Advanced: Private Networks & 5G Non-Public Networks

Private Networks & 5G Non-
Public Networks (NPNs)
@3g4gUK

Why Private Networks?
©3G4G
Improved Coverage High Security Privacy
Ultra Low Latency Ultra High Reliability Traffic Prioritization
Congestion
Management
Interference
Management
Cost Control

SNS Telecom Forecast, Oct 2019
©3G4G
• Expected to reach $4.7 Billion in annual spending by the end of 2020, private LTE and 5G networks
are increasingly becoming the preferred approach to deliver wireless connectivity for critical
communications, industrial IoT, enterprise & campus environments, and public venues. The market
will further grow at a CAGR of 19% between 2020 and 2023, eventually accounting for nearly $8
Billion by the end of 2023 (link)

Analyst Forecasts
©3G4G
• “Private LTE and 5G use by the oil and gas, mining, utilities, transportation, government
(including public safety) and manufacturing industries will significantly increase due to
the availability of new spectrum. The global private LTE/5G equipment and services
market is expected to triple by 2025 to about $10 billion” – Mobile Experts, Feb 2020
(link)
• “The demand for Private Campus Networks offers operators an opportunity for value
generation – we estimate the global market size to be €60-70bn by 2025.” – Arthur D.
Little, Feb 2019 (link)
• “By 2025, the private Long-Term Evolution (LTE) market comprising of healthcare,
transport and logistics, manufacturing, smart venues, smart cities, and oil and gas will be
worth US$16.3 billion with the vertical of transport and logistics being the largest among
those analyzed, representing 26.3% of the total market.” – ABI Research, Feb 2019 (link)
• “A recent study from Harbor Research indicated that the private LTE network market
could reach $17B (USD) by 2022.” – Qualcomm, May 2017 (link)

Nokia Boasts of 120+ Private Networks
©3G4G
Nokia is running 120+ private networks
including:
• 24 in transportation
• 35 in Energy
• 32 in public sector and smart cities
• 11 in manufacturing and logistics
Nokia said its current private wireless business
includes:
• 24 customers in transportation, including
Port of Kokkola, Port of Oulu and Vienna
Airport.
• 35 customers in Energy, including Minera Las
Bambas.
• 32 customers in public sector and smart
cities, including Sendai City and Nordic
Telecom/Czech Republic.
• 11 customers in manufacturing and logistics,
including China Unicom/BMW and
Ukkoverkot/Konecranes.

Typical Mobile Network Architecture
©3G4G
Voice (PSTN)
Network
Data (IP)
Network
PS Core CS Core
Controller
Nodes
Access
Network
2G/3G Only
Access
Network
Core
Network
Air
Interface
Backhaul

3G Private Networks
©3G4G
• Had to rely on Operator Core as the core was comparatively complex
• Had to rely on Operator Spectrum
• Limited Spectrum availability meant Indoor Networks relied on
Small Cells
• WCDMA was good in Interference Management
• Users restricted by making cells closed (CSG – Closed Subscriber Group)
• Other users would not be able to use the network while in the CSG
cell, unless operator had other spectrum broadcasting
• Really clunky approach, not deployed too much in practice unless used
in off-shore deployments like Oil rigs, etc.

Simplified PS Only Mobile Network Architecture
©3G4G
Data (IP)
Network
PS Core
Access
Network
Core
Network
Air
Interface
Backhaul

Simplified LTE/4G Private Networks
©3G4G
• Simplified Core was the main driver of Initial LTE Private Networks
• It was possible to host a private EPC (4G Core) locally
• This gave rise to 2 different approaches for remote/offshore
deployments with satellite for backhaul or connectivity

Simplified LTE/4G Private Networks
©3G4G
• Simplified Core was the main driver of Initial LTE Private Networks
• It was possible to host a private EPC (4G Core) locally
• This gave rise to 2 different approaches for remote/offshore
deployments with satellite for backhaul or connectivity
• OFDMA Air Interface in LTE allowed much better interference
management with the Macro Networks
• Inter-cell Interference Coordination (ICIC)
• Enhanced ICIC (eICIC)

