This document discusses small cell deployments and backhaul requirements for LTE networks. It defines small cells as indoor, low-power femtocells, outdoor metro cells of higher power, and rural micro and compact macro cells. Non-line-of-sight wireless backhaul is proposed for picocell deployments using point-to-multipoint technology. Key requirements are outlined, including supporting quality of service across the backhaul to maintain LTE radio interface performance. Outdoor picocell deployments with integrated fiber and wireless backhaul are presented as a solution to provide sufficient, reliable connectivity while controlling costs.
This document provides information on SkyWay-LTE products including eNodeB base stations, user equipment, evolved packet core, and a management server. The eNodeB uses multi-sector operation with multi-band support between 700MHz and 3.8GHz. The document also discusses LTE network elements, capacity advantages of inter-cell interference coordination, and compares SkyWay-LTE advantages over other solutions.
The document discusses key concepts and technologies of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks), including:
1) The basic architecture of PON networks consisting of an OLT, ONUs, and a passive optical splitter.
2) Reasons for adopting the GPON standard such as supporting high-bandwidth transmission and long reach.
3) Key GPON technologies including ranging, equalization delay, dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for upstream/downstream transmission.
Basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPONSyed Shujat Ali
Our Team's University Project | A short presentation based project regarding optical fiber communication in which basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPON were discussed.
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fibre network.
Handle increase in IP traffic
Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4Tbps
Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
Enable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges
Fiber capabilities/WDM
Wavelengths can be time-division multiplexed into a series of aggregated connections
Sets of wavelengths can be spaced into wavebands
Switching can be done by wavebands or wavelengths
1 Cable can do multi terabits/sec
The document discusses network development challenges and options for access networks, including deploying fiber and GPON networks. It recommends:
1. Reviewing requirements for Q3, Q4 2006 and 2007 and coordinating with marketing.
2. Developing GPON networks while using existing equipment temporarily if services are urgently needed.
3. Considering wireless solutions if no fixed infrastructure is available.
This document provides information on SkyWay-LTE products including eNodeB base stations, user equipment, evolved packet core, and a management server. The eNodeB uses multi-sector operation with multi-band support between 700MHz and 3.8GHz. The document also discusses LTE network elements, capacity advantages of inter-cell interference coordination, and compares SkyWay-LTE advantages over other solutions.
The document discusses key concepts and technologies of GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Networks), including:
1) The basic architecture of PON networks consisting of an OLT, ONUs, and a passive optical splitter.
2) Reasons for adopting the GPON standard such as supporting high-bandwidth transmission and long reach.
3) Key GPON technologies including ranging, equalization delay, dynamic bandwidth assignment (DBA), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) for upstream/downstream transmission.
Basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPONSyed Shujat Ali
Our Team's University Project | A short presentation based project regarding optical fiber communication in which basics of Optical Network Architecture, PON & GPON were discussed.
An optical network unit (ONU) is a device that transforms incoming optical signals into electronics at a customer's premises in order to provide telecommunications services over an optical fibre network.
Handle increase in IP traffic
Moore’s law doesn’t apply here
1984: 50Mbps, 2001: 6.4Tbps
Reduce cost of transmitting a bit
Cost/bit down by 99% in last 5 years
Enable new applications and services by pushing optics towards the edges
Fiber capabilities/WDM
Wavelengths can be time-division multiplexed into a series of aggregated connections
Sets of wavelengths can be spaced into wavebands
Switching can be done by wavebands or wavelengths
1 Cable can do multi terabits/sec
The document discusses network development challenges and options for access networks, including deploying fiber and GPON networks. It recommends:
1. Reviewing requirements for Q3, Q4 2006 and 2007 and coordinating with marketing.
2. Developing GPON networks while using existing equipment temporarily if services are urgently needed.
3. Considering wireless solutions if no fixed infrastructure is available.
The document discusses Gigabit Ethernet, which provides a data rate of 1000 megabits per second. It evolved from earlier Ethernet standards of 10 megabits per second and 100 megabits per second. The IEEE 802 project established standards for local area networks including Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet maintains compatibility with standard Ethernet by using the same frame format and addresses. It supports full-duplex communication at high speeds over different connection types such as fiber optic cables and twisted pair wiring.
This presentation introduces GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) technology. It begins with an overview of optical fiber technology and WDM (wavelength division multiplexing). GEPON uses a single fiber with different wavelengths for upstream and downstream traffic. The presentation demonstrates Versa Technology's GEPON equipment, including the OLT (Optical Line Terminal) and ONT (Optical Network Terminal) that connect to customer sites over a passive optical distribution network using splitters. It provides features for delivering services such as internet, voice, and video over the GEPON network.
This document provides a seminar report on optical network architecture presented by Siddharth Singh at JSS Mahavidyapeetha. It begins with acknowledging those who helped and guided in completing the report. The abstract provides an overview of optical networks and how they provide high bandwidth through technologies like DWDM and routing/grooming at the wavelength level. It discusses network architectures like SONET, PONs, and topologies like bus, star and tree. The report is divided into chapters covering topics like DWDM systems, synchronous optical networking, PON history and elements, and network topologies.
Software Defined Optical Networks - Mayur ChannegowdaCPqD
This document discusses software defined optical networks using SDN. Key points include:
- SDN and OpenFlow can decouple the data and control planes in optical networks for automated provisioning and unified control.
- There are challenges in applying SDN to optical networks including switching constraints, physical impairments, multi-domain/multi-technology operation, and network virtualization.
- OpenFlow extensions are needed to abstract optical network elements and account for characteristics like flexible grid networks, impairment awareness, and multi-dimensional resource allocation.
- Proof-of-concept demonstrations have shown the potential for media-aware SDN, packet and optical convergence, and virtualization across multiple domains.
The document discusses different optical access network architectures including Fiber To The Building (FTTB), Fiber To The Curb (FTTC), and Fiber To The Home (FTTH). It also describes Passive Optical Networks (PON) and Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technologies. Specifically, GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing and time division multiple access to enable bidirectional communication between an optical line terminal and multiple optical network terminals over a single fiber at data rates of 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.2 Gbps upstream.
