The document discusses the relationship between language, culture, and thought. It makes three key points:
1. Language is a system of symbols that allows humans to communicate and transmit culture. Different cultures have different languages that reflect their worldviews.
2. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis proposes that the structure of a language influences its speakers' worldview or cognition. It exists in a strong version of linguistic determinism and weak version of linguistic relativity.
3. While language influences thought, strong determinist views have been criticized. Languages change, and speakers can conceptualize beyond their language's structure through manipulation of symbols. Thought is not fully constrained by any one language.
These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
This presentation is about gender differences in the use of language from the perspective of Sociolinguistics. The contents have mostly been taken from Ronald Warhaugh's book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". However, some examples have also been provided from the Urdu language.
These slides are the relationship between language, culture and thought as Ronald Wardhaugh has discussed in "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". The examples have been provided from the Pakistani context and culture.
This presentation is about gender differences in the use of language from the perspective of Sociolinguistics. The contents have mostly been taken from Ronald Warhaugh's book "An Introduction to Sociolinguistics". However, some examples have also been provided from the Urdu language.
Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. During the first four decades of the 20th century, language was viewed by American linguists and anthropologists as being more important than it actually is in shaping our perception of reality. This was mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf who said that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the categories of our language.
Language is more than just a means of communication. It influences our culture and even our thought processes. During the first four decades of the 20th century, language was viewed by American linguists and anthropologists as being more important than it actually is in shaping our perception of reality. This was mostly due to Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Whorf who said that language predetermines what we see in the world around us. In other words, language acts like a polarizing lens on a camera in filtering reality--we see the real world only in the categories of our language.
One of the most fundamental questions asked in Philosophy of Language is "What is language (in general terms)?"
According to semiotics (the study of sign processes in communication, and of how meaning is constructed and understood), language is the mere manipulation and use of symbols in order to draw attention to signified content, in which case humans would not be the sole possessors of language skills.
134 Languages in Contact each other as Aboriginal Australi.docxherminaprocter
134 Languages in Contact
each other as Aboriginal Australia, China, Greece, Chile, Indonesia, and
Russia). Boroditsky illuminates the marvelously diverse ways that lan
guages and cultures shape the way we think.
In his article "Death by Monoculture," linguistic anthropologist Stephen
Pax Leonard bemoans the loss of the Polar Eskimos' language and culture, tying
it in part to global warming and, perhaps just as frustrating, a seeming lack of
concern from the very pcpulace whose culture is waning. The Polar Eskimos'
connection to the larger world via other languages, as well as through the Inter
net, is understandable, and it mirrors the desires of many people worldwide who
arc eager to start lives in new places or bring new places into their own lives.
Noc knowing the "right" language presents more than a metaphorical
barrier as James Angelos's article "Passing the Test" demonstrates. Is a re
quired proficiency in a country's official language a helpful step toward" inte
gration," or is it a passive-aggressive deterrent to undesirable immigration?
With well over 1,000 languages spoken in India, multilingualism is the
norm, yet Reshma Krishnamurthy Sharma's article "The New Language
Landscape" reflects both an anxiety to be part of a global economy and a
logistical difficulty of maintaining regional languages in the face of India's
increasing inter-regional marriages. The answer: The new generation is
learning English-the language of rhe former colonizers-exclusively. In
"Operation Mind Your Language," Pallavi Polanki sheds light on the
demand for English reachers in Afghanistan as a result of the American
presence. Indeed, the expansion of English as a global lingua franca has
become a worldwide activity-for both those who want co learn and those
who want to teach; but not without the justifiable ambivalence that Julie
Traves captures in "The Church of Please and Thank You."
As this book goes to print, there aie 6,909 livinglanguages in the world.
1his number, however, is in decline: On average, one language dies every
two weeks. At this rate, according to an article in National Geographic,
"more than half of the world's roughly 7,000 languages will vanish by the
end of rhis century alone."
Access to languages-and the wonder of human cultures rhat shape
and are shaped by chem-is increasingly available, even as that access spells,
for some languages, their imminent extinction. Global languages such as
English, and also Chinese, Russian, Spanish, and Hindi, seem to hold
greater promise than a speaker's heritage language-the mother tongue, at
lease in the present, when economic need can make cultural heritage seem
like a luxury. Resolving this conundrum that pits long-term heritage
Boroditsky "How Does Our Language Shape the Way We Think?" 135
against economic exigency becomes an ethical and cultural dilemma that
we as a global community must work out together.
Works Cited
Basu, Paroma. "What Hap.
Traditional Grammar was in the 19th century that historical language study began to meet the criteria of scientificness and only in the 20th century that the study of contemporary languages became scientific in today’s sense of the word.
This ppt is all about Culture and linguistics relativity that is a part of sociolinguistics' subject.
I hope you would find all your quires here and it will help you alot.