Typical Private LTE (P-LTE) Network
©3G4G
• P-LTE typically consists of eNodeB, EPC & Content Server
• There can be many other optional components including IMS
• P-LTE can be used in many scenarios including Factories, PPDR (Public
Protection and Disaster Relief), Enterprises, etc.
EPC
MME
S-GWP-GW
eNB
IMS
Content
Server
P-LTE Network In a Box
HSS
Internet

3GPP Releases Timeline
©3G4G
Private Networks

5G Deployment Options and Migration Strategy
©3G4G
EPC 5GC (NGCN)
SA
NSA
eNB EPC
Option 1: SA LTE connected to EPC Option 2: SA NR connected to 5GC
(Standalone)
(Non-Standalone)
[Dual Connectivity]
ng-eNBgNB 5GC
Option 5: SA LTE connected to 5GC
Option 3: NSA LTE assisted NR
connected to EPC
Option 4: NSA NR assisted LTE
connected to 5GC
connected to 5GC
Migration
Strategy Option 1
↗ Option 2
↘ Option 3
Option 3
↗ Option 7
↘ Option 5
Option 3
↗ Option 3
↘ Option 2
Option 3
↗ Option 4
↘ Option 2
[EN-DC] [NE-DC] [NGEN-DC]
5GC
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
EPC
eNB
en-gNB

©3G4G
EPC 5GC (NGCN)
SA
NSA
eNB EPC
(Standalone)
(Non-Standalone)
[Dual Connectivity]
ng-eNBgNB 5GC
connected to EPC
connected to 5GC
connected to 5GC
Migration
Strategy Option 1
↗ Option 2
↘ Option 3
Option 3
↗ Option 7
↘ Option 5
Option 3
↗ Option 3
↘ Option 2
Option 3
↗ Option 4
↘ Option 2
5GC
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
EPC
eNB
gNB
Today – 4G Networks

©3G4G
EPC 5GC (NGCN)
SA
NSA
eNB EPC
(Standalone)
(Non-Standalone)
[Dual Connectivity]
ng-eNBgNB 5GC
connected to EPC
connected to 5GC
connected to 5GC
Migration
Strategy Option 1
↗ Option 2
↘ Option 3
Option 3
↗ Option 7
↘ Option 5
Option 3
↗ Option 3
↘ Option 2
Option 3
↗ Option 4
↘ Option 2
5GC
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
EPC
eNB
en-gNB
Non-Standalone 5G
Networks, Release-15, all 5G
networks today

Option 3: Non-Standalone (NSA) NR, LTE assisted, EPC connected
©3G4G
• en-gNB: node
providing NR user
plane and control
plane protocol
terminations towards
the UE, and acting as
Secondary Node in EN-
DC.
• In simple English, it’s a
gNB that supports
legacy E-UTRAN
interface
MME/S-GW MME/S-GW
EPC
E-UTRAN
S1-U
X2
X2- U
eNB eNB
en-gNB
en-gNB
Based on:
3GPP TS 37.340 V15.4.0 (2018-12)
Figure 4.1.2-1:EN-DC Overall Architecture

Release-15 ‘Private Network’
©3G4G
• Designed as a standalone/isolated solution for an enterprise
or a factory kind of situation
• No interaction with any public network
• Security could be based on 3GPP or non-3GPP mechanisms
• Emergency calls could not be initiated on this network
• No Roaming, etc.
• Designed for Network in a Box (NIB) kind of solution
• Only limited interest because of little or no MNO involvement