1) The document discusses mobile broadband technologies including a history of cellular standards and the evolution of OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO and LTE.
2) It provides an overview of key wireless standards organizations including 3GPP, IEEE 802, and how they developed technologies such as HSPA, WiMAX, and LTE.
3) The document focuses on physical layer technologies for mobile broadband including OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO techniques and how they are implemented in standards like 802.11, WiMAX and LTE.
GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) is a fiber access technology for point-to-multipoint applications using a single fiber. It consists of an Optical Line Terminal (OLT), Optical Network Units (ONUs), a passive optical splitter, and optical distribution networks. GEPON uses different wavelengths (1490nm downstream, 1310nm upstream) over the single fiber for transmitting and receiving data between the OLT and multiple ONUs. It offers symmetrical bandwidth up to 1Gbps over transmission lengths of 10-20km while supporting data, voice, and video delivery to end users.
Passive optical networks (PONs) provide fiber connectivity to multiple end users using a point-to-multipoint architecture and passive splitters to reduce costs. PONs use a single fiber to the premises, with a passive optical splitter used to feed multiple end users. This allows for fiber-based connectivity at costs similar to copper. Common PON types include GPON, EPON, and BPON. PONs employ wavelength division duplexing with different wavelengths for downstream and upstream traffic and time division multiple access for upstream transmissions.
GPON is a point-to-multipoint fiber access network standard that uses an optical line terminal connected via an optical distribution network to multiple optical network units. It supports high bandwidth up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream and long transmission distances of up to 40 km. GPON provides cost-effective access to voice, video, and data services for applications such as fiber to the home.
The document is about a training course on GPON fundamentals. It discusses the objectives of describing GPON network architecture, basic concepts, and applications. It outlines the contents which will cover an overview of optical access networks, basic PON concepts, GPON frame structure, key technologies, management, provisioning, and basic services over GPON. Standards referenced include ITU-T G.984.1 to G.984.4.
This document contains an agenda for a seminar on telecommunication systems from 0G to 5G. It discusses the history and key technologies of each generation including multiplexing used, subscriber identities, handover processes, roaming, and capacity per site. It also covers topics like frequency bands, mobility and session management protocols, authentication, and indoor radio planning tools.
Microwave radio technology offers various configuration options that can impact key factors like capacity, reliability, and cost. All-indoor radios typically provide the highest reliability due to faster repair times, but they may have higher initial costs. Split mount configurations combine indoor and outdoor units, balancing reliability with lower costs. The best configuration depends on specific needs and factors like frequency band, distances, capacity demands, and whether indoor space is available. Higher power radios can reduce total cost of ownership over time regardless of configuration.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP specification releases that defined LTE and LTE-Advanced. The document outlines the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. It explains technologies like carrier aggregation and CoMP used in LTE-Advanced. Key physical layer aspects of LTE like resource allocation and scheduling are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). It describes the key components of a PON including the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), optical splitters and combiners, and Optical Network Units (ONUs). The OLT broadcasts data downstream to multiple ONUs via passive splitters. ONUs send data upstream to the OLT. PONs allow sharing of fiber infrastructure between users in a cost-effective way. The document compares ATM PON and Ethernet PON standards and discusses advantages like high bandwidth and applications including fiber to the home/building.
This presentation is based on Evolution of Passive Optical Network. We study strategies for increasing the PON’s capacity regardless of its technology: EPON (Ethernet-based PON) or GPON (Gigabit capable PON). It can also introduce other future Technologies like SCM Hybrids and Coherent PONs.
This document discusses the GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology for fiber access networks. Some key points:
- GPON supports high-bandwidth, long-reach (up to 20km), and triple-play services, making it widely adopted by carriers.
- It uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with a single optical fiber shared between an OLT and multiple ONUs using passive splitters.
- Wavelength division multiplexing is used with downstream at 1490nm and upstream at 1310nm. Time division multiple access manages upstream bandwidth sharing between ONUs.
- Typical deployments include fiber to the home (FTTH),
The attached narrated power point presentation will help one get familiarized with the basic concepts of Wavelength Division Multiplexing as well as get introduced to WDM Networks. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP releases that specified LTE and LTE-Advanced standards and components of the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. The document also provides explanations of OFDM, MIMO, SC-FDMA, and the LTE physical layer frame structure and resource grid. Special features introduced in LTE-Advanced like carrier aggregation and relaying are also summarized.
The document summarizes an optical line termination (OLT) device from Huawei. An OLT serves as the endpoint of a passive optical network, performing conversion between electrical and fiber optic signals and coordinating multiplexing. Huawei's OLT provides downstream and upstream frame processing, wavelength division multiplexing, and is controlled by a main control board. The Huawei SmartAX MA5600T is an integrated convergence and switching OLT that supports GPON, 10G PON, and 40G PON.
Radisys & Airspan - Small Cells and LTE-A Webinar PresentationRadisys Corporation
Radisys' Renuka Bhalerao and Paul Senior of Airspan presented: Small Cells & LTE Advanced - The Hype of 3Cs: Capacity, Coverage and Customer Satisfaction on June 11, 2013. View/Read their materials how mobile operators can make their networks more efficient, increase capacity and coverage by deploying LTE-A and strategically placed small cells.
New Business Opportunities: Small Cells and Wholesale DAS Ilissa Miller
Presented at WISPAPALOOZA, October 2013. The moderator was Art Meierdirk of INOC and included Jorge Forero of Taqua and Doug Wiest of EdgeConneX. The presentation providers market observations, drivers & growth, challenges, and more. Insights on Small Cells and DAS Deployments.
The document discusses Gigabit Ethernet, which provides a data rate of 1000 megabits per second. It evolved from earlier Ethernet standards of 10 megabits per second and 100 megabits per second. The IEEE 802 project established standards for local area networks including Ethernet. Gigabit Ethernet maintains compatibility with standard Ethernet by using the same frame format and addresses. It supports full-duplex communication at high speeds over different connection types such as fiber optic cables and twisted pair wiring.
