The proliferation of handheld devices has continued to push the demand for higher data rates. Network providers will use small cells as an overlay to macrocell in fifth-generation (5G) for network capacity enhancement. The current cellular wireless backhauls suffer from the problem of insufficient backhaul capacity to cater to the new small cell deployment scenarios. Using the 3D digital map of Lagos Island in the Wireless InSite, small cells are deployed on a street canyon and in high-rise scenarios to simulate the backhaul links to the small cells at 28 GHz center frequency and 100 MHz bandwidth. Using a user-defined signal to interference plus noise ratiothroughput (SINR-throughput) table based on an adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS), the throughput values were generated based on the equation specified by 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 0, which estimates the peak data rate based on the modulation order and coding rate for each data stream calculated by the propagation model. Finding shows achieved channel capacity is comparable with gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) used in fiber to the ‘X’ (FTTX) for backhauling small cells. The effect of channel parameters such as root mean squared (RMS) delay spread and RMS angular spread on channel capacity are also investigated and explained.
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
Performance analysis of smart optimization antenna for wireless networks IJECEIAES
Antenna design has significantly advanced as a result of the widespread need for wireless communications and data substitution through wireless devices. The research article's goal is to provide a conceptual framework, difficulties, and opportunities for a source as well as a general overview of the antenna used in wireless communications applications. In this proposed research, we will go over a variety of topics related to mobile communication and fifth generation (5G) technologies, including its pros and benefits. A thorough comparison between the expected properties of the antennas and each generation, from 1 st generation (1G) to 5G, is also included. This article also provides an overview of the investigated 5G technologies and various antenna designs.
A Comparative Study on 4G and 5G Technology for Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
10-Gb/S Transmission of Wdm Pon for Man with 50km Reach Based On FtthIJERA Editor
The wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) is considered to be the next evolutionary solution for a simplified and future-proofed access system that can accommodate exponential traffic growth and bandwidth-hungry new applications. WDM-PON mitigates the complicated time-sharing and power budget issues in time division- multiplexed PON (TDM-PON) by providing virtual point-to-point optical connectivity to multiple end users through a dedicated pair of wavelengths. The objective of this paper is proposed a scheme for metropolitan area networks comprising optical components based on arrayed waveguide grating multiplexers, demultiplexers .The Arrayed waveguide gratings based multiplexers and demultiplexers for WDM applications prove to be capable of precise multiplexing and demultiplexing of a large number of channels with relatively low losses.
Performance analysis of smart optimization antenna for wireless networks IJECEIAES
Antenna design has significantly advanced as a result of the widespread need for wireless communications and data substitution through wireless devices. The research article's goal is to provide a conceptual framework, difficulties, and opportunities for a source as well as a general overview of the antenna used in wireless communications applications. In this proposed research, we will go over a variety of topics related to mobile communication and fifth generation (5G) technologies, including its pros and benefits. A thorough comparison between the expected properties of the antennas and each generation, from 1 st generation (1G) to 5G, is also included. This article also provides an overview of the investigated 5G technologies and various antenna designs.
Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
Low complexity physical layer security approach for 5G internet of thingsIJECEIAES
Fifth-generation (5G) massive machine-type communication (mMTC) is expected to support the cellular adaptation of internet of things (IoT) applications for massive connectivity. Due to the massive access nature, IoT is prone to high interception probability and the use of conventional cryptographic techniques in these scenarios is not practical considering the limited computational capabilities of the IoT devices and their power budget. This calls for a lightweight physical layer security scheme which will provide security without much computational overhead and/or strengthen the existing security measures. Here a shift based physical layer security approach is proposed which will provide a low complexity security without much changes in baseline orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) architecture as per the low power requirements of IoT by systematically rearranging the subcarriers. While the scheme is compatible with most fast Fourier transform (FFT) based waveform contenders which are being proposed in 5G especially in mMTC and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), it can also add an additional layer of security at physical layer to enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB).
An effective technique for increasing capacity and improving bandwidth in 5G ...IJECEIAES
In recent years, the wireless spectrum has become increasingly scarce as demand for wireless services has grown, requiring imaginative approaches to increase capacity within a limited spectral resource. This article proposes a new method that combines modified symbol time compression with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MSTC-OFDM), to enhance capacity for the narrow-band internet of things (NB-IoT) system. The suggested method, MSTC-OFDM, is based on the modified symbol time compression (MSTC) technique. The MSTC is a compressed waveform technique that increases capacity by compressing the occupied symbol time without losing bit error rate (BER) performance or data throughput. A comparative analysis is provided between the traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and the MSTC-OFDM method. The simulation results show that the MSTC-OFDM scheme drastically decreases the symbol time (ST) by 75% compared to a standard OFDM system. As a result, the MSTC-OFDM system offers four times the bit rate of a typical OFDM system using the same bandwidth and modulation but with a little increase in complexity. Moreover, compared to an OFDM system with 16 quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM-OFDM), the MSTC-OFDM system reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 3.9 dB to transmit the same amount of data.
