1) The document discusses differentiation and various techniques for taking derivatives of functions with respect to variables like x and y. This includes the derivative of sums, constants, products, quotients, exponentials, logarithms and inverse trigonometric functions. 2) Applications of differentiation like finding rates of change, tangents, normals, and stationary points are covered. Techniques for finding maximum/minimum values using derivatives are presented. 3) Series expansions like Maclaurin and Taylor series are introduced to approximate functions as polynomials. The concept of partial derivatives is defined for functions with two variables.

1. DIFFERENTIATION
DERIVATIVES
Slope of a curve
A curve has different slopes at each point. Let A, B, and C be different points of a curve f
(x)
Where ðxis the small increase inx
ðy is the small increase iny
The slope of chordAC =
If C moves right up to A the chord AC becomes the tangent to the curve at A and the slope at
A is the limiting value of
Therefore

2. =
The gradient at A is
=
or
This is known as differentiatingby first principle
From the first principle
i) f(x)= x
ii) f(x)= x2

3. =
∴
iii) f(x) =x3
iv) f(x)= xn
By binomial series

4. In general
If
Example
Differentiatethe followingwith respect to x
i)y = x2+3x
Solution
y =x2+3x
ii) 2x4+5

5. iii)
=
Differentiationofproducts functions [ product rule]
Let y =uv
Where u and v are functions of x
If x → x+ðx
u → u +ðu
v → v+ðv
y → ðy+y
y= uv ……i)
Therefore
y+ðy = [ u+ðu][v+ðv]
y+ðy = uv +uðv+vðu +ðuðv….ii
Subtract (i) from (ii)
δy =uðv+vðu +ðuðv
Therefore

6. Therefore
Therefore
If y= uv
It is the product rule
Examples
Differentiatethe followingwith respect to x
i) y = [ x2+3x] [4x+3]
ii) y = [ +2] [x2+2]
Solution
Y = [x2+3x] [4x+3]
Let u = x2+3x
= 2x+3
V = 4x+3
Therefore
=4x2+12x+8x2+12x+6x+9

7. =12x2+30x+9
ii)Let u = +2 →
v = x2+2 =2x
Therefore
DIFFERENTIATION OF A QUOTIENT [QUOTIENT RULE]
Let y = where u and v are functions of x

8. As
Exercise
Differentiatethe followingwith respect to x
I.
II.
DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION [CHAIN RULE]
If y = f(u), where u = f(x)
Then
Therefore
PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
Let y = f(t) , and x = g (t)

9. Example
I. Find if y = at2 and x = 2at
Solution
2at
IMPLICIT FUNCTION
Implicit functionis the one which is neither x nor y a subject e.g.
1) x2+y2 = 25
2) x2+y2+2xy=5
One thing to remember is that y is the functionof x

10. Then
1.
∴
2. x2 +y2 + 2xy = 5
Exercise

11. Find when x3 + y3 – 3xy2 = 8
Differentiationoftrigonometricfunctions
1) Let y = sin x….. i
…(ii
,
Providedthat x is measuredin radian [small angle]

12. 2. Let y = cos x …… (i)
3. Let
From the quotient rule

13. 4. Let y = cot x
∴
5. y =

14. ∴
Let y =cosecx
Therefore
Differentiationofinverses
1) Let y = sin-1x
x = sin y

15. 2) Let y = cos-1 x
x= cos y
3) Let y = tan -1 x
x = tan y

16. Let y =
X =
∴
Exercises
 Differentiate the followingwith respect to x.
i) Sin 6x
ii) Cos (4x2+5)
iii) Sec x tan 2 x
 Differentiate sin2 (2x+4)withrespect to x
 Differentiate the followingfrom first principle

17. i) Tan x
ii)
Differentiationoflogarithmicandexponential functions
1- Let y = ln x
Example

18. Find the derivative of
Solution
By quotient rule
2- Let y =

19. DifferentiationofExponents
1) Let y = ax
If a functionis in exponential form apply natural logarithms on bothsides
i.e. ln y = ln ax
ln y =x ln a
2) Let

20. Since â„®x does not depend on h,then
Therefore
Example
Find the derivative of y = 105x
Solution
Y = 105x
Iny = In105x

21. Therefore
Exercise
Find the derivatives of the followingfunctions
a) a) Y =
b) b) Y =
c) c)Y=
APPLICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION
Differentiation is applied when finding the rates of change, tangent of a curve, maximum and
minimum etc
i) The rate of change
Example
The side of a cube is increasing at the rate of 6cm/s. find the rate of increase of the volume
when the length of a side is 9cm
Solution

22. A hollow right circular cone is held vertex down wards beneath a tap leaking at the rate of
2cm3/s. find the rate of rise of the water level when the depth is 6cm given that the height of
the cone is 18cm and its radius is 12cm.
Solution
Volume of the cone
V
The ratio of correspondingsides
Given = 20cm3/s
V=
So ,
Then,

23. A horse trough has triangular cross section of height 25cm and base 30cm and is 2m long.
A horse is drinking steadily and when the water level is 5cm below the top is being lowered
at the rate of 1cm/minfindthe rate of consumptionin litres per minute
Solution
Volume of horse trough
From the ratio of the correspondingsides

