise on the Histology of the Endocrine System. While it can help review the material, it is not meant to replace observing actual slides under a microscope in the lab, which is necessary for fully exploring histological details. The resource guides the user through surveys of the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.
This document summarizes key events in human embryonic development during the third week. It describes how the primitive streak forms and gives rise to the three germ layers. It also discusses how the notochord, neural tube, and somites begin to develop as the embryo undergoes folding to take on a cylindrical shape. Additionally, it provides an overview of initial organ formation and the establishment of the primitive cardiovascular system during this critical period of embryogenesis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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3. Liver is the largest internal organ
is subdivided into
two large lobes (right and left)
two small lobes (quadrate and caudate)
is enclosed in a capsule (capsule of Glisson)
is partially covered by the visceral peritoneum
is associated with the gallbladder
4. Liver composition
Parenchyma
- consists of epithelial cells - hepatocytes
- arises from the endoderm
Stroma
- consists of connective tissue trabeculae
- contains blood and lymphatic vessels,
nerves, and bile ducts
- divides parenchyma into lobules
5. Connective tissue is poor-developed in the human liver
the human liver
connective tissue
in the pig liver Þ
6. Liver functions
Bile production – exocrine function
ß
Ý
so-called “endocrine” functions
7. Liver is involved in many metabolic pathways
produces blood plasma proteins
(albumins, prothrombin, fibrinogen,
nonimmune a- and b-globulins, etc.)
stores the blood glucose as glycogen and
releases glucose back after glycogenolysis
stores lipid-soluble vitamins – A, D, K
synthesizes and stores cholesterol
stores iron ions as ferritin or hemosiderin
synthesizes urea from ammonium ions
8. Liver degrades drugs, toxins, alcohol, and hormones
Detoxication and degradation
- occur in hepatocyte sER Þ
- include
oxidation
conjugation
conversation
9. Liver blood supply
Liver receives blood from two blood vessels
the hepatic artery
the portal vein
the liver hilum or porta hepatis Þ
10. Portal vein carries the venous blood
from the digestive tract, spleen,
and pancreas Þ
portal blood contains
– nutrients and toxic materials
– erythrocyte breakdown products
– hormones
11. Blood vessels pass in connective tissue with bile ducts
Triad (portal area) includes interlobular
– artery
– vein (from v. porta)
– bile duct
ß
12. Interlobular vessels give rise to capillaries
capillaries (hepatic sinusoids)
– pass trough lobule
– empty into the central vein
17. Hepatic lobule composition
hepatocytes arranged in plates
hepatic sinusoids
perisinusoidal spaces (spaces of Disse)
bile capillaries (canaliculi)
central veins
18. Classic hepatic lobule
is a hexagonal mass of tissue
a central vein is at the center
the triads are at the angles
hepatic plates radiate from the center to periphery
sinusoids travel between plates
blood flows from the periphery towards the center
bile flows from the center towards the periphery
19. Portal lobule emphasizes the liver exocrine function
is a triangular mass of tissue
the central veins are at the angles
the triad is at the center
blood flows from the center to the periphery
bile flows from the periphery to the center
20. Liver acinus
is a diamond-shaped mass of tissue
the short axis is between the triads
the long axis is between the central veins
21. Plates of hepatocytes
consist of two anastomosing cell rows
bile canaliculus is between the rows
are surrounded by the blood sinusoids
delicate network of the reticular fibers
supports plates
Ü
22. Hepatocytes
are large polygonal cells
contain 1 or 2 nuclei with several nucleoli
may be tetraploid
23. Hepatocytes are rich in organelles
rER and sER
mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
peroxisomes
Û
ÞÝ
25. Hepatocyte polarization
Vascular pole
- faces blood sinusoids
- is involved in the “endocrine” function
(blood-hepatocyte exchange)
Biliar pole
- faces bile canaliculi
- is involved in the exocrine function
(bile secretion)
26. Hepatocytes are capable for regeneration
Physiologic regeneration
hepatocyte lifespan is about 5 months
hepatocytes can be renewed
undifferentiated cells are
in the periportal areas Þ
Reparative regeneration
occurs when liver substance is lost after trauma or surgery
27. Bile canaliculi
are intercellular gaps within the hepatic plates
Û
28. Bile canaliculi lack their own wall
are isolated by the hepatocyte tight junctions
33. Kupffer cells
belong to the mononuclear
phagocytotic system
arise from blood monocytes
pit-cell is a large granulated
lymphocyte
Ý
34. Kupffer cell functions