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Techno...ijcseit
International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology (IJCSEIT) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology. The Journal looks for significant contributions to all major fields of the Computer Science and Information Technology in theoretical and practical aspects. The aim of the Journal is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Candidate solutions to improve Wireless Mesh Networks WMNs performance to mee...ijcseit
96% market share of existing Smart Grid network installations is wireless mesh networks [1]. The paper starts by justifying the selection of WMNs as opposed to any other communication technology based on quantifying the bandwidth/latency/QoS constraints of a number of Smart Grid applications. The main objective of this paper, however, is to discuss some optimization techniques that found in the literature and can be implemented to overcome some of the challenges currently being faced by WMNs deployment in Smart Grid’s NANs. Hybrid WMN (HWMN) is proposed as an optimization on the topology level to leverage WMNs convergence. Distributed Autonomous Data Routing DADR, multigate and diversity routing are optimizations on the protocol level to minimize the down time of WMNs. Cognitive Radio is investigated as an optimization on the physical level. The paper also explores the feasibility of using Wireless Software Defined Networks WSDN to improve the overall visibility and manageability of WMNs
Power Consumption Modeling and Analysis of Integrated Optical-Wireless Access...IJECEIAES
The integration of optical and wireless technologies at access networks are considered as a future solution which provide both high bandwidth and high mobility in an efficient way. GPON is a suitable candidate for optical backhaul due to the combination of higher data rates, greater split ratio and support for triple play services hence it offers maximum flexibility and cost advantages. On the other hand, recent developments of new radio access technologies and introduction of femtocell base stations provide the potential of offering broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhere. However, the power consumption of this network demands a particular attention because access networks are the largest contributor the network related electricity consumption. Therefore, in this paper we evaluate the power consumption of integrated optical-wireless access network which is based on independent ONU-BS architecture. We proposed a power consumption model for such network and the assessment has been done under different simulation scenarios. The constructed model will provide insight of the energy performance of the integrated access network so that in the network design process, focus can be done to the most energy saving strategies.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Key performance requirement of future next wireless networks (6G)journalBEEI
Given the massive potentials of 5G communication networks and their foreseeable evolution, what should there be in 6G that is not in 5G or its long-term evolution? 6G communication networks are estimated to integrate the terrestrial, aerial, and maritime communications into a forceful network which would be faster, more reliable, and can support a massive number of devices with ultra-low latency requirements. This article presents a complete overview of potential 6G communication networks. The major contribution of this study is to present a broad overview of key performance indicators (KPIs) of 6G networks that cover the latest manufacturing progress in the environment of the principal areas of research application, and challenges.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
5G explanation by sertsedengle shewandagn.
This paper is a simple explanation of 5G, from the knowledge I grasped while researching and reading books about 5G. I put my summary and of 5G. I will discuss the history of cellular networks, the evolution of cellular network generations, the core idea of 5G, the development, the effects, the use, pros and cons, and so on.
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
White Paper: Evolving Technolgies for Mobile Front and BackhaulingSusmita Adhikari Joshi
While fibers are mostly being deployed in the backhaul networks, a new approach of building flexible mobile networks is being pushed forward where fiber is also used from the base station to the antenna, which is called fronthaul.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
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Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) has emerged as a promising solution to meet the ever-growing capacity demand and reduce the cost of mobile network components. In such network, the mobile operator’s Remote Radio Head (RRH) and Base Band Unit (BBU) are often separated and the connection between them has very tight timing and latency requirements. To employ packet-based network for C-RAN fronthaul, the carried fronthaul traffic are needed to achieve the requirements of fronthaul streams. For this reason, the aim of this paper is focused on investigating and evaluating the feasibility of Integrated Hybrid Optical Network (IHON) networks for mobile fronthaul. TransPacket AS (www.transpacket.com) develops a fusion switching that efficiently serves both Guaranteed Service Transport (GST) traffic with absolute priority and packet switched Statistical Multiplexing (SM) best effort traffic. We verified how the leftover capacity of fusion node can be used to carry the low priority packets and how the GST traffic can have deterministic characteristics on a single wavelength by delaying it with Fixed Delay Line (FDL). For example, for L1GE SM =0.3 the added SM traffic increases the 10GE wavelength utilization up to 89% without any losses and with SM PLR=1E-03 up to 92% utilization. The simulated results and numerical analysis confirm that the PDV and PLR of GST traffic in Ethernet network meet the requirements of mobile fronthaul using CPRI. For Ethernet network, the number of nodes in the network limits the maximum separation distance between BBU and RRH (link length); for increasing the number of nodes, the link length decreases. Consequently, Radio over Ethernet (RoE) traffic should receive the priority and Quality of Service (QoS) HP can provide. On the other hand, Low Priority (LP) classes are not sensitive to QoS metrics and should be used for transporting time insensitive applications and services.
Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communicationijtsrd
The proliferation of heterogeneous devices connected through large scale networks is a clear sign that the vision of the Internet of Things IoT is getting closer to becoming a reality. Many researchers and experts in the field share the opinion that the next to come fifth generation 5G cellular systems will be a strong boost for the IoT deployment. Device to Device D2D appears as a key communication paradigm to support heterogeneous objects interconnection and to guarantee important benefits. Future research directions are then presented towards a fully converged 5G IoT ecosystem. In this paper, we analyze existing data about D2D communication systems and its relation of 5G IoT networks. The enhancement of such networks will bring several spheres to learn for. Nozima Musaboyeva Bahtiyor Qizi "Correlation between Terms of 5G Networks, IoT and D2D Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47522.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/47522/correlation-between-terms-of-5g-networks-iot-and-d2d-communication/nozima-musaboyeva-bahtiyor-qizi
Low complexity physical layer security approach for 5G internet of thingsIJECEIAES
Fifth-generation (5G) massive machine-type communication (mMTC) is expected to support the cellular adaptation of internet of things (IoT) applications for massive connectivity. Due to the massive access nature, IoT is prone to high interception probability and the use of conventional cryptographic techniques in these scenarios is not practical considering the limited computational capabilities of the IoT devices and their power budget. This calls for a lightweight physical layer security scheme which will provide security without much computational overhead and/or strengthen the existing security measures. Here a shift based physical layer security approach is proposed which will provide a low complexity security without much changes in baseline orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) architecture as per the low power requirements of IoT by systematically rearranging the subcarriers. While the scheme is compatible with most fast Fourier transform (FFT) based waveform contenders which are being proposed in 5G especially in mMTC and ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC), it can also add an additional layer of security at physical layer to enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB).