24. A rectangle is twice as long as it is broad find the rate change of the perimeter when the
width of the rectangle is 1m and its area is changing at the rate of 18cm2/s assuming the
expansion is uniform
Solution

26. TANGENTS AND NORMALS
From a curve we can find the equations of the tangent and the normal
Example
i. Find the equations of the tangents to the curve y =2x2 +x-6 when x=3
Solution
(x. y)= (3, 5) is the point of contact of the curve with the tangent
But
Gradient of the tangent at the curve is

27. Example
ii. Find the equation of the tangent and normal to the curve y = x2 – 3x + 2 at the point where it
cuts y axis
Solution
The curve cuts y – axis when x = 0
Slope of the tangent [m] = -3
Equation of the tangent at (0, 2) is
Slope of the normal
From; m1m2 = -1,Given m1=-3

28. Equation of the normal is
Exercise
 Find the equation of the tangent to 2x2 – 3x which has a gradient of 1
 Find the equations of the normal to the curve y = x2-5x +6 at the points where the curve cuts
the x axis
Stationarypoints [turning points]
A stationarypoint is the one where by = 0 it involves:
 Minimum turning point
 Maximum turning point
 Point of inflection

29. Nature of the curve of the function
At point A, a maximum value of a functionoccurs
At point B, a minimum value of a functionoccurs
At point C, a point of inflectionoccurs
At the point of inflectionis a form of S bend
Note that
Points A, B and C are calledturning points on the graph or stationaryvalues of the function
Investigating the nature of the turning point
Minimum points
At turning points the gradient changes from beingnegative to positive i.e.
Increasing as x- increases
Is positive at the minimum point
Is positive for minimum value of the functionof (y)
Maximum points
At maximum periodthe gradient changes from positive to negative

30. i.e.
Decreasesas x- increases
Is negative at the maximum value of the function(y)
Point ofinflection
This is the changes of the gradient from positive to positive
Is positive just to the left and just to the left
This is changes of the gradient from negative to negative.

31. Is negative just to the left and just to the right
Is zero for a point of inflectioni.e
Is zero for point of inflection
Examples
Find the stationary points of the and state the nature of these points of the following
functions
Y = x4 +4x3-6
Solution
At stationarypoints
Therefore,
Then the value of a function
At x = 0, y = -6
X= -3, y =-33
Stationary point at (0,-6) and (-3,-33)
At (0,-6)

32. Point (0,-6) is apoint of inflection
 At (-3,-33)
At (-3, -33) is aminimum point
Alternatively,
You test by taking values of x just to the right and left of the turning point
Exercise
1) 1. Find and classifythe stationarypoints of the followingcurves
a) (i) y = 2x-x2
b) (ii) y = +x
c) (iii) y= x2(x2- 8x)
2) 2. Determine the smallest positive value of x at which a point of inflection occurs on the
graph of y = 3â„®2x cos (2x-3)
3) 3. If 4x2 + 8xy +9y2 8x – 24y+4 =0 show that when = 0,
x + y = 1. Hence find the maximum and minimum values of y
Example

33.  1. A farmer has 100m of metal railing with which to form two adjacent sides of a rectangular
enclosure, the other two sides being two existing walls of the yard meeting at right angles,
what dimensions will give the maximum possible area?
Solution
Where, W is the width of the new wall
L is the length of the new wall
The length of the metal railingis 100m

34.  2. An open card board box width a square base is required to hold 108cm3 what should be
the dimensions if the areaof cardboardused is as small as possible
Solution

35. Exercise
The gradient function of y = ax2 +bx +c is 4x+2. The function has a maximum value of 1,
find the values of a, b, and c

36. MACLAURIN’S SERIES [from power series ]
Let f(x) = a1 +a2x+a3x2 +a4x3 +a5x4+ a6x5…….i
In order to establish the series we have to find the values of the constant co efficient a1, a2, a3,
a4, a5, a6 etc
Put x = 0 in …i

37. Puttingthe expressionsa1,a2,a3,a4,a5,.........backtothe original seriesandget
whichisthe maclaurinseries.
Examples
Expand the following
i) â„®x
ii) f(x) = cos x
Solution
i.

38. ii.
Exercise
 Write down the expansion of
 If x is so small that x3 and higher powers of x may be neglected, show that
TAYLOR’S SERIES
Taylor’s series is an expansion useful for finding an approximation for f(x) when x is close to
a
By expanding f(x) as a series of ascendingpowers of (x-a)
f(x) = a0 +a1(x-a) +a2(x-a)2+a3(x-a)3 +……..
This becomes
Example
 Expand in ascendingpowers of h up to the h3 term, taking as

39. 1.7321 And 5.50 as 0.09599c findthe value of cos 54.5 to three decimal places
Solution
 Obtain the expansion of in ascending powers of x as far as the x3term
Introductionto partial derivative
Let f (x, y) be a differentiable function of two variables. If y kept constant and differentiates f
(assuming f is differentiable withrespect to x)
Keeping x constant and differentiate f withrespect to y

40. Example
 find the partial derivatives of fx and fy
If f(x, y) = x2y +2x+y
Solution
 Find fx and fy if f (x,y) is given by
f(x, y) = sin(xy) +cos x
Solution

41. Exercise
1. find fx and fy if f(x,y) is given by
a)
b)
c)
d)
Suppose compute