This presentation introduces GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) technology. It begins with an overview of optical fiber technology and WDM (wavelength division multiplexing). GEPON uses a single fiber with different wavelengths for upstream and downstream traffic. The presentation demonstrates Versa Technology's GEPON equipment, including the OLT (Optical Line Terminal) and ONT (Optical Network Terminal) that connect to customer sites over a passive optical distribution network using splitters. It provides features for delivering services such as internet, voice, and video over the GEPON network.
This document provides a seminar report on optical network architecture presented by Siddharth Singh at JSS Mahavidyapeetha. It begins with acknowledging those who helped and guided in completing the report. The abstract provides an overview of optical networks and how they provide high bandwidth through technologies like DWDM and routing/grooming at the wavelength level. It discusses network architectures like SONET, PONs, and topologies like bus, star and tree. The report is divided into chapters covering topics like DWDM systems, synchronous optical networking, PON history and elements, and network topologies.
Software Defined Optical Networks - Mayur ChannegowdaCPqD
This document discusses software defined optical networks using SDN. Key points include:
- SDN and OpenFlow can decouple the data and control planes in optical networks for automated provisioning and unified control.
- There are challenges in applying SDN to optical networks including switching constraints, physical impairments, multi-domain/multi-technology operation, and network virtualization.
- OpenFlow extensions are needed to abstract optical network elements and account for characteristics like flexible grid networks, impairment awareness, and multi-dimensional resource allocation.
- Proof-of-concept demonstrations have shown the potential for media-aware SDN, packet and optical convergence, and virtualization across multiple domains.
The document discusses different optical access network architectures including Fiber To The Building (FTTB), Fiber To The Curb (FTTC), and Fiber To The Home (FTTH). It also describes Passive Optical Networks (PON) and Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network (GPON) technologies. Specifically, GPON uses wavelength division multiplexing and time division multiple access to enable bidirectional communication between an optical line terminal and multiple optical network terminals over a single fiber at data rates of 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.2 Gbps upstream.
1) The document discusses mobile broadband technologies including a history of cellular standards and the evolution of OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO and LTE.
2) It provides an overview of key wireless standards organizations including 3GPP, IEEE 802, and how they developed technologies such as HSPA, WiMAX, and LTE.
3) The document focuses on physical layer technologies for mobile broadband including OFDM, OFDMA, MIMO techniques and how they are implemented in standards like 802.11, WiMAX and LTE.
GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) is a fiber access technology for point-to-multipoint applications using a single fiber. It consists of an Optical Line Terminal (OLT), Optical Network Units (ONUs), a passive optical splitter, and optical distribution networks. GEPON uses different wavelengths (1490nm downstream, 1310nm upstream) over the single fiber for transmitting and receiving data between the OLT and multiple ONUs. It offers symmetrical bandwidth up to 1Gbps over transmission lengths of 10-20km while supporting data, voice, and video delivery to end users.
Passive optical networks (PONs) provide fiber connectivity to multiple end users using a point-to-multipoint architecture and passive splitters to reduce costs. PONs use a single fiber to the premises, with a passive optical splitter used to feed multiple end users. This allows for fiber-based connectivity at costs similar to copper. Common PON types include GPON, EPON, and BPON. PONs employ wavelength division duplexing with different wavelengths for downstream and upstream traffic and time division multiple access for upstream transmissions.
GPON is a point-to-multipoint fiber access network standard that uses an optical line terminal connected via an optical distribution network to multiple optical network units. It supports high bandwidth up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream and long transmission distances of up to 40 km. GPON provides cost-effective access to voice, video, and data services for applications such as fiber to the home.
The document is about a training course on GPON fundamentals. It discusses the objectives of describing GPON network architecture, basic concepts, and applications. It outlines the contents which will cover an overview of optical access networks, basic PON concepts, GPON frame structure, key technologies, management, provisioning, and basic services over GPON. Standards referenced include ITU-T G.984.1 to G.984.4.
This document contains an agenda for a seminar on telecommunication systems from 0G to 5G. It discusses the history and key technologies of each generation including multiplexing used, subscriber identities, handover processes, roaming, and capacity per site. It also covers topics like frequency bands, mobility and session management protocols, authentication, and indoor radio planning tools.
Microwave radio technology offers various configuration options that can impact key factors like capacity, reliability, and cost. All-indoor radios typically provide the highest reliability due to faster repair times, but they may have higher initial costs. Split mount configurations combine indoor and outdoor units, balancing reliability with lower costs. The best configuration depends on specific needs and factors like frequency band, distances, capacity demands, and whether indoor space is available. Higher power radios can reduce total cost of ownership over time regardless of configuration.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP specification releases that defined LTE and LTE-Advanced. The document outlines the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. It explains technologies like carrier aggregation and CoMP used in LTE-Advanced. Key physical layer aspects of LTE like resource allocation and scheduling are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of Passive Optical Networks (PONs). It describes the key components of a PON including the Optical Line Terminal (OLT), optical splitters and combiners, and Optical Network Units (ONUs). The OLT broadcasts data downstream to multiple ONUs via passive splitters. ONUs send data upstream to the OLT. PONs allow sharing of fiber infrastructure between users in a cost-effective way. The document compares ATM PON and Ethernet PON standards and discusses advantages like high bandwidth and applications including fiber to the home/building.
This presentation is based on Evolution of Passive Optical Network. We study strategies for increasing the PON’s capacity regardless of its technology: EPON (Ethernet-based PON) or GPON (Gigabit capable PON). It can also introduce other future Technologies like SCM Hybrids and Coherent PONs.
This document discusses the GPON (Gigabit-capable Passive Optical Network) technology for fiber access networks. Some key points:
- GPON supports high-bandwidth, long-reach (up to 20km), and triple-play services, making it widely adopted by carriers.