5G System (5GS)
©3G4G
Air
Interface
New & Evolution
Evolved Packet
Core (EPC)
Data (IP)
Network
eNB
UE
Evolved
Packet
System
(EPS)
5G Core (5GC)
Data (IP)
Network
NG-RAN
UE
5G System
(5GS)
New Radio or Next-
Generation RAN
(NG-RAN)
Radio
Access
Network
(RAN)
Core
Network
(CN)
5G System is defined as
3GPP system consisting of
5G Access Network (AN),
5G Core Network and UE.
The 5G System provides
data connectivity and
services.
3GPP TS 23.501: System
Architecture for the 5G System;
Stage 2
3GPP TS 23.502: Procedures for
the 5G System; Stage 2

©3G4G
EPC 5GC (NGCN)
SA
NSA
eNB EPC
(Standalone)
(Non-Standalone)
[Dual Connectivity]
ng-eNBgNB 5GC
connected to EPC
connected to 5GC
connected to 5GC
Migration
Strategy Option 1
↗ Option 2
↘ Option 3
Option 3
↗ Option 7
↘ Option 5
Option 3
↗ Option 3
↘ Option 2
Option 3
↗ Option 4
↘ Option 2
5GC
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
EPC
eNB
gNB
Future – Standalone 5G
Networks, after Release-16
is finalized

©3G4G
EPC 5GC (NGCN)
SA
NSA
eNB EPC
(Standalone)
(Non-Standalone)
[Dual Connectivity]
ng-eNBgNB 5GC
connected to EPC
connected to 5GC
connected to 5GC
Migration
Strategy Option 1
↗ Option 2
↘ Option 3
Option 3
↗ Option 7
↘ Option 5
Option 3
↗ Option 3
↘ Option 2
Option 3
↗ Option 4
↘ Option 2
5GC
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
5GC
gNB
ng-eNB
EPC
eNB
gNB
Way out in the future,
probably 2024 onwards

Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN)
©3G4G
AMF/UPF AMF/UPF
5GC
NG-RAN
NG
Xn
Xn
ng-eNB ng-eNB
gNB
gNB
Based on:
3GPP TS 38.300 V15.4.0 (2018-12)
Figure 4.1-1: Overall Architecture
An NG-RAN node is either:
• a gNB, providing NR
user plane and control
plane protocol
the UE; or
• an ng-eNB, providing E-
UTRA user plane and
control plane protocol
the UE.

Control plane
function group
5GS Service Based Architecture (SBA)
©3G4G
Data Network
(DN)gNodeB
(NG-RAN)
5G UE
User plane
function
UPF
AMF SMF
NSSF NEF NRF AUSFFE PCFFEUDM AF
UDR
FE
UDC
N1
N2
N3 N6
N4
Nnssf Nnef Nnrf Nudm Nausf Npcf Naf
AF Application Function
AMF Access and Mobility management Function
AUSF Authentication Server Function
DN Data Network
FE Front End
NEF Network Exposure Function
NRF NF Repository Function
NSSF Network Slice Selection Function
PCF Policy Control Function
(R)AN (Radio) Access Network
SEPP Security Edge Protection Proxy
SMF Session Management Function
UDM Unified Data Management
UDR Unified Data Repository
UDSF Unstructured Data Storage Function
UE User Equipment
UPF User Plane Function

©3G4G
Private Networks
Non-Public
Networks (NPN)

Release-16: Non-Public Network (NPN)
©3G4G
3GPP TS 22.261: Service requirements for the 5G system; Stage 1
(Release 16) describes Non-public networks in section 6.25 as:
• Non-public networks are intended for the sole use of a private entity
such as an enterprise, and may be deployed in a variety of
configurations, utilizing both virtual and physical elements.
• Specifically, they may be deployed as:
• completely standalone networks,
• they may be hosted by a PLMN,
• or they may be offered as a slice of a PLMN.
• Continued…

Release-16: Non-Public Network (NPN)
©3G4G
In any of these deployment options, it is expected that:
• Unauthorized UEs, those that are not associated with the enterprise,
will not attempt to access the non-public network, which could result
in resources being used to reject that UE and thereby not be available
for the UEs of the enterprise.
• UEs of the enterprise will not attempt to access a network they are
not authorized to access. For example, some enterprise UEs may be
restricted to only access the non-public network of the enterprise,
even if PLMN coverage is available in the same geographic area. Other
enterprise UEs may be able to access both a non-public network and a
PLMN where specifically allowed.

