The document discusses loanwords and borrowing between languages. It provides examples of words borrowed between English, German, Latin, Tagalog and other languages. There are three main types of borrowing discussed: 1) importation of words directly from another language; 2) partial substitution where part of a word is borrowed; and 3) substitution where an indigenous word takes on the meaning of a foreign word. Borrowing occurs due to cultural and linguistic contact between language communities. It is a natural consequence of languages interacting with each other through trade and other exchanges over time.

1. Borrowing
Dialectal

2. Introduction Discussion

5. (Also dialect mixing)
The putative process by which speakers
acquire non-native pronunciations for
certain words from speakers of other
dialects with significantly different
phonological histories, rejecting their own
native pronunciations for these words in
the process.

6. • borrowing refers to the process of speakers adopting
words from a source language into their native
language.
• It is a consequence of cultural contact between two
language communities.
For example, the Germanic tribes in the first few
centuries A.D. adopted numerous loanwords from Latin
as they adopted new products via trade with the
Romans. Few Germanic words, on the other hand,
passed into Latin.

7. 1. Importation
Foreign word
non-integrated word from a foreign language, spelt as is
Example: E café (from French)
It. mouse ‘computer device’ (from English)
Loan word
integrated word from a foreign language, orthography adapted for
the receiving language.
Example: E music (from French "musique")
Sp. chófer (from French "chauffeur").

8. 2. Partial Substitution
Composite words, in which one part is borrowed,
another one substituted.
Example:
OE Saturnes dæg ‘Saturday’ (Lat. Saturni dies)
G Showgeschäft ‘literally: show-business’ (E show business)
G Live-Sendung ‘literally: live-broadcast’ (E live broadcast).

9. 3. Substitution
1. Loan Coinage
»Loan Formation
o Loan Translation
Translation of the elements of the foreign word.
Example:OE Monan dæg ‘Monday’ (Lat. Lunae dies)
Fr. gratte-ciel ‘scrape-sky’ (E skyscraper)
Sp. manzana de Adán (E Adam’s apple)

10. 3. Substitution
1. Loan Coinage
»Loan Formation
o Loan Rendering
Translation of part of elements of the foreign word.
Example:E brother·hood (Lat. frater·nitas)
E television or F télévision (the first element Gk. telos "far"
and the second L. visio "sight“).

11. 3. Substitution
1. Loan Coinage
»Loan Creation
o coinage independent of the foreign word,
but created out of the desire to replace a
foreign word.
Example:
E brandy (Fr. cognac).
E elevator (BE lift).

12. 3. Substitution
2. Loan Meaning
• indigenous word to which the meaning of the foreign
word is transferred.
Example:
OE cniht ‘servant + disciple’ (Lat. discipulus ‘student’)
OE heofon ‘sky’ (Lat. Caelum ‘sky / heaven’)
G maus and Fr souris ‘rodent + computer device’
(E mouse ‘rodent, computer device’).

14. • words borrowed from one language and
incorporated into another (Wikipedia).
• words adopted by the speakers of one
language from a different language or
the source language (Suzane Kemmer).

15. English has many loanwords. In 1973, a computerized survey of about
80,000 words in the old Shorter Oxford Dictionary (3rd edition) was
published in Ordered Profusion by Thomas Finkenstaedt and Dieter Wolff.
Their estimates for the origin of English words were as follows:
• French and Norman: 28.3%
• Latin, including modern scientific and technical Latin: 28.24%
• Germanic languages, including Old and Middle English: 25%
• Greek: 5.32%
• No etymology given or unknown: 4.03%
• Derived from proper names: 3.28%
• All other languages contributed less than 1%

16. • The Italian government has recently
expressed its displeasure over the use of
English words and syntax in Italian.
• English words are often used where they
are more convenient than a longer Italian
expression.
Example:
E Computer > Fr. elaboratore elettronico

17. • Week-end > finesettimana
• Also, there are equally convenient Italian
words that exist.
fashion > moda
meeting > conferenza.

18. Words are occasionally imported with a different meaning
than that in the source language.
Example:
The German word Handy, which is a adaptation of the English
adjective "handy", means mobile phone.

19. • The Tagalog language, due to its history of connections
with the rest of Asia, and having been colonized, had
benefitted from its colonizers 'influential migrants'
unique experiences accumulated from other cultures
(viz. Sanskrit; Arabic; Spanish – Greek and Latin, Arabic,
Mexican, English Spanish, Malay, Chinese, Japanese, and
Indian languages)

20. • The Filipino language has developed a unique
vocabulary, since its inception from
its Austronesian roots.
• According to Jose Villa Panganiban, "of the 30,000 root
words in the Tagalog language, there are close to 5,000
from Spanish, 3,200 from Malay, 1,500 from English,
1,500 from both Hokkien (Min Nan) and Yueh Chinese
dialects, 300 from Sanskrit, 200 from Arabic, and a few
hundred altogether from other languages"

21. • Spanish is the language that has bequeathed the most
loan words to Tagalog.
• An example is the sentence below, wherein Spanish–
derived words are italicized:
"Puwede ba akong umupo sa silya sa tabi
ng bintana habang nasa biyahe tayo sa eroplano?"

22. • Most have retained at least their spelling, sounding, and
original definition <'basura', 'delikadesa', 'demokrasya' >
• Others have morphed
<'ku(ha)nin' (Sp.: 'coja' + Tag. '–nin')>
<'maamong kordero' (from Sp.'amo' & 'cordero')>
• The compound word <'batya't palo–palo‘> were taken from
the Spanish 'batea' for 'washing tub' and 'palo' for 'stick' or
'beater‘.

23. Others have totally evolved into new meaning.
• 'sospechoso‘ ('suspicious person' and not the 'suspect'
anymore as it originally means in Spanish)
• 'imbyerna' (invierna), meant 'winter' became a word for
'bummer‘
• 'sigue' a Spanish word for 'continue' or 'follow' now widely
understood as the second or third to the last word when
about to hang up the phone ('O sigue uhm, bye.').

24. Tagalog Spanish Meaning
Abante Avante Ahead, Forward
Bodega Bodega Warehouse
Colegio/Kolehiyo Colegio College
Diyos Dios God
Edukasyon Educación Education
Guerra/Giyera Guerra War
Hustisya Justicia Justice
Ingles Inglés English
Kalye Calle Street
Luho Lujo Luxury
Mundo Mundo World

25. Tagalog English
Basketbol Basketball
Biskwit Biscuit
Byu View
Direk Director
Ekonomiks Economics
Ispiker Speaker
Isports Sports
Istampid Stampede
Catsup/Kechap Ketchup
Keyk Cake
Perpyum Perfume
Websayt Website
English words in a
Tagalog sentence
are written as they
are. But, they are
sometimes written
in Tagalog phonetic
spelling. Here are
some examples:

26. Tagalog Malay Meaning
Ako Aku I (first person)
Balik Balik Return
Bansa Bangsa Country
Daan Jalan Street, road
Hangin Angin Wind
Itik Itik Duck
Kalapati Merpati Pigeon
This is a small sample of the thousands of
cognates present between Tagalog and Malay.

27. • It is possible for a word to travel from one language to another
and then back to the original language in a different form, a
process called reborrowing.
• Example: Fr. "le biftek", which is borrowed from the English
"beefsteak", while the English "beef" is originally from the Fr. "le
bœuf".
• E cinema which is based on the Greek word for
movement, ”κίνημα” (transliteration: kinima), but has been re-
borrowed by modern Greek as ”σινεμά” (transliteration: sinema).