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96% market share of existing Smart Grid network installations is wireless mesh networks [1]. The paper starts by justifying the selection of WMNs as opposed to any other communication technology based on quantifying the bandwidth/latency/QoS constraints of a number of Smart Grid applications. The main objective of this paper, however, is to discuss some optimization techniques that found in the literature and can be implemented to overcome some of the challenges currently being faced by WMNs deployment in Smart Grid’s NANs. Hybrid WMN (HWMN) is proposed as an optimization on the topology level to leverage WMNs convergence. Distributed Autonomous Data Routing DADR, multigate and diversity routing are optimizations on the protocol level to minimize the down time of WMNs. Cognitive Radio is investigated as an optimization on the physical level. The paper also explores the feasibility of using Wireless Software Defined Networks WSDN to improve the overall visibility and manageability of WMNs
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The integration of optical and wireless technologies at access networks are considered as a future solution which provide both high bandwidth and high mobility in an efficient way. GPON is a suitable candidate for optical backhaul due to the combination of higher data rates, greater split ratio and support for triple play services hence it offers maximum flexibility and cost advantages. On the other hand, recent developments of new radio access technologies and introduction of femtocell base stations provide the potential of offering broadband services and applications to everyone and everywhere. However, the power consumption of this network demands a particular attention because access networks are the largest contributor the network related electricity consumption. Therefore, in this paper we evaluate the power consumption of integrated optical-wireless access network which is based on independent ONU-BS architecture. We proposed a power consumption model for such network and the assessment has been done under different simulation scenarios. The constructed model will provide insight of the energy performance of the integrated access network so that in the network design process, focus can be done to the most energy saving strategies.
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In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
5G explanation by sertsedengle shewandagn.
This paper is a simple explanation of 5G, from the knowledge I grasped while researching and reading books about 5G. I put my summary and of 5G. I will discuss the history of cellular networks, the evolution of cellular network generations, the core idea of 5G, the development, the effects, the use, pros and cons, and so on.
5G uplink interference simulations, analysis and solutions: The case of pico ...IJECEIAES
The launch of the new mobile network technology has paved the way for advanced and more productive industrial applications based on high-speed and low latency services offered by 5G. One of the key success points of the 5G network is the available diversity of cell deployment modes and the flexibility in radio resources allocation based on user’s needs. The concept of Pico cells will become the future of 5G as they increase the capacity and improve the network coverage at a low deployment cost. In addition, the short-range wireless transmission of this type of cells uses little energy and will allow dense applications for the internet of things. In this contribution, we present the advantages of using Pico cells and the characteristics of this type of cells in 5G networks. Then, we will do a simulation study of the interferences impact in uplink transmission in the case of PICO cells densified deployment. Finally, we will propose a solution for interference avoidance between pico cells that also allows flexible management of bands allocated to the users in uplink according to user’s density and bandwidth demand.
White Paper: Evolving Technolgies for Mobile Front and BackhaulingSusmita Adhikari Joshi
While fibers are mostly being deployed in the backhaul networks, a new approach of building flexible mobile networks is being pushed forward where fiber is also used from the base station to the antenna, which is called fronthaul.
Similar to Fifth-generation small cell backhaul capacity enhancement and large-scale parameter effect (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
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Fifth-generation small cell backhaul capacity enhancement and large-scale parameter effect
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023, pp. 5198~5208
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i5.pp5198-5208 5198
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Fifth-generation small cell backhaul capacity enhancement and
large-scale parameter effect
Olabode Idowu-Bismark, Francis Idachaba, Aderemi A. Atayero
Electrical and Information Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Sep 16, 2022
Revised Mar 29, 2023
Accepted Apr 3, 2023
The proliferation of handheld devices has continued to push the demand for
higher data rates. Network providers will use small cells as an overlay to
macrocell in fifth-generation (5G) for network capacity enhancement. The
current cellular wireless backhauls suffer from the problem of insufficient
backhaul capacity to cater to the new small cell deployment scenarios. Using
the 3D digital map of Lagos Island in the Wireless InSite, small cells are
deployed on a street canyon and in high-rise scenarios to simulate the
backhaul links to the small cells at 28 GHz center frequency and 100 MHz
bandwidth. Using a user-defined signal to interference plus noise ratio-
throughput (SINR-throughput) table based on an adaptive modulation and
coding scheme (MCS), the throughput values were generated based on the
equation specified by 3GPP TS 38.306 V15.2.0 0, which estimates the peak
data rate based on the modulation order and coding rate for each data stream
calculated by the propagation model. Finding shows achieved channel
capacity is comparable with gigabit passive optical networks (GPON) used in
fiber to the ‘X’ (FTTX) for backhauling small cells. The effect of channel
parameters such as root mean squared (RMS) delay spread and RMS angular
spread on channel capacity are also investigated and explained.