- It uses a point-to-multipoint architecture with a single optical fiber shared between an OLT and multiple ONUs using passive splitters.
- Wavelength division multiplexing is used with downstream at 1490nm and upstream at 1310nm. Time division multiple access manages upstream bandwidth sharing between ONUs.
- Typical deployments include fiber to the home (FTTH),
The attached narrated power point presentation will help one get familiarized with the basic concepts of Wavelength Division Multiplexing as well as get introduced to WDM Networks. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
This document provides an overview of 4G LTE technology. It discusses key LTE concepts such as OFDM and MIMO used in the downlink and uplink, as well as requirements for IMT-Advanced systems. It describes the 3GPP releases that specified LTE and LTE-Advanced standards and components of the LTE network architecture including the E-UTRAN, EPC, and interfaces between nodes. The document also provides explanations of OFDM, MIMO, SC-FDMA, and the LTE physical layer frame structure and resource grid. Special features introduced in LTE-Advanced like carrier aggregation and relaying are also summarized.
The document summarizes an optical line termination (OLT) device from Huawei. An OLT serves as the endpoint of a passive optical network, performing conversion between electrical and fiber optic signals and coordinating multiplexing. Huawei's OLT provides downstream and upstream frame processing, wavelength division multiplexing, and is controlled by a main control board. The Huawei SmartAX MA5600T is an integrated convergence and switching OLT that supports GPON, 10G PON, and 40G PON.
Radisys & Airspan - Small Cells and LTE-A Webinar PresentationRadisys Corporation
Radisys' Renuka Bhalerao and Paul Senior of Airspan presented: Small Cells & LTE Advanced - The Hype of 3Cs: Capacity, Coverage and Customer Satisfaction on June 11, 2013. View/Read their materials how mobile operators can make their networks more efficient, increase capacity and coverage by deploying LTE-A and strategically placed small cells.
New Business Opportunities: Small Cells and Wholesale DAS Ilissa Miller
Presented at WISPAPALOOZA, October 2013. The moderator was Art Meierdirk of INOC and included Jorge Forero of Taqua and Doug Wiest of EdgeConneX. The presentation providers market observations, drivers & growth, challenges, and more. Insights on Small Cells and DAS Deployments.
LTE Backhaul Challenges, Small Cells and the Critical Role of MicrowaveAviat Networks
Aviat Networks's chief technology officer
(CTO), Paul Kennard, offers a presentation to IEEE's Communications Society on the critical role microwave networking will play in the deployment of Small Cell backhaul to service the throughput needs of LTE 4G mobile telecommunications providers.
Read Monica Paolini's blog post to learn more, The Evolution of the Small-Cell Backhaul Market: How to Pick the Right Solutions (and Vendors): http://cs.co/mpssbr
3G and LTE Enterprise Small Cell Architecture 2016David Chambers
Webinar slides with presentations from David Chamber/ThinkSmallCell and Amit Jain/Spidercloud contrasting the various Enterprise small cell architectures.
The webinar considered building size segmentation, 3G/4G technology mix, alternative approaches for distributed radio and controller functions, with a forward looking section covering LAA, MulteFire and shared spectrum
A Q&A session touched on the impact of Wi-Fi, how Enterprise IT departments look at co-existence of LTE/Wi-Fi, and whether small cells can be used to provide full multi-operator service.
Small Cell Networks - Current Research and Future LandscapeCPqD
This document summarizes research on wireless small cell networks and interference management techniques. It discusses how increasing mobile data demand can be addressed by deploying more small cells to split larger cells into smaller areas served by low-power nodes. However, this introduces challenges like interference that must be managed. The document reviews techniques like cell range expansion, almost blank subframes, and dynamic time-domain partitioning that coordinate transmissions between macro and small cells to reduce interference and improve performance.
Ericsson and Philips have partnered to launch the Zero Site outdoor small cell site solution, which integrates mobile network technology into public lighting infrastructure like light poles. This provides a new option for network densification as cell sizes shrink below 100 meters. By combining wireless connectivity and smart lighting, municipalities can reduce infrastructure costs while enhancing aesthetics, and mobile operators can improve network performance in cities while reducing capital and operating expenses through shared infrastructure and prime locations. The Zero Site is a self-sustained, multi-application solution that is aesthetically attractive by blending with the cityscape without visual pollution from additional telecom sites.
A City Planner’s Perspective on Wireless Facility Siting in CaliforniaOmar Masry, AICP
Disclaimer. The views expressed here do not reflect an endorsement of any specific government agency.
A City Planner’s Perspective on Wireless Facility Siting in California (though much of the content can apply elsewhere).
The document discusses the growing demand for mobile data and need for new wireless solutions to supplement macro cell networks. It introduces small cells, distributed antenna systems (DAS), and Wi-Fi as technologies that can provide in-building wireless coverage and offload traffic from the macro network. The document also outlines AT&T's focus and initiatives in deploying these solutions to meet customer needs and network requirements.
Small Cells in the U.S. Mobile Ecosystem: The Tower ViewSmall Cell Forum
American Tower is the largest telecom infrastructure company in the US, with over 150,000 wireless communication sites globally. As data usage and demand for capacity increases, network densification through small cells and new infrastructure solutions will be required. American Tower is innovating to address this need through strategies like developing new small cell and tower sites hidden in urban locations, fiber and wireless connectivity options, in-building solutions, and supporting the transition to 5G networks and technologies like ATSC 3.0 broadcast broadband.
Managing interference and overlay in complex network scenariosJohn Thor
This document discusses Cellcom Israel's network and strategies for managing interference in heterogeneous networks. It describes two cases where small cells caused interference issues: a single femtocell paralyzed a neighborhood due to spillage, and duplicate small cells with the same service code impacted the macro network. The document recommends installation rules to avoid interference and using self-organizing networks to optimize neighbor relations. It also summarizes a centralized radio access network trial in a stadium that showed 30% average spectral efficiency gains compared to coordinated multipoint.