Example of NPN from 3GPP TR 23.734
©3G4G

Types of 5G NPNs
©3G4G
Standalone NPN (SNPN) Public Network Integrated NPN (PNI-NPN)
• SNPN is operated by an NPN operator, not
relying on network functionality provided
by a SP / MNO
• UE can have subscription for one or more
NPNs
• List of NPN IDs is available in SIB
• Access to public network possible as NPN
can be considered as an untrusted
network
• Access to NPN via public network is also
possible
• PNI-NPN is an NPN deployed with the
support of a SP / MNO
• Different approaches are possible
including dedicated spectrum, slice, etc.
• Closed Access Group (CAG) concept is
used to protect from other UEs from
accessing the NPN and wasting resources
• UE subscription contains CAG IDs
• CAG ID broadcast in SIB

5G LAN-type service
©3G4G
Based on description in 3GPP TS 22.261:
• The 5GS shall support 5G LAN-type service in a shared RAN configuration.
• The 5GS shall support 5G LAN-type service over a wide area mobile network.
• The 5G network shall support service continuity for 5G LAN-type service, i.e. the private
communication between UEs shall not be interrupted when one or more UEs of the
private communication move within the same network that provides the 5G LAN-type
service.
• The 5GS shall support use of unlicensed as well as licensed spectrum for 5G LAN-type
services.
• The 5GS shall enable the network operator to provide the same 5G LAN-type service to
any 5G UE, regardless of whether it is connected via public base stations, indoor small
base stations connected via fixed access, or via relay UEs connected to either of these
two types of base stations.

5G LAN-virtual network (5G LAN-VN)
©3G4G
• A UE shall be able to select a 5G LAN-VN, that the UE is a member of, for private communications.
• 5G LAN-VNs can have member UEs numbering between a few to tens of thousands.
• The 5G LAN-VN shall support member UEs that are subscribed to different PLMNs, e.g. a 5G LAN-VN may span
multiple countries and have member UEs that have a subscription to a PLMN in their home country.
• The 5GS shall support on-demand establishment of UE to UE, multicast, and broadcast private communication
between members UEs of the same 5G LAN-VN. Multiple types of data communication shall be supported, at
least IP and Ethernet.
• The 5G network shall ensure that only member UEs of the same 5G LAN-VN are able to establish or maintain
private communications among each other using 5G LAN-type service.
• The 5GS shall allow member UEs of a 5G LAN-VN to join an authorized multicast session over that 5G LAN-VN.
• The 5G system shall be able to restrict private communications within a 5G LAN-VN based on UE’s location (i.e.
when the UE moves out of the area it can no longer communicate on the 5G LAN-VN).
• The 5G network shall enable member UEs of a 5G LAN-VN to use multicast/broadcast over a 5G LAN-type
service to communicate with required latency (e.g. 180ms).
• The 5G system shall support a mechanism to provide consistent QoE to all the member UEs of the same 5G
LAN-VN.
• The 5G system shall support routing based on a private addressing scheme within the 5G LAN-VN.