Keywords:
Channel capacity
Channel modeling
Fifth-generation
Small cell backhaul
Wireless backhaul
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Olabode Idowu-Bismark
Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Covenant University
Canaan Land Ota, Nigeria
Email: idowubismarkolabode@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The requirement of the fifth generation (5G) communication paradigm is diverse according to [1]. It
includes over 20 Gbps peak data rate with a latency of 1 ms, spectrum efficiency of 3x that of 4G and up to 5x
in hot spots, as well as extensive connectivity of machine type devices for machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication and a host of other requirements. It has been suggested in [2] that network densification (ND)
is a method to achieve the need for 5G. ND is the deployment of small cells (picocells, and femtocells) as an
overlay in macrocell with massive multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) and mmWave (30 to 300 GHz)
band at the base station and or the user equipment. Small cells in ultra-dense network (UDN) link with the
network via a backhaul connection to macrocell base station (BS). This backhaul of dense small cell networks
has emerged as a bottleneck of their successful deployment, particularly for the last-mile link. There is other
backhaul technologies with different capabilities available to small cell networks. Generally, backhaul links
are either wired or wireless technologies. The wired backhaul includes copper used in the digital subscriber
line and optic fiber with last-mile technology being Fiber-to-the-X where ‘X’ could stand for H-home,
B-building, to form fiber-to-the-home (FTTH), and fiber-to-the-building (FTTB). The last-mile wireless
backhaul is mobile wireless which includes the third-generation (3G) high-speed packet access (HSPA+),
fourth-generation (4G) long term evolution (LTE), and wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) [3]. Optic fiber cables are
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Fifth-generation small cell backhaul capacity enhancement and large-scale … (Olabode Idowu-Bismark)
5199
either ideal with very high throughput and very low latency, i.e., fiber access 4, or non-ideal with moderate
throughput and latency, i.e., fiber 1 to 3. Unlike the wired backhaul, the wireless backhaul is always
non-ideal [4]. However, it might be a feasible solution in hyper-dense networks since wired backhaul poses a
problem for the last-mile link. This problem is due to many small cells and their incremental, unplanned
deployment leading to high cost, issues with right of way, and a long time to deployment [5]. The use of
wireless backhaul for small cells requires a high data rate that mmWave frequencies can offer due to its
availability of broader bandwidth. However, its implementation has significant issues, including high pathloss,
severe penetration loss, and its resulting channel being poorly scattered [6], [7]. The use of massive MIMO
combined with mmWave for backhaul employing beamforming at the BS offers solutions to solve the above
challenges [8]. There are many ways to facilitate the 5G wireless UDN based on mmWave massive MIMO.
One such architecture used for the 5G network is shown in Figure 1. The sizeable accessible bandwidth and
the high spectral efficiency qualify the mmWave massive MIMO as a potential technology choice to enhance
the ongoing 5G cellular network overall system throughput [9].
Figure 1. mmWave massive MIMO architecture for enhanced backhaul in 5G [10]
Small cells are multi-radio access technologies (multi-RAT) capable and represent an essential part
of the UDN, which are considered an imperative 5G solution. Sharing the spectrum in a UDN requires
intelligent inter-cell interference coordination, cancellation, or exploitation [11]. Moreover, the small cells
feature different capabilities, transmission powers, coverage, and deployment scenarios [12]. Backhauling is
data evacuation from the base station to the core network. One deployment scenario for last-mile application
for optic fiber is the fiber to the ‘X’ (FTTX), which uses the active optical network (AON) or passive optical
network (PON). As a result of its cost-effectiveness for multiple connections to homes and small business
enterprises (SMEs), the PON technology is globally used for fiber optic last-mile internet connections [3].
Gigabit passive optical networks (GPON), a gigabit per second speed version of the PON, is an optical system
for the access networks based on ITU-T specifications G.984 series [13]. It can provide a 20 km reach with a
28 dB optical budget by using class B+ optics with a 1:32 split ratio. GPON system supports 155 Mbps
upstream and 1.24 Gbps downstream up to 1.24 Gbps upstream and 1.24 Gbps downstream, and 155 Mbps
upstream and 2.49 Gbps downstream up to 2.49 Gbps upstream and 2.49 Gbps downstream. GPON supports
both asynchronous transmission mode (ATM) and GPON encapsulation method (GEM) encapsulation. GPON
encapsulation method supports native time division multiplexing (TDM) and data [14]. Table 1 shows
transmission rates of different PON technologies.
Table 1. Transmission rates of different PON technologies [3]
Parameter EPON GPON 10G EPON 10G GPON
Standard IEEE 802.3ah ITU-T G.984 IEEE.802.3av ITU-T G.987
Rate (Gbps) 1.25/1.25 1.2/2.4 1/10 2.5/10
Fiber type SM (ITU-T G.652) SM (ITU-T G.652) SM (ITU-T G.652) SM (ITU-T G.652)
Max distance reach (OLT-ONU) 10 km/20 km 20 km 10 km/20 km 20 km
Different small cells wireless backhaul methods are based on the frequency band of choice. There is
the in-band backhaul, otherwise called self-backhauling, and the out-of-band backhaul. Ni et al. [15] and
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5198-5208
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Ge et al. [16], even within these two methods, there are many topologies. Also, small cells in UDN are expected
to be deployed incrementally without detailed network planning. Some may not find a direct backhaul to the
core network, thus requiring one or two other small cells to create a multi-hop backhaul link that will forward
its traffic to a nearby small cell to reach a node that can connect it with the core network [17]. Based on the
above considerations, three topologies exist; single gateway node, where the small cells handle their traffic and
accumulate traffic for the small cells along the branches of the tree that are probably out of the LOS of the
macrocell. Next is the multiple gateway nodes (MGN), a multi-root tree topology. MGN is to provide an
alternative gateway node for backhauling if a gateway node is inaccessible or down. Finally, we have the Mesh
and Redundancy in Loops topology. The mesh topology gives occasions to attain redundancy in loops such
that a node has multiple routes to reach the gateway node, thereby improving the reliability of the backhaul
network. Routing is a crucial aspect of the topology, and developing routing schemes that maximize the overall
throughput of the backhaul network is critical [16].