Wireless (Small Cell) challenges for California Cities & CountiesOmar Masry, AICP
My personal thoughts on upcoming (2017) Challenges for Wireless (Small Cells, Wireline POTS abandonment) for California Cities & Counties - Presented to a League of CA Cities Committee - Wireless (Small Cell) challenges for California Cities & Counties
Alternative ownership and operations models: HospitalitySmall Cell Forum
The document discusses alternative ownership and operations models for deploying small cell networks. It introduces the concept of involving more parties beyond just mobile network operators (MNOs), such as neutral host service providers and systems integrators, to help address more of the market need. This could help distribute costs and risks, introduce new revenue opportunities, and increase the addressable market size. The document then provides an overview of different players that could be involved, such as MNOs, neutral hosts, systems integrators, enterprises, and small cell vendors. It also presents some example models of how operational responsibilities could shift between MNOs, neutral hosts, and enterprises under different ownership structures.
When LAN meets WAN ensuring carrier-grade quality into any enterprise venueSmall Cell Forum
This document discusses the importance of proper planning for carrier-grade enterprise networks. Indoor connectivity needs will grow significantly in the coming years. A case study of designing a wireless network for a large hotel is presented to demonstrate best practices. Key aspects of the planning process include defining the required end-user experience, considering all network technologies and aspects of the venue, iterating the design to optimize for key performance indicators, and generating comprehensive documentation. With the right planning tools, a network design that ensures reliable connectivity across different enterprise environments can be completed efficiently.
The document discusses the path from 4G to 5G networks and the role of small cell densification. It identifies that network densification through small cells is fundamental to achieving 5G capabilities like higher capacity, lower latency and 100% coverage. The Small Cell Forum has been working to address barriers to densification through research on topics like deployment processes, interoperability, and new business models. Going forward, their work will focus on commercializing hyperdense heterogeneous networks and enabling the digitized enterprise through solutions for verticals like hospitality.
Rethinking Mobile Backhaul Offering for a Fixed Operator like ColtValéry Augais
Colt is considering expanding into mobile backhaul services to support the growing need for small cell connectivity. Small cells will be critical for meeting bandwidth demands but will require dense deployment and new backhaul solutions. Colt's fiber network across Europe provides an opportunity to offer neutral host small cell sites and backhaul. However, backhaul design is complicated by varying mobile network requirements around connectivity type, latency, security, synchronization and evolving technologies like Cloud RAN. Colt must determine the best approach to address this diversity of needs.
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a fourth-generation (4G) wireless standard that provides increased network capacity and speed for cellphones and other cellular devices compared with third-generation (3G) technology.
LTE is a technology for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and is used by phone carriers to deliver wireless data to a consumer's phone. Over the previous iteration of 3G, LTE provided high speed, higher efficiency, peak data rates and flexibility in bandwidth and frequency.
LTE offers higher peak data transfer rates than 3G, up to 100 Mbps downstream and 30 Mbps upstream. It provides reduced latency, scalable bandwidth capacity and backward compatibility with the existing Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) technology. The subsequent development of LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) yielded peak throughput on the order of 300 Mbps.
Although LTE is commonly referred to as 4G LTE, LTE is technically slower than 4G but still faster than normal 3G. For this reason, LTE may also be called 3.95G. While LTE speeds reach 100 Mbps, true 4G offers speeds up to 1,000 Mbps. However, different versions of LTE meet 4G speeds, such as LTE-A.
LTE eventually became universally available as a standard that is still commonly available in areas that don't yet have 5G.
LTE has a direct role in the development of the current 5G standard, called 5G New Radio. Early 5G networks, referred to as non-standalone 5G (NSA 5G), require a 4G LTE control plane to manage 5G data sessions. NSA 5G networks can be deployed and supported by the existing 4G network framework, lowering capital and operating expenses for operators rolling out 5G
Commercial Overview DC Session 2 Optical Fibre In The Data Centrepaul_mathews
The document discusses data centre environments and the use of optical fibre cabling within them. It notes that optical fibre offers benefits over copper like lower loss, higher bandwidth, and lower power consumption. It also covers trends in the industry like higher speeds of 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s and the use of multimode fibre which can support these speeds over longer distances than copper.
High level introduction to LTE Metrocells including reasons why, where/when deployed, factors to consider etc. Taster for the fully day Metrocell Masterclass - see https://www.thinksmallcell.com/Femtocell-Events/metrocell-masterclass-become-a-metrocell-expert-in-one-day.html
Materi seminar 5 g ieee comsoc lecture 5g evolution v2indonesiabelajar
This document discusses 5G evolution and the need for 5G networks. It summarizes the evolution from 1G to 4G mobile networks and some key 4G technologies. It then outlines candidate technologies for 5G such as advanced networking, multi-tier networks, and multi-radio scenarios that could satisfy the growing bandwidth demand, support the Internet of Things, and help operators address the challenge of lower revenue per bit. The document concludes by discussing 5G requirements such as high network capacity and uniform connectivity experience.
LTE and Satellite: Solutions for Rural and Public Safety NetworkingSmall Cell Forum
This document discusses using LTE and satellite solutions for rural and public safety networking. It provides an overview of why LTE is better than 3G for rural areas due to its wider coverage using low frequency spectrum and consistent backhaul technology. LTE is also driving adoption for public safety needs due to requirements for data, uplink speeds, ubiquitous coverage, and satellite backup. The document then summarizes iDirect's SatHaul solution for optimizing LTE over satellite backhaul through features that improve user experience and bandwidth efficiency while maintaining security and compliance with 3GPP standards.
Intends to discuss about new data centric environment challenges due tsunami data traffic in mobile broadband and how industry is being prepared to address all of these changes.
As a consequence of the proliferation of smart phones and tablets, data traffic is growing significantly, both on the radio access links and the backhaul infrastructure of mobile operators’ networks. And although LTE and LTE Advanced offer higher data traffic throughput than that of 3G, given to their wider allocated bandwidths, the combined capacities of even these networks is not sufficient to meet projected future capacity demands.