degradation of damaged or senile erythrocytes
conversation ferritin to hemosiderin
phagocytosis of bacteria and antigens
initiation of immune reactions
35. Perisinusoidal space (space of Disse)
is between vascular hepatocyte pole and sinusoid
contains a few reticular fibers and amorphous substance
Ý
hepatocytes project microvilli into space of Disse
36. Space of Disse is a site of
exchange between blood and hepatocytes
hepatic lymph origination
hemopoiesis in the fetal period and
in cases of chronic anemia in the adult
37. Space of Disse contains lipocytes (stellate or Ito cells)
are located between hepatocytes
lack contact with bile canaliculi
contain numerous lipid droplets
38. Lipocyte functions
storage of vitamin A
synthesis of reticular fibers and amorphous substance
In pathology
- lose their lipids and differentiate into myofibroblast-like cells
- synthesize collagen fibers resulting in liver fibrosis
- may contract resulting in portal hypertension
40. Gallbladder functions
bile storage
bile concentration
bile release to the duodenum as required
41. Bile takes part in digestion
emulsifies lipids
activates pancreatic lipases
facilitates fatty acid absorption
Bile composition:
water
electrolytes
phospholipids
cholesterol
bile acids
bile pigments (bilirubin)
Û
45. Hormone cholecystokinin regulates the bile injection
is produced by enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum
is released in response to a fatty chyme
induce the gallbladder muscle contractions
46. Pancreas
is located behind the stomach
is enclosed in a capsule and
partially covered with serosa
is subdivided into
head
body
tail
47. Pancreas composition
Parenchyma
- consists of epithelial cells
- arises from the endoderm
Stroma
- consists of connective tissue trabeculae
- contains blood and lymphatic vessels,
nerves, and ducts
- divides parenchyma into lobules
48. Pancreas is mixed gland
Exocrine component
produces pancreatic juice
Endocrine component
secretes hormones
49. Exocrine pancreas
is compound
branched
tubulo-alveolar
serous (protein-producing) gland
main and accessory pancreatic ducts empty into the duodenum Ý
51. Acinar cells
are pyramidal
nuclei are round and centrally located
broad basal portion is basophilic due to rER
apical portion is acidophilic due to secretory (zymogen) granules
53. Acinar cells secrete a variety of digestive enzymes
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, peptidases
– digest proteins up to amino acids
Amylase
– digests carbohydrates up to glucose
Lipases
– digest lipids up to glycerol and fatty acids
Nucleases
– digest nucleic acids up to nucleotides
54. Zymogen granules contain inactive enzymes
proenzymes are activated when reach
the intestinal lumen ß
55. Exocrine pancreas duct system
Intercalated ducts
Intralobular ducts
Interlobular ducts
Main and accessory pancreatic ducts Þ
56. Intercalated duct
is narrow tubule lined with squamous or cuboidal cells
may begin within the acinus (compound acinus)
its cells in the acinus are called centroacinar cells
58. Intercalated duct takes part in secretion
Adds
water
sodium
bicarbonate to the pancreatic juice
Intercalated duct secretion
- neuyralizes acidic gastric chyme
- establishes the optimal pH for pancreatic enzyme activity
65. B cells constitute about 70% of the islet population
occupy the islet central portion
secrete insulin
66. Insulin decreases blood glucose levels
Effects hepatocytes and skeletal muscles
– stimulates uptake of glucose from circulation
– activates glycogen synthesis
Effects the white adipose cells
– stimulates uptake of glucose from circulation
– stimulates glycerol synthesis
– inhibits lipase activity
67. A cells constitute 15-20% of the islet population
occupy the islet periphery
secrete glucagon
68. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels
Stimulates
glucose release into the bloodstream
glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen)
gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from amino acids)
lipase and lipid mobilization in adipose cells
70. D cells constitute about 5-10% of the islet population
occupy the islet periphery
secrete stomatostatin
inhibits both insulin and glucagon secretion
inhibits acinar cell
71. Minor cell types in pancreatic islets
D1 cells Þ vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
– stimulates endocrine and exocrine pancreatic secretion
– decreases blood pressure
PP cells Þ pancreatic polypeptide
– stimulates gastric chief cells
– inhibits
bile secretion
pancreatic juice production
intestinal motility
72. Regulation of the islet activity
Blood glucose levels
increase Þ stimulate insulin production
decrease Þ stimulate glucagon production
Nervous regulation
parasympathetic fibers Þ stimulate both insulin and glucagon secretion
sympathetic fibers Þ stimulate glucagon release but inhibit insulin secretion