In [18]–[20] have carried out work to investigate the characteristics of mmWave massive MIMO
channel for backhaul and how the channel parameters impact various capabilities of the wireless channel,
including the channel capacity. According to [18], the UDN is an expected promising candidate to be deployed
for the ongoing 5G networks to achieve the high data rate demand. However, to realize this UDN, a vital
precondition is a dependable, cost-effective, large gigahertz bandwidth backhaul link between ultra-dense
small cell base stations (SC BSs) and macrocell BS. The authors then suggested using mmWave massive
MIMO for enhanced link reliability. The paper proposed a digitally controlled phase shifter network (DPSN)
based hybrid precoding/combing scheme. Similar to [18] is the work conducted by Nakamura et al. [19]. They
study interference management for mmWave mesh backhaul networks using orthogonal channel allocation and
optimal transmission allocation. Their result shows that the backhaul bottleneck due to interference was
reduced, increasing throughput. Feng and Mao [20], a deep reinforcement learning algorithm, managed and
improved the limited backhaul capacity of the mmWave communication system between the BS and the core
network. The backhaul capacity improvement was achieved through efficient resource allocation. In [21], the
authors performed a performance analysis for the mmWave integrated access and backhaul between small cells
and the macrocell base station. They derive the downlink rate coverage probability for different resource
allocations at the macrocell BS. The result analysis of the downlink rate coverage probability shows that
offloading users from the macrocell BS to small cell BSs improves the obtained rate as compared to HetNet
with fiber-backhauled small cell. The works of [22] use Winpro 3D ray-tracing software to compute
throughput, maximum data rate, and capacity improvement due to MIMO beamforming. The authors used the
Winpro software to simulate mmWave MIMO for small cell wireless backhaul and access data rate limitations.
They showed that a peak data rate of 15 Gbps is possible with a cell edge rate above 400 Mbps. Varzakas [23],
characterized a hybrid direct-sequence slow frequency hopping code-division multiple access (CDMA) system
in the Rayleigh fading environment, and the channel capacity achievable per user-determined.
In this paper, the authors proposed a novel use of a 5G new radio (5G NR) air interface employing
closed-loop diversity to provide optimal performance for the wireless backhaul link of small cells to BS. The
authors used an adaptive modulation and coding scheme which helps maintain a constant throughput over a wide
range of user equipment/small cells, thereby providing a backhaul link with the required capacity for small cells. The
three main contributions of this work are: i) development of three-dimensional beamforming (3DBF) backhaul link
capable of Gbps channel capacity comparable with optic fiber (GPON/2.4 Gbps) using ray-tracing simulation
techniques, thus making it suitable for last-mile backhaul of small cells in place of optic fiber; ii) provision of
models for the effect of large-scale channel parameters on the backhaul link capacity suitable for predicting
network deployment in an urban high-density high-rise and street canyon environment of Lagos Island and a
similar environment; and iii) the cross-correlation coefficient results of this research engender an accurate
comparison between the large scale parameters (LSPs) and their effect on the backhaul link channel capacity,
particularly during network optimization. The rest of this paper is organized as follows: section 2 provides the
research method’s details, and section 3 presents the results and discussions. We conclude in section 4.
2. METHOD
Explaining this section considers the various equipment, tools, and methods used in the experiment’s
simulation, their attributes, and specifications. These include the BS and small cell specifications, the Remcom
Wireless InSite software, the MATLAB 2017b, and the digital 3D map used in this work. Lately, two frequency
bands have been suggested as good candidates for wireless backhaul. These are the current cellular frequency
band and the mmWave, such as 28 GHz, 60 GHz, and, E-band ranging from 71 to 76 GHz and 81 to 86 GHz
[24]. One of the predominant frequency ranges for the 5G NR as proposed by the 3GPP TR 138 901 release
15 of 2018 [25] is the 24.25 to 29.5 GHz. Also, since atmospheric attenuation for mmWave is near the lowest
at 28 GHz [26]. These necessitate the proposed carrier frequency of 28 GHz, while the bandwidth of 100 MHz
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is the minimum channel bandwidth for all carrier frequencies as specified in the 3GPP release 15 standards
[25]. Since mmWave suffers from high propagation loss, it is best suited for short-distance transmission such
as short-distance wireless backhauls among SCs.
In this work, the authors define the channel signal quality using the channel’s signal to interference
plus noise ratio (SINR). This is done by putting together a user-defined SINR-throughput table as shown in
Table 2 using the adaptive modulation and coding scheme (MCS) in Wireless InSite, a map-based deterministic
commercial simulation tool. The throughput values were generated based on the equation specified by 3GPP
TS 38.306 V15.2.0 0, which estimates the peak data rate based on the modulation order and coding rate for
each data stream calculated by the propagation model. Table 3 shows the simulations parameter and their
values.
Table 2. SINR-throughput lookup tables for simulation
SINR (dB) Throughput (Mbps) MCS
0.21 53.87 QPSK_0.40
4.54 101.01 QPSK_0.75
6.94 107.74 QPSK_0.80
8.48 134.68 QPSK_1.00
10.84 202.02 16QAM_0.75
12.41 215.48 16QAM_0.80
13.78 269.36 16QAM_1.00
16.46 303.02 64QAM_0.75
18.15 323.23 64QAM_0.80
26.0 404.03 256QAM_0.75
27.5 430.97 256QAM_0.80
33.3 538.71 256QAM_1.00
Table 3. Simulation parameters
Simulation parameters Values
Number of street small cells 596
Number of high-rise small cells 30
Carrier frequency 28 GHz
Bandwidth 100 MHz
BS transmit power 30 dBm
BS height 10 m
Street small cell height 2.5 m
High-rise small cell height Various
Antenna configuration
BS Antenna 4×4 UPA
Small cell antenna 2×2
Antenna element spacing 1 wavelength
The BS utilizes the 4×4 dual-polarized MIMO uniform planar antenna array (UPA) with a half-wave
dipole and one wavelength spacing between elements for the simulation’s communication system. The BS is
located at 10 m within Tinubu Square at Lagos Island, Nigeria, and uses a maximum ratio transmission
algorithm and adaptive modulation. In the first scenario, 596 small cells receivers are located along broad
street, a street canyon environment. The second scenario has 30 small cells vertically located on a 30-story
building to create the high-rise scenario. The small cell receivers use a 2×2 MIMO antenna array operating at
28 GHz carrier frequency and 100 MHz bandwidth. Maximal ratio combining is used at the receiver to model
the receiver diversity. The channel vectors of the H-matrix are used to adjust the magnitudes and phases of the
MIMO antenna elements to maximize the total received power. A 3D digital map of Lagos Island is uploaded
to the Wireless InSite ray-tracing software to create the propagation environment. A narrowband sinusoidal
28 GHz waveform with a bandwidth of 100 MHz is generated, then used to create a 4×4 dual-polarized MIMO
transmitter antenna and 2×2 MIMO receiver antenna. After the simulation, the extracted output dataset for the
backhaul channel capacity, angular spread of arrival and departure in the azimuth and elevation domain, and
were post-process in MATLAB.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the simulation, data generated were processed and the results obtained analyzed. In this section,
the analysis of the results was explained. The achievable data rate for the street canyon and high-rise scenarios
were presented while the effect of large-scale parameters was also explained.