The conventional solution to increasing the capacity of LTE mobile networks includes splitting macro-cells and/or adding more sites. Both of these solutions require high CAPEX and OPEX, so mobile operators are seeking new and cost effective ways of increasing their network capacity. One solution is to deploy small-cell base stations (BSs) within their existing macro-cellular networks, an approach referred to as Heterogeneous Networks.
It is well known that a HetNet not only increases the network capacity, but also provides better coverage and enhances the user’s experience. These benefits are achieved by offloading data traffic dynamically from MCBSs to SCBSs using an algorithm based on several parameters such as the characteristics of the traffic, the required QoS and network
Andy sutton - Multi-RAT mobile backhaul for Het-Netshmatthews1
At our 5th Telecoms Evangelist meet up Andy Sutton of EE gave a fantastic presentation reviewing the latest trends and developments in mobile backhaul architecture, strategy and technology. Starting with a review of backhaul capacity, performance requirements and protocol architecture, the presentation initially focused on the macro cell layer before going on to discuss options for evolving towards a true multi-layered heterogeneous network. Take a look!
LTE-Advanced aims to meet and exceed the requirements for IMT-Advanced, or 4G, standards by 2020 by evolving beyond the 3GPP LTE Release 8 specification. Key technologies for LTE-Advanced include carrier aggregation to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz, advanced antenna techniques like 8x8 MIMO to increase peak data rates, and heterogeneous networks using small cells to improve coverage and capacity. Coordinated multipoint transmission and reception and relays are also specified to enhance macro network performance and enable efficient small cell deployments.
GEPON (Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network) is a fiber access technology for point-to-multipoint applications that provides high bandwidth. It consists of an OLT (Optical Line Terminal), ONUs (Optical Network Units), a passive optical splitter, and optical distribution networks. GEPON uses different wavelengths (1310nm and 1490nm) for upstream and downstream transmission over a single fiber between the OLT and multiple ONUs. It can provide symmetrical bandwidth up to 1Gbps over long transmission lengths of 10-20km while supporting data, voice, and video delivery. 2Fonet provides competitive GEPON products like their OLT3000 that can connect to 256
This document compares LTE and WiMax technologies and performance. It finds that LTE provides higher peak data rates beyond 150 Mbps, more spectrum efficiency, and full mobility support. However, both technologies can achieve similar performance under comparable conditions. The success of LTE or WiMax depends on each operator's strategic considerations regarding available spectrum, regulatory issues, legacy networks, and future evolution paths.
Motorola's passive optical LAN solution uses a single optical fiber to provide high-speed connectivity to thousands of users. It utilizes passive splitters and terminals to deliver services like data, video, and voice without active equipment in telecom closets. The solution offers lower total cost of ownership through reduced equipment, power, and space needs compared to traditional copper-based networks.
1. In 1997, the Gigabit Ethernet Alliance announced the first draft of the Gigabit Ethernet standard to provide speeds of 1000 Mbps for half and full duplex operation using Ethernet frame format and MAC technology.
2. Gigabit Ethernet was ratified in 1998 and provided backwards compatibility with Fast Ethernet while using Fiber Channel physical signaling technology over fiber optic or copper cables.
3. Gigabit Ethernet leveraged the physical layer of Fiber Channel and used the Gigabit Media Independent Interface to allow different physical layers to connect to the MAC layer, enabling connections over fiber or copper up to hundreds of meters.
Massive MIMO uses large antenna arrays at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. It is a promising technique for 5G networks to boost capacity while reducing transmission power. However, pilot contamination from neighboring cells reusing the same pilot sequences limits performance. Small cell networks can help mitigate this issue by reducing cell sizes and the distance between co-pilot cells. Overall, massive MIMO has the potential to increase capacity over 10 times and improve energy efficiency for 5G communication systems.
Objective is to include the brief insight on 5G network architecture and standard progress, Accumulated it from different paper/journal, vendor’s white paper and different blog.
1) 5G NR standardization and deployments are progressing with non-standalone deployments in 2017-2019 and standalone expected in 2020.
2) 5G NR introduces improvements like flexible numerology, scalable transmission time interval, and self-contained subframes to enable low latency communications.
3) Beamforming and massive MIMO techniques along with hybrid beamforming architectures help support high bandwidth and capacity requirements of 5G networks.
View all Sessions
Kashif Islam, Solutions Architect , Cisco
Jay Romero, Sr. Director, IT Operations , Erickson Living
Come and learn how Erickson Living achieved deployment success using Cisco ME4600 based GPON Solution. Guest Presenter: Jay Romero, Sr.Director - IT Operations. Passive Optical Networks (PON) provides an effective and efficient way of providing fiber based high speed access to residential and business users. With the ever-growing demand for higher bandwidth, service providers are looking for fiber solutions that are cost-effective and easy to deploy and manage. This session will provide an insight into PON technology, with a focus on Gigabit-Capable PON. Attendees will learn basic design principles and applicable use cases for architecting a GPON Network using the Cisco ME4600 OLT and ONT/ONU. The presentation will outline the requirements to configure and verify an end-to-end service over ME4600 OLT. Redundancy mechanisms, such as Type B protection, in a GPON based environment will also be covered Attendees will walk away from this session with a firm understanding of the GPON technology, a clear view of applicability of GPON vs point-to-point ethernet for varius scenarios and reference designs for an effective, fast and reliable GPON network using Cisco ME4600 series of OLT and ONT products.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet technologies over time, from the original 10 Mbps Ethernet standard to faster standards such as Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet. It describes the key characteristics of each technology, including the types of media used (e.g. coaxial cable, fiber optic cable), encoding methods employed, and typical maximum transmission distances. The document suggests that while copper and wireless technologies may soon reach their speed limitations, fiber optic connections still have enormous potential bandwidth and will continue enabling faster Ethernet standards in the future.
