The document discusses various types of backhaul technologies used in network architecture, including wired, wireless, and optical options, as well as their characteristics and operational frequencies. It emphasizes different methods such as microwave, satellite, and laser backhaul, detailing their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, it introduces concepts relevant to 5G networks, highlighting issues like spectrum use and self-backhauling mechanisms.

1. Different Types of
Backhaul
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2. Simplified Network Architecture
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AS
CS NAS
Voice (PSTN)
Network
Data (IP)
Network
Device / UE
Radio
Access
Network
Core
Network
Air
Interface NAS = Non Access Stratum
AS = Access Stratum
UE = User Equipment
PS NAS
Backhaul
AS

3. Backhaul Types
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• Wired
• Optical (Fiber)
• (A)DSL
• Wireless
• Microwave (10 – 42 GHz)
• V Band / 60 GHz (57 – 64 GHz)
• E-band (71 – 76, 81 - 86 GHz)
• Satellite
• Wi-Fi Mesh
• LTE Backhaul
• TD-LTE Backhaul
• Self-backhauling
• Optical
• Laser

4. Wired Backhaul
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Optical Fiber Coaxial Cable Ethernet Cable

5. Wired Backhaul
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Virgin Media, UK advert singing praise of
Coaxial cable and DOCSIS 3 technology for
high speed broadband

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7. Wireless
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Line of Sight (LoS) Non Line of Sight (NLoS)

8. Wireless
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Line of Sight (LoS) Non Line of Sight (NLoS)
1. Penetration

9. Wireless
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Line of Sight (LoS) Non Line of Sight (NLoS)
1. Penetration
2. Reflection

10. Wireless
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Line of Sight (LoS) Non Line of Sight (NLoS)
1. Penetration
2. Reflection
3. Diffraction

11. Wireless
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Line of Sight (LoS) Non Line of Sight (NLoS) → Penetration
1. Penetration
2. Reflection
3. Diffraction
Near Line of Sight (nLoS) → Reflection, Diffraction

12. Wireless
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Point-to-Point (PTP) Point-to-MultiPoint (PMP)

13. Microwave Frequencies
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• Microwave (10 – 42 GHz)
• V Band / 60 GHz (57 – 64 GHz)
• E-band (71 – 76, 81 - 86 GHz)

14. 5G Problem
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Coverage Layer
Sub-1GHz
Capacity Layer
1GHz – 6GHz
High Throughput Layers
6GHz – 100GHz

15. 5G Problem
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16. Work on Spectrum above 90GHz
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17. Microwave Frequencies
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• Microwave (10 – 42 GHz)
• V Band / 60 GHz (57 – 64 GHz)
• E-band (71 – 76, 81 - 86 GHz)

18. V Band / 60 GHz (57 – 64 GHz)
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• Wide Bandwidth (7GHz)
• Low transmission distance - < 1km due to oxygen absorption at 60GHz
• Economy of scale – low cost
• Unlicensed – more sources of interference

19. Satellite Backhaul
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Picture Source: Vizocom

20. Backhaul Technologies Comparison
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Wireless Backhaul Spectrum Policy Recommendations & Analysis - GSMA, October 2014
Not
Necessarily
true

21. LTE Backhaul (In-Band)
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• Macrocell and Small Cell use the same frequency
f1 f1
f1
f1
MacrocellSmall Cell
Interference

22. LTE Backhaul (Out-of-Band)
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• Macrocell and Small Cell use different frequency
f1 f1
f2
f2
MacrocellSmall Cell

23. Wi-Fi Mesh & LTE Backhaul
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• Wi-Fi spectrum in 5GHz could be used to create Mesh links
f1
f2 f2
MacrocellSmall Cell 1
(Macrocell edge)
f2 f2
Small Cell 2
(No interference from
Macrocell)
f1f1
5GHz Mesh Link
f2 f2
Small Cell 3
(No interference from
Macrocell)
f1f1
f2 f2
Small Cell 4
(No interference from
Macrocell)
f1f1
f2 f2
Small Cell 5
(No interference from
Macrocell)
f1f1
5GHz Mesh Link
5GHz Mesh Link

24. TD-LTE Backhaul
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• Ericsson & ITRI (Taiwan) demoed this concept
• Small Cell in the train is transmitting on FDD
• The Small Cell is backhauled on TD-LTE

25. 5G Self-Backhauling
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• Multiple 5G Base Stations will be backhauled on the same frequency as the access
network
eMBB FWA
Small Cells for local coverage
Self-Backhauling

26. Optical – Laser Backhaul
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• High throughput rates
• Expensive
• LOS & PTP only
• Affected by fog and wind

27. Optical – Examples of Laser Backhaul
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AOptix reckons it’s got an alternative to fiber with a
hybrid laser and Millimeter spectrum setup.
Lightpointe HyBridge SX Single Beam - High speed full-
duplex Gigabit connectivity for highly secure, reliable
transmission up to a half mile/~750m.

28. Optical – Example of Laser Backhaul
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29. Thank You
To learn more, visit:
3G4G Website – http://www.3g4g.co.uk/
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