3.1. Channel capacity for high-rise
In the high-rise scenario, the first three floors were in an outage. The above indicates mmWave
susceptibility to blockage and the need for more than one BS to cover high-rise buildings in mmWave-based
cellular networks. The result shows a gradual increase in the channel capacity as the building height increases
to a peak at 1.42 Gbps on the 9th
floor and then decreases gradually to about 0.72 Gbps on the 30th
floor.
Meanwhile, the throughput for high-rise shows a reasonably constant value between 500 to 300 Mbps per
floor/small cell. Table 4 shows values of channel capacity for selected high-rise floors. Figure 2 shows the
normal distribution of channel capacity for a high-rise scenario.
3.2. Channel capacity for street canyon
For the street scenario, the record shows a channel capacity value of about 1.8 to 2.0 Gbps for the
small cells close to the BS, which gradually decreases as we move towards the far end, with capacity dropping
to about 0.4 Gbps at 590 m. At 200 m, we see a channel capacity of 1.14 Gbps and a throughput of 430 Mbps.
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Table 5 shows channel capacity values for selected small cells between 5 to 200 m. Figure 3 is the probability
distribution of the street canyon small cells channel capacity showing a lognormal distribution. Compared with
other candidate technologies for the last-mile backhaul of small cells, the proposed 5G NR backhaul offers link
capacity comparable with optic fiber capacity, as seen in Table 6.
Table 4. Channel capacity for selected high-rise floors
Floor No Capacity (Mbps) Throughput (Mbps)
1st
0.12 0
2nd
0.082 0
3rd
695.23 323.23
5th
519.01 269.36
7th
1011.73 430.97
10th
1194.09 538.71
12th
1109.98 538.71
15th
1075.26 430.79
17th
1024.85 430.97
20th
919.69 430.79
22nd
875.37 404.03
25th
867.79 404.03
27th
857.19 323.23
29th
796.57 404.03
30th
723.89 323.23
Figure 2. Pdf of channel capacity for high-rise
Table 5. Channel capacity for street canyon
Distance (m) Capacity (Mbps) Throughput (Mbps)
10.00 1852.31 538.71
20.00 1758.87 538.71
30.00 1734.57 538.71
40.00 1541.03 538.71
50.00 1501.09 538.71
60.00 1447.86 538.71
70.00 1495.53 538.71
80.00 1357.93 538.71
90.00 1356.18 538.71
100.00 1242.56 538.71
110.00 1228.76 538.71
120.00 1277.64 430.97
130.00 1241.46 538.71
140.00 1232.69 538.71
150.00 1321.61 538.71
160.00 1060.44 538.71
170.00 1240.62 538.71
180.00 1194.46 430.97
190.00 1031.96 430.97
200.00 1138.24 430.97
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Figure 3. Pdf of channel capacity for street canyon scenario
Table 6. Comparison of candidate backhaul technologies with the proposed 5G NR link
Technology Standard Frequency/Wavelength Multiplexing Rate Usage
EPON IEEE 802.3ah 1260 to 1360 nm
1480 to 1500 nm
WDM 1.25/1.25 Gbps FTTX
10G EPON 1EEE 802.3av 1577 nm
1270 nm
WDM 10/1 Gbps FTTX
GPON ITU-T G.984 1290 to 1330 nm
1480 to 1500 nm
WDM 2.4/1.2 Gbps FTTX
10GPON ITU-T G.987 1577 nm
1270 nm
WDM 10/2.5 Gbps FTTX
WiMAX IEEE 802.16d/m 2 to 11 GHz OFDM 75 Mbps Fixed and Mobile BWA
3.9G LTE 2 to 3.5 GHz OFDM and OFCDM 200 Mbps Mobile BWA
4G LTE-A 2 to 3.5 GHz OFDM and OFCDM 1 Gbps Mobile BWA
Proposed 5G NR 28 GHz OFDM and NOMA Street canyon:
2 Gbps at 5 m
0.75 Gbps at 500 m
High-rise:
1.24 Gbps at 252 m
0.72 Gbps at 271 m
Fixed and Mobile BWA
Table 7 compares the channel capacity statistics for the high-rise and street canyon scenarios. The
minimum achievable rate for the high-rise (0.08 Mbps) was as a result of outages at the lower floors due to
blockages of the mmWave signals from the BS. However, it is shown that a high-rise scenario can achieve a
considerable amount of channel capacity in the order of Gbps.