SNPN vs PNI-NPN
©3G4G
SNPN PNI-NPN
Spectrum Own, Unlicensed, Shared Operator spectrum, unlicensed,
shared
Investment High Capex + Low Opex Low Capex + High Opex
Network Maintenance IT department, Integrator,
Connectivity provider
MNO or Integrator selected by MNO
Devices, SIMs, subscriptions, etc. Own responsibility or connectivity
provider
MNO responsibility
Security Own responsibility MNO based end-to-end security
Roaming No roaming Standard roaming
Advanced services Limited advanced services like 5G
LAN, 5G LAN-VN
3GPP based and MNO supported
advanced services available

(Extremely) Simplified 5G Network Architecture
©3G4G
gNB
5GC-CP
UDM
UPF
Services
Radio
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services

Isolated Private 5G Network
©3G4G
1
Picture from 5G ACIA
Whitepaper on NPN
Scenarios – see
references

Fully Independent, Isolated Private 5G Network
©3G4G
Radio
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Radio
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Private 5G Network SP/MNO 5G Network
Data
Network
MEC
1a

1a
Fully Independent, Isolated Private 5G Network
©3G4G
Radio
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Radio
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Data
Network
MEC
Pros
• Complete isolation from public
networks
• QoS / QoE is independent of the
public network, even if that fails
• Data stored locally, securely
• Ultra-Low Latency due to proximity of
all components
• Reduced wiring within the factory /
enterprise, etc.
• No monthly subscription charges for
end users
Cons
• High Capex for software, hardware
and license fees
• Spectrum cost may be high,
unlicensed spectrum would be prone
to interference
• Difficult to find IT staff, would need
help from Integrators that adds to
Capex and Opex

SP Built, Isolated Private 5G Network
©3G4G
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Radio
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Data
Network
Radio
MEC
1b

1b
SP Built, Isolated Private 5G Network
©3G4G
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Radio
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Data
Network
Radio
MEC
Pros
• Complete isolation from public
networks – not available for SP
subscribers
• QoS / QoE is independent of the
public network, even if that fails
• Licensed SP spectrum, cheaper and
less prone to interference
• SP maintains the running of the
network with SLAs in place
all components
enterprise, etc.
Cons
and license fees – maybe subsidised
by the SP
• Monthly subscription charges for end
users or based on the access nodes or
based on site / size.
• IT staff would still need to be trained
for first line of troubleshooting

4G Network Sharing Approaches
©3G4G
CN PS only
eNodeB
Cell/
Frequency
Service
Platforms
HSS/HLR
Operator 1 Operator 2 Shared Elements
GWCNSite Sharing MORAN MOCN
Defined in 3GPP TS 23.251 and TR 22.951
Not defined by 3GPP standards

©3G4G
It’s called Dual
Slicing, but it
looks very much
like RAN sharing
Campus networks are
exclusive mobile networks
for a defined local campus,
a university or individual
buildings, such as an office
building. They are tailored
to the individual needs of
users and meet future
requirements in the area of
Industry 4.0.
Deutsche Telekom

Campus Types
©3G4G
Source: Arthur D. Little
Industrial Office Venue
Primary user of the
network
Machines Employees Visitors Suppliers / Contractors
Quality Requirements
Throughput Latency Throughput Latency Throughput Latency Throughput Latency
Security Availability Security Availability Security Availability Security Availability
Purpose
Sense &
Control
Connect
& Secure
Inform &
Entertain
Sense &
Control
Connect
& Secure
Inform &
Entertain
Sense &
Control
Connect
& Secure
Inform &
Entertain
Sense &
Control
Connect
& Secure
Inform &
Entertain
Coverage Indoor
On-prem
Outdoor
Off-prem Indoor
On-prem
Outdoor
Off-prem Indoor
On-prem
Outdoor
Off-prem Indoor
On-prem
Outdoor
Off-prem
Devices Phone /
Computer
IoT
Device
B2B2x
Solution
Device
Phone /
Computer
IoT
Device
B2B2x
Solution
Device
Phone /
Computer
IoT
Device
B2B2x
Solution
Device
Phone /
Computer
IoT
Device
B2B2x
Solution
Device
Distributed /
non-stationary

2
Radio
©3G4G
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Signaling
Database
User Data
Services
Data
Network
MEC
Radio
Pros
• QoS / QoE is still fairly independent of
the public network, even if that fails
all components
enterprise, etc.
Cons
• Not completely isolated from SP
network and subscribers
and license fees – maybe subsidised
by the SP