This paper purports to be a starting point to revisit existing approaches dealing with the origin and spread of languages in the light of the changed circumstances of the Twenty-first century without in any way undermining their applicability across space and time. The origin of spoken languages is intricately and inseparably interwoven and intertwined with the origin of human species as well, and in this paper, we propose a ‘Wholly-independent Multi-Regional hypothesis of the origin of Homo sapiens’ in response to both the highly-controversial and arguably antiquated ‘Out-of-Africa theory’ which we have stridently and vehemently opposed, along with all its protuberances and the contending Multi-Regional Hypothesis as well. The key tenets of this paper are therefore articulated based on this fundamental premise which is likely to upend existing presumptions and paradigms to a significant degree. Having said that, we must hasten to add that the evolutionary biology of language encompassing physical anthropology or genetics and other related areas of study, are wholly outside the purview of this paper. Structural linguistics and semantics are also outside the scope of this paper. In this paper, we examine the origins of spoken and written languages in pre-historic, proto-historic, historic, pre-globalized and post-globalized contexts and propose an ‘Epochal Polygenesis’ approach. As a part of this paper, we also provide a broad overview of early and current theories of the origin and spread of languages so that readers can compare our approaches with already existing ones and analyse the similarities and differences between the two. We propose and define several new concepts under the categories of contact-based scenarios and non-contact based scenarios such as the autochthonous origin of languages, the spread of properties of languages from key nodes, the ‘Theory of linguistic osmosis’ and the need to take historical and political factors into account while analysing the spread of languages. In this paper, we also propose among others, the ‘Theory of win-win paradigms’ and the ‘Net benefits approach’. We also emphasize the need to carry out a diachronic and synchronic assessment of the dynamics of languages spread and propose that this be made a continuous process so that the lessons learnt can be used to tweak and hone theories and models to perfection. This paper is likely to significantly up the ante in favour of a dynamics-driven approach by undermining the relative torpor now observed in this arguably vital sub-discipline and contribute greatly to the rapidly emerging field of language dynamics. We also hope that synchronic linguistics will finally get its due place under the sun in the post-globalised world, and will become a major driving force in linguistics in the Twenty-First Century.
Now we have moved on from looking at syllables to looking at words, and we will consider certain well-known English forms that can be pronounced in two different ways; these are called strong forms and weak forms.
Strong Form is the full form of word pronounced with stress.
Weak forms are sounds that become unstressed in connected speech and are often then pronounced as a schwa.
Alessonplanisthesystematicpreparationdoneinascientificmanner.Effectiveandsuccessful teaching mainly depends on perfect lesson planning. A lesson plan represents a single teaching unit meant for a class period. Generally a lesson plan is teacher’s mental and emotional visualization of classroom activities.
First students are introduced about Poetry and Prose.
•Poetry isliterary work in which the expression of feelings and ideas is given intensity by the use of distinctive style and rhythm; poems collectively or as a genre of literature.
•Prose is written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.
•A constructivist teaching approach
•A hands –on, creative, participative method of teaching
•Teaching should be constructive and self-Motivated to learn
•It should engage learners who are actively and naturally curious and likes to explore their environment
•Teacher should create an environment that is conducive for gaining knowledge.
Sentence combining is the process of joining two or more short sentences to make one longer sentence. A theory-based approach to sentence combining, influenced by Noam Chomsky's transformational grammar, emerged in the U.S. in the 1970s.
Chapter 3 part 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Chapter 3 part 1 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Chapter 2 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause. It has a finite verb.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Chapter 1 phrase, clause and sentence structureMutee Ur Rehman
A group of words, which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called a phrase. It has not subject and verb.
A group of words forms part of a sentence and contains a subject and predicate, is called a clause.
A group of words which makes a complete sense, is called a sentence.
Representation of religious mindset in english poetryMutee Ur Rehman
Religion: Religion may be defined as a cultural system of designated behaviors and practices, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.
Poetry: Poetry is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning.
Structuralism is the name that is given to a wide range of discourses that study underlying structures of signification. Signification occurs wherever there is a meaningful event or in the practice of some meaningful action. Structuralism first comes to prominence as a specific discourse with the work of a Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Saussure, who developed a branch of linguistics called "Structural Linguistics." Saussure died before he was able to publish his material but his material came to us by his students. The theory was still at a developmental stage then--and has remained in a developmental stage ever after.
Behaviorism refers to a psychological approach which emphasizes scientific and objective methods of investigation. The approach is only concerned with observable stimulus-response behaviors, and states all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment.
Content is defined as “Information to be learned in school, another term for knowledge (a collection of facts, concept, generalization, principles, theories)”
Before 1870 psychology was not a separate discipline rather it was studies under philosophy.
Psychology today covers enormous fields and can be broadly classified into two groups
Applied Psychology
Basic Psychology
Applied psychology was again divided into many branches and Educational psychology is its Sub-branch.
Social Dialects Varieties of language used by groups defined according to class, education, age, gender and a number of other social parameters.
Before exploring these factors in detail, it is important to draw attention to one particular interaction between social values and language use.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
2. LANGUAGE
Definitions:
Language is a set of rules by which humans can create and understand novel sentences.
(Chomsky)
Language is a set of shared symbols or signs that a cooperative groups of people has agreed to
use to create meaning.