Table 7. Comparison between channel capacity statistics for high-rise and street canyon scenarios
HIGH-RISE (Mbps) STREET CANYON (Mbps)
Min capacity 0.08 87.90
Max capacity 1240.19 2040.00
Mean 892.03 965.45
10% percentile 515.00 1520.00
50% percentile 920.00 1680.00
90% percentile 1200.00 1840.00
The research result shows that the obtained channel capacity in both scenarios is considerably higher
than LTE/LTE-A channel capacity, which stood at 1 Gbps maximum. The simulation achieved 2 Gbps for the
street canyon scenario and 1.24 Gbps for the high-rise scenario. The throughput values show that the data rate
can sustain a multi-hop small cell network. Compared with the wired GPON and 10GPON technology, the
result faired favorable, particularly if we consider that both the GPON and 10GPON rates are composite for at
least 16 users. Thus, GPON and 10GPON give a downlink/uplink per-user rate of 150/75 Mbps for GPON and
625/62.5 Mbps for 10GPON, which are lower than this work per-user rate. Adaptive modulation and coding in
this work enable higher and constant backhaul link throughput. A throughput of 538.71 Mbps at 200 m was
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achieved in the street canyon scenario, with 407.73 Mbps in the high-rise scenario except where there was an
outage. The above shows that with our result, the proposed backhaul link has a better capacity than the current
LTE/LTE-A and compares favorably with the 10GPON state-of-the-art wired backhaul.
3.3. Effect of large-scale parameters on channel capacity
This section considers the impact of elevation domain large-scale parameters on channel capacity.
Such large-scale parameters include the root mean squared delay spread and the root mean squared angular
spread. The large-scale parameter’s behavior in the azimuth and elevation domain at the arrival and departure
respectively were also considered.
3.3.1. Effect of root mean squared delay spread on channel capacity
Considering the behavior of the channel capacity with the root mean square delay spread (RMS DS)
as the height of the building increases, a decrease in the channel capacity is observed as the RMS DS increases.
Each point in Figure 4 represents a relationship between delay spread and channel capacity of each floor. Some
points (represented by x) were excluded from Figure 4 to get an exact fit for the curve. The above is because
the first three floors were in an outage in the high-rise scenario, and their results are unreliable and, thus, can
be considered outliers. Their exclusion shows the effect of RMS DS on capacity as a negative linear relationship
where channel capacity decreases with an increase in RMS DS.
Further examination shows the arrival of three arriving clusters. Generally, a cluster is regularly
referred to as a resolvable multipath component (MPC) or a group of MPCs propagating together in delay and
space domains having similar departure and arrival angles [27]. The first arriving cluster covers the lower part
of the building Figure 4 between the 1st
to 12th
floor and has the highest channel capacity between 1 Gbps to
1.2 Gbps with the lowest delay spread of between 0 to 100 ns. The second arriving cluster covers the 13th
to
22nd
floor with a capacity of 0.9 Gbps to 1.1 Gbps and a delay spread of between 170 to 250 ns. The last arriving
cluster covers the 23rd
floor to the 30th
floor with a channel capacity range of between 0.8 to 0.9 Gbps, and the
highest values of delay spread between 350 to 400 ns. The model is denoted by (1).
𝑓(𝑥) = −0.76𝑥 + 948 (1)
In the street canyon scenario, we see a decrease in the channel capacity as the RMS DS increases, just
as seen in the case of the high-rise. It is also noticed that the delay spread close to the BS is minimal because
the SCs are close to the BS, and the distance traveled by the multipath components is very short, leading to
small values of delay spread. As we move away from the BS, the delay spread values increase with an increase
in the BS-UE distance. The multipath components traveled longer distances, leading to a corresponding
decrease in channel capacity. Figure 5 shows the range of the delay spread increasing as channel capacity
decreases where at 33 ns, we have about 1.9 Gbps, at 75 ns, the capacity has decreased to about 1.3 Gbps, and
finally, at 117 ns, we have a channel capacity of approximately 0.5 Gbps. The effect of RMS DS on the channel
capacity for the street canyon scenario can thus be represented by the second-order polynomial in (2).
𝑓(𝑥) = 0.00035𝑥2
− 0.000000000169𝑥 + 0.000000228 (2)
Figure 4. RMS DS vs. capacity for high-rise Figure 5. RMS DS with capacity street
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3.3.2. Effect of root mean squared elevation spread of arrival on channel capacity
The effect of root mean squared elevation spread of arrival (RMS ESA) on channel capacity is
reviewed in this section. In the high-rise scenario, Figure 6, we see ESA increasing with channel capacity
correspondingly decreasing along with the height of the building, where at 5° ESA, the channel capacity was
at 1.18 Gbps. As the ESA increases to 10°, channel capacity decreases to 0.95 Gbps. At the top of the building
where ESA figures were highest, a 25° ESA corresponds to a capacity value of about 0.35 Gbps. The relationship
is represented by (3).
𝑓(𝑥) = −0.0236𝑥 + 33.61 (3)
In the street canyon scenario, ESA decreases rapidly with channel capacity, as shown in Figure 7 (with
ESA at about 17° and channel capacity at 2 Gbps near the BS, both decrease with distance). This ESA decrease
with channel capacity seems to contradict the belief that reducing angular spread increases channel capacity.
However, we should consider that the highest channel capacity was achieved very close to the BS, where we
have a lot of scatters leading to the large value of ESA. However, the effect of the large value of ESA was
overshadowed by the ample BS power giving rise to large channel capacity. As the BS-UE distance increases
and the UE enters the wave guide-like street canyon, the value of ESA slowly decreases before becoming
relatively constant. The decrease in channel capacity can be attributed more to pathloss than RMS ESA. The
RMS ESA relationship with channel capacity is modeled by (4).