100G networking technology is becoming more mature and widely adopted to handle increasing bandwidth demands. It provides significantly higher speeds than 10G networking, with lower latency and higher packet processing capabilities. Key technologies include 100G Ethernet, InfiniBand EDR, and Intel's OmniPath. These support a variety of form factors and can be split into lower speeds. While 100G NICs and switches are available, software and operating systems need improvements to fully leverage the capabilities and handle the throughput, such as integrating RDMA for high performance.
1. Cambridge Wireless
Small Cell SIG
31st January 2013
Let’s Get Real!
Non-Line-of-Sight Wireless Backhaul
for LTE Picocell Deployments
Peter Claydon
Managing Director, Airspan UK
v1
2. 2
A definition of Small Cells…
• There are many different definitions
• This is ours (for the purpose of this presentation)
• Uses “official” Small Cell Forum use case names
• Three types of small cells
1. Home and Enterprise
• Indoor, Low Power (typically 100mW)
• “Traditional” femtocells
2. Metro
• Outdoor, open access
• Higher power (1W)
• Focus of this presentation
3. Rural - Micro and Compact Macro Cells
• All-in-One outdoor base stations
• Much higher power (2-10W), open access
• Optimized for non-traditional locations
(Rooftops, Sides of Buildings etc…)
Comprehensive Suite of Flexible Back
Flexible Assembly
ADSL/VDS
FE/POE
Optical
MW/TDD
Small Cell
Radio Transport
+
In case of no wire
line backhaul
Copper
MicroWave
ADSL/VDSL
FE / POE
Cable
1
2
3
3. 3
F1
F1
F1
F1
Small Cell HetNets = Network Capacity Enhancement
• Small Cells will deliver huge network capacity increases…
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Macro-only
LTE Network
HetNet LTE
Network
Capacity Enhancement comes from
Aggressive Frequency Re-use
4. 4
Dynamic
Resource Block
Allocation
The Power of LTE-Advanced: eICIC and SON
• Enables aggressive deployment
of LTE small cells
• Allowing Time and Frequency
resource block re-use.
• Closely Coupled (Macros)
• Typically a Tri-Sectored Base
Station – sectors share the same
frequency. X2 communication over
Ethernet or internal messages
between sector RRMs
• Loosely Coupled (Small Cells)
• Auto-Optimizing and Configuring
cells that share the same spectrum
(i.e. N=1 re-use). X2
communications over wide-area
backhaul to other cells
All
Resource
Blocks
All
Resource
Blocks
All
Resource
Blocks
Loosely Coupled: Omni
Cells at different locations
Closely Coupled:
Sectors at same cell location
Dynamic
Resource Block
Allocation
Frequency
Time
5. 5
Small Cells and Frequency Re-use: eICIC at Work
• Small cell capacity gains come from better frequency re-use.
• LTE-Advanced protocols map UEs to the optimal cell (Macro or Pico), i.e. with the best signal
conditions (better MCS and MIMO). Mapping is independent of RSSI (with Cell Range Extension).
• Small cells are typically “Buried in the clutter”, so that propagation is contained and extensive re-
use of frequencies can happen.
• LTE-Advanced eICIC and Almost Blank Sub-frames (ABS) features ensures potential areas of
interference between Macro-Pico, and Pico to Pico are “mapped out”.
Macro Cell Macro Cell
Pico Cells
Small Cells are deployed in locations that are generally Non-Line-of-Sight
from Macro Cells, or other Pico Cells to maximize capacity gains
6. 6
Small Cell Networks: Capacity Enhancement
• LTE-Advanced eICIC and SON technology can deliver large capacity gains with even limited
numbers of Pico cells
• Macro cell footprint DL traffic boosted from 33Mbit/s to >130Mbit/s (with 4 Picos) – in Busy Hour
• Actual gains vary significantly depending on number of Pico cells deployed per Macro cell,
location of Pico cells, Busy Hour, versus Non-Busy Hour traffic patterns.
0x
2x
4x
6x
8x
10x
12x
14x
16x
18x
20x
Downlink Uplink
Macro
Cell Edge
Median
Assumptions*:
N=1 reuse 10 MHz FDD
4 Pico cells per Macro cell
eICIC, SON, High Power
Macro, Hotspot Deployment
SON
* 3GPP TS 36.814, Macro ISD 1500m, Full Buffer Model, Even UE Distribution, Cell Range Extension (12dB), 10 MHz (FDD) at 2.6 GHz
4x Gains using 4 Pico Cell per Macro Cell in Same Spectrum Allocation
7. 7
Small Cell Backhaul Requirements
• Assumptions: LTE-A eICIC, Hot Spots Deployment, Urban Model
• Busy Hour vs. Non Busy Hour with statistical sharing of backhaul
• Typical Backhaul for LTE Small Cells is around 40 Mbit/s (for 10 MHz FDD)
• Non Busy Hour Pico backhaul traffic typically ~1.3 times Busy Hour
• Backhaul needed per Pico decreases as number of Pico increases
* 3GPP TS 36.814, Macro ISD 1500m, Full Buffer Model, Even UE Distribution, Cell Range Extension (12dB), 10 MHz (FDD) at 2.6 GHz
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Macro Only 1 Pico 2 Pico 3 Pico 4 Pico
Busy Hour
Non Busy Hour
Average per Pico
Peak per Pico (90%)
Mbit/s
8. 8
Summary
• eICIC, and SON are key features for building LTE Small Cell networks
• These allow aggressive frequency re-use when cells are optimally located
• Small cells will generally be located in NLOS locations
• They can’t see Macro Cells, and mostly can’t see other Pico cells (by design)
• Small cells typically require ~40 Mbit/s backhaul per node
• If backhaul is less than 40 Mbit/s overall network capacity gains reduce
These technical characteristics drive the
backhaul requirements for Small Cells
9. 9
Let’s Get Real! Outdoor Picocell Deployments
A variety of deployment locations
Side of Building Metal Scaffold
Poles
Rooftops Wooden
Telephone Pole
Street Lamps Low-rise cell
Towers
11. 11
Let’s Get Real! LTE Small Cell Deployment
Containing LTE Small Cell Propagation
maximizes capacity gains
12. 12
Small Cell Backhaul Traffic
• Three types of traffic from a small cell
• Signaling and Management Traffic, S1 and X2 interfaces – Highest Priority,
Latency Sensitive, Mission Critical
• Synchronization Messages, 1588v2, Sync-E (assisting GPS), often critical
• Real-Time Services Traffic, Voice and Video, Cloud UI, Real-time Gaming etc…
• Non Real-Time Services Traffic, variety of types
• All LTE Traffic is classified using QCIs
• Each UE contains multiple traffic flows with different requirements
• VoLTE requires Real-Time, Low Latency support
13. 13
Backhaul
Impact on QoS of contended backhaul…
• If backhaul is contented (in any way), the QoS
and service reliability delivered over the LTE Uu
interface becomes impaired.