Database
Signaling
RAN & Signaling Sharing between Public-Private 5G Network
©3G4G
User Data
Services
User Data
Services
Data
Network
MEC
RadioRadio
3

Database
Signaling
RAN & Signaling Sharing between Public-Private 5G Network
©3G4G
User Data
Services
User Data
Services
Data
Network
MEC
RadioRadio
3
Pros
• QoS / QoE is still fairly independent of
the public network, even if that fails
• Capex is significantly lower than
previous options
all components
enterprise, etc.
Cons
• Not completely isolated from SP
network and subscribers
• Signalling dependent on SP network –
can have issues if the network is
loaded
• Subscriber information stored in SP
network, which may be an issue

User Data
E2E Network Slicing between Public-Private Network
©3G4G
Services
Data
Network
MEC
Database
Signaling
RadioRadio
4

User Data
E2E Network Slicing between Public-Private Network
©3G4G
Services
Data
Network
MEC
Database
Signaling
RadioRadio
4
Pros
• Logical separation with public
networks
• Capex is very low
enterprise, etc.
Cons
• No physical separation with public
network
• Dependency on SP network for
signalling as well as QoS/QoE
• Latency much higher
• Subscriber information stored in SP
network, which may be an issue
• Data stored in SP Datacentre
(probably at Edge)

Types of Private Networks and SP Role
©3G4G
Standalone Private
Network
Hybrid Private Network Virtual Private Network
Applications Customer Customer Customer Customer
Management Customer Customer / SP SP SP
Services Customer Customer / SP Customer / SP SP
Infrastructure Customer Customer / SP Customer / SP SP
Spectrum Customer / SP SP (Customer - optional) SP (Customer - optional) SP
Devices Customer Customer Customer Customer
SIMs Customer Customer SP SP
1 2 3 4

Release-17: Further Enhancements of NPN (eNPN)
©3G4G
FS_eNPN, as detailed in SP-191376
• SNPN and SP separation: Study enhancements to enable support for
SNPN along with subscription / credentials owned by an entity
separate from the SNPN
• Onboarding: Study how to support UE onboarding and provisioning for
non-public networks
• VIAPA support: Study enhancements to the 5GS for NPN to support
NPN related service requirements for production of audio-visual
content and services e.g. for service continuity and enabling reception
of data services from two networks.
• Emergency: Study support for IMS and emergency services for SNPN

Further Reading on this topic
©3G4G
• 5G ACIA: 5G Non-Public Networks for Industrial Scenarios (link)
• Telefonica I+D: The use of 5G Non-Public Networks to support Industry 4.0
scenarios (link)
• Gabriel Brown, Heavy Reading: Private 5G Mobile Networks for Industrial IoT
(link)
• Harrison J. Son, Netmanias: 7 Deployment Scenarios of Private 5G Networks
(link)
• Dr. Yongbin Wei, Qualcomm: The Role of 5G in Private Networks for
Industrial IoT (link)
• Ali Rezaki & Anja Jerichow, Nokia Bell Labs: 5G Security Challenges for
Verticals - a Standards View (link)
• Deutsche Telekom: 5G technology in industrial campus networks (link)
• Arthur D. Little: Private Campus Networks (link)

Thank You
To learn more, visit:
3G4G Website – https://www.3g4g.co.uk/
3G4G Blog – https://blog.3g4g.co.uk/
Telecoms Infrastructure Blog – https://www.telecomsinfrastructure.com/
Operator Watch Blog – https://www.operatorwatch.com/
Connectivity Technology Blog – https://www.connectivity.technology/
Free 5G Training – https://www.free5gtraining.com/
Follow us on Twitter: https://twitter.com/3g4gUK
Follow us on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/3g4gUK/
Follow us on LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/3g4g
Follow us on SlideShare: https://www.slideshare.net/3G4GLtd
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©3G4G

Advanced: Private Networks & 5G Non-Public Networks

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