𝑓(𝑥) = 0.000028𝑥2
− 0.073𝑥 + 48.83 (4)
Figure 6. RMS ESA with capacity for high-rise Figure 7. RMS ESA with capacity for street canyon
3.3.3. Effect of RMS ESD on channel capacity
The exact relationship observed in the RMS ESA with channel capacity is repeated in the case of
RMS ESD with channel capacity, as Figure 8 for high-rise shows an ESD value of 5°, corresponding to about
1.2 Gbps. As ESD increases to 15° channel capacity decreases to about 1.05 Gbps. Figure 9 for the street
canyon scenario shows that at about 20 ESD, the channel capacity was at 1 Gbps while the value increased as
the ESD increased. At 7.5°, the channel capacity has risen to about 2 Gbps. The models for the high-rise and
street canyon scenarios are represented by (5) and (6), respectively.
𝑓(𝑥) = −0.08𝑥 + 105 (5)
𝑓(𝑥) = 0.55𝑥2
+ 0.93𝑥 + 0.87 (6)
3.4. Cross-correlation coefficient of LSPs with capacity
Understanding the behavior of the parameters and their distribution functions is essential. Still, the
knowledge of the cross-correlation between them is also of pronounced interest, and we can leverage this
knowledge for more realistic channel simulations. The cross-correlation coefficient is vital for analyzing the
collective behavior of the parameters. Table 8 is the cross-correlation coefficients for angular spread and delay
spread with channel capacity. There is no literature precedence to validate the values of channel capacity
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cross-correlation coefficient with LSPs. Still, we believe in the integrity of our result and hope it will be the
basis for further research by other scholars.
Figure 8. RMS ESD with capacity for high-rise Figure 9. RMS ESD with capacity for street
Table 8. Cross-correlation coefficients for RMS AS and RMS DS with channel capacity
Urban high-density high-rise (O2I) Street canyon (UMi)
Capacity vs. RMS DS -0.10 -0.22
Capacity vs. RMS ASA 0.10 0.23
Capacity vs. RMS ASD -0.14 -0.31
Capacity vs. RMS ESA -0.46 0.36
Capacity vs. RMS ESD -0.17 0.22
4. CONCLUSION
The need for last mile wireless backhauls for small cells in UDN and the inability of the current
LTE/LTE-A to meet the data rate requirement led to the proposed simulated backhaul link. The simulated link
shows the ability for Gbps channel capacity in areas where the deployment of optic fiber cables poses a
challenge. The use of adaptive modulation and adaptive coding enabled the achievement of higher and stable
throughput of 538.71 Mbps throughout the cell coverage of 200 m for the street canyon scenario and
407.73 Mbps for the high-rise scenario. These values are higher than obtained for the state-of-the-art wireless
backhaul (LTE/LTE-A) and are comparable with the wired backhaul (GPON, 10GPON) channel capacity. The
scope of this work is limited to the backhaul link, while the access link is not considered. While 100 MHz
bandwidth is used in this work, the research direction is considering higher bandwidth in the order of GHz for
greater data rate used for applications such as virtual reality, where a single user may require 250 Mbps
connection speed. Models of the effect of large-scale parameters on the channel capacity of the backhaul link
were also produced. These are suitable for predicting network deployment. It is expected that the authors of
this work will perform future simulations for city-wide coverage for better prediction.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by the IoT-Enabled Smart and Connected Communities (SmartCU)
Research Cluster of Covenant University, the Covenant University Centre for Research, Innovation, and
Discovery (CUCRID), Nigeria, and REMCOM Corporation State College, PA 16801 USA.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Olabode Idowu-Bismark is a Senior Lecturer at Covenant University, Ota,
Nigeria. He holds a B.Eng. degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering from the University
of Benin, Nigeria and a M.Sc. in Telecommunications Engineering from Birmingham
University UK. He obtained his Ph.D. in Information and Communication Engineering from
Covenant University. Olabode has worked in various companies as an engineer, senior engineer,
and technical manager. He is a member of the Nigerian Society of Engineers, member, MIEEE,
and a COREN Registered Engineer. His research interest is in the area of mobile
communication, mmWave, and MIMO communication. He has published many scientific
papers in international peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He can be contacted at email:
olabode.idowu-bismark@covenantuniversity.edu.ng and idowubismarkolabode@gmail.com.
11. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 5, October 2023: 5198-5208
5208
Francis Idachaba is a Professor of Communication Engineering in the Department
of Electrical and Information Engineering at Covenant University Ota Ogun State. He obtained
his Ph.D. in Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering from the University of Benin in
Edo State Nigeria. With over 15 years in academia, he has within the last five years served as a
research fellow in 2013 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the US. He has over 90
publications in both journals and conferences. He is involved in the internet of things, 5G
communications, and smart cities research among other interests. He is a member of the Society
of Petroleum Engineers, the Nigerian Society of Engineers, and a registered Engineer in Nigeria.
He can be contacted at email: francis.idachaba@covenantuniversity.edu.ng.
Aderemi Atayero is The Covenant University Professor of Communication
Engineering. He has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Radio Engineering and a Master of
Science Degree in Satellite Communication Systems in 1992 and 1994 respectively. He earned
his Ph.D. from the Moscow State Technical University of Civil Aviation (MSTUCA) in 2000.
Atayero is a Fellow of the Science Association of Nigeria (FSAN) as well as a Senior Research
Fellow of the International Association of Research Scholars and Administrators. He is a
COREN Registered Engineer and member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE). He has published over a hundred scientific papers in both journals and
conferences. His current research interests are in various aspects of Communication
Engineering, including wireless sensor networks, wireless (mobile) communications, internet
of things (IoT), smart cities, and cyber-physical systems. He can be contacted at email:
atayero@covenantuniversity.edu.ng.