• If the backhaul randomly introduces latency and/or
reduces the capacity allocated to service flows
(especially GBR), the service is negatively impacted.
• Therefore, any backhaul solution must ensure
that the LTE radio-interface QoS is respected
and maintained across the contented backhaul.
• Typically this requires a detailed understanding of the
LTE Air-Interface
• Not something that can easily be done using code-point
markings, or other simple packet marking (ToS bits)
• Any contention based scheduling must take LTE Air-
Interface QoS needs into account.
• Ensuring Signaling gets and Real-Time / GBR
service gets served first
LTE QoS must be supported by any contented
backhaul solution for LTE Small Cells
eNodeB
Traffic
Instantaneous
Backhaul
Capacity
Instantaneous
Offered Load
S1andX2,
Sync,Mgmt
Real-TimeandGBR
Services
NonReal-Timeand
Non-GBRServices
14. 14
Wireless Backhaul Characteristics
• The capacity of “Ethernet based” wireless backhaul varies;
• Wireless has variable capacity by design
• Applies to both LOS and NLOS wireless solutions
• LOS capacity varies due to rain-fade
• P-MP backhaul shares it’s capacity over multiple nodes
• Takes advantage of statistical multiplexing
• Best when dimensioned using average, or mean traffic, not peak traffic
• Two Choices
• “Over provision” wireless backhaul to every small cell
• Ensure backhaul capacity always exceeds offered load. Economics are unattractive!
• LOS P-P links $,$$$’s per small cell (typically twice the cost of the small cell)
• Dimensioning using “average demand” using P-MP
• Makes economics attractive
• Implies support for QoS mechanisms in backhaul radio interface
LTE small cell deployments must solve
the QoS problem to be successful.
15. 15
Solution: Outdoor Picocell deployment with Fibre
• Typical deployment of 5 LTE Pico cells sharing a single Fibre connection
• Metro Ethernet service economically serves 5 LTE Pico Cells. Business case works…
Fibre
Uncontende
d 200 Mbit/s
Metro
Ethernet
NLOS NLOS NLOS NLOS
60Mbit/s
20Mbit/s
60Mbit/s
20Mbit/s
30Mbit/s
10Mbit/s
30Mbit/s
10Mbit/s 150Mbit/s
50Mbit/s
eICIC
Dynamic
Resource
Block
Allocation
16. 16
Solution: Picocells with P-P LOS and P-MP NLOS
• Deployment model mirrors the use of Fibre
• Backhaul comes from Macro cells sites
• Uses LOS P-P to a small cell with LOS to Macro cell
NLOS NLOS NLOS
60Mbit/s
20Mbit/s
60Mbit/s
20Mbit/s
30Mbit/s
10Mbit/s
eICIC
Dynamic
Resource
Block
Allocation
NLOS
30Mbit/s
10Mbit/s
Macro
Cell
17. 17
Fiber
NLOS Wireless
Backhaul
Coverage
P-MP NLOS Backhaul: Cooperative QoS
LTE Pico
Access
Coverage
LTE Pico
Access
Coverage
LTE Pico
Access
Coverage
P-MP NLOS
Backhaul Base
Station Node
LTE QCI
Scheduler
Information
Real-Time LTE
QCI Service Flow
Data
• In Cooperative QoS mode the Backhaul Scheduler maintains visibility of Pico scheduling
requirements for UEs (MSs), tracking QoS commitments on bandwidth, latency and priority
• In addition the Backhaul Scheduler also has visibility of the backhaul radio interface and it’s
interference environment.
• The scheduling by the Pico cells takes accounts of both requirements to deliver high performance over
the backhaul and end-to-end QoS over the 4G LTE or 4G WiMAX Pico access interface
18. 18
Let’s Get Real! AirSynergy: Airspan’s Small Cell
A compact, low power, multi-standard, carrier-class LTE eNodeB with
integrated backhaul
“Single Box, Optimised”
Form-Factor
Integrated High Capacity Backhaul
with Relay Capabilities
Self Optimizing
Access and Backhaul
Airspan | AirSynergy Gen2 | Environment visuals – initial image selection | 22 Feb 2012 | P.6
Environment Visuals – Example renderings
Initial renderings indicating the potential level of visualisation
urban setting, visible, eye-level rural
Airspan | AirSynergy Gen2 | Environment visuals – low res previews | 23 Feb 2012 | P.4
Environment Visuals – Rural 2
Low-res preview
21. 21
Summary and Conclusions
• LTE small cells can dramatically increase the capacity of LTE networks
• The enabling technology for LTE small cell is cost effective backhaul
• Unless the backhaul costs are right, small cell deployment won’t happen.
• Outdoor LTE small cells will mainly be deployed in NLOS locations
• Requires NLOS Backhaul technology, as Fiber based solution uneconomic
• Supporting QoS across any backhaul technology necessary
There is a Small Cell Backhaul Solution!
Core of the solution is NLOS P-MP Technology
with QoS support augmented with Fibre and
P-P LOS Wireless Backhaul
22. 22
Demonstration of eICIC
Cell Range Extension & Almost Blank Subframes
The power of Cooperative QoS
Let’s Get Real!
See it for real