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3. LANGUAGE
Language is a system of symbols with standard meaning
Mean of communication
We interpret & organize the reality
We categorizes the world
We transmit our culture
We establish and maintain the relationship
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4. CULTURE
Definition:
Culture is defined as “socially acquired knowledge: i.e. as the knowledge that someone has by virtue
of his being a member of a particular society (cf. Hudson, 1980: 74)
Two points must be made about the use of the word “Knowledge”
First
Covers both practical and propositional knowledge: both knowing how to do something and
knowing that something is or is not so.
Second
As for propositional knowledge is concerned, it is fact that something something is held to be true
that counts, not its actual truth or falsity.
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5. CULTURE
There are different cultures in the world.
For example:
American culture
Pakistani culture
Indian culture
Chinese culture etc.
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6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
“There is an absolute relation between language and culture” (Saussure)
Language varieties are due to cultural differences and needs
Language is social and cultural phenomenon and inextricably tied with social and cultural
traditions.
Language is an integral part of culture
Culture cannot exist without language
Through language norms, values, ideas and experiences are shared or expressed
Linguistic diversity derived in part from cultural diversity
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7. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Language determines thought therefore culture
Language and culture influence each other (Edward Sapir)
Linguistic variation is tied very much to the existence of different cultures.
Different cultures have different languages.
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8. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Different cultures have different world views.
Example 1:
The Aztecs not only did not have a figure in their culture like Santa Claus, they did not have a word
for this figure either.
Example 2:
In Eskimo language there are number of words involving snow. For example wet snow, powdery
snow, spring snow, etc. But in English we only have word ‘snow’ to refer to different kinds of snow.
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9. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Example 3:
In Tuvaluan (spoken in some central specific islands) they have man different words for types of
coconut.
Example 4:
In pacific culture, that of Hawai’i, the traditional language had a very large number of words for
different kinds of rain.
Example 5:
Chinese there is only a single term luoto, in English there is a camel. But in Arabic, there are more
than 400 words for the animal.
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11. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Does thought depend on language?
It may seem that we cannot speak without thinking but probably not because:
We may use a word correctly before we fully understand the concept
We express ourselves in paralinguistic ways of gesture and facial expressions
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12. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Does language determines thought?
Many psychologists believe that language dictates the way we think.
Others say that it actually determines our ideas themselves " not only how we think but what we
think.
Wittgenstein ‘the limits of language mean the limits of my world’
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13. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND CULTURE
Different language speakers not only speak differently, they think differently.
Whorf “we cut nature up, organize it into concepts and describe significances as we do, largely
because we are party to an agreement which holds in the pattern of our language.”
The structure of a language determines the way in which speakers of that language view the world.
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15. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Sapir and Whorf
Sapir (1884-1939) American anthropologist, a leader in American structural linguistics, Author of
language and An introduction to the study of speech.
Born in Lauenberg, Germany.
Pupil of Franz Boas
Teacher of Benjamin Whorf
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16. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Sapir (1929)
‘Human beings do not live in the society alone. Language of the society predispose certain choices
of interpretation about how we view the world’.
Whorf (1930s)
‘We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages .We categorize objects in the
scheme laid by the language and if we do not subscribe to these classification we cannot talk or
communicate’.
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17. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consist of two associated principle:
1. Linguistic Determinism
2. Linguistic Relativity
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18. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
1. Linguistic Determinism
Language may determine our thinking patterns, the way we view and think about the world.
Linguistic determinism also called “strong determinism”
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19. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
1. Linguistic Determinism (cont….)
Linguistic determinism holds that differences in language cause differences in thoughts.
Relations expected because thought is held to be determined by language not the world.
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20. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Linguistic Determinism (cont….)
Example 1:
In Eskimo language there are number of words involving snow. For example wet snow, powdery
snow, spring snow, etc. But in English we only have word ‘snow’ to refer to different kinds of snow.
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21. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Linguistic Determinism (cont….)
Example 2:
In the grammar of Hopi Indians of Arizona there is a distinction between ‘animate’ and ‘inanimate’.
Hopi Indians believe stones and clouds are animate.
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22. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Linguistic Determinism (cont….)
Example 3:
A French tribe has a language in which ‘female markings’ are used with stone and door. They use the
term la femme (woman), la pierre (stone) and la porte (door).
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23. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
2. Linguistic Relativity
The les similar the languages more diverse their conceptualization of the world
Different languages view the world differently.
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24. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
2. Linguistic Relativity
Language influences thinking
Linguistic differences between cultures are associated with cultural difference in thinking
View points vary from language to language
Humans are at the mercy of the particular language the speak
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25. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Linguistic Relativity Vs Linguistic Determinism
Linguistic relativity is the idea that the language a person speaks shapes and influences the way he
thinks.
No two languages are ever sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social
reality
Linguistic determinism is the idea that the things a person thinks are fully determined by the
language that they speak.
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26. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Two versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:
1. Strong version
2. Weak version
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27. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
1. Strong version
Language determines thought, We are prisoners of language.
2. Weak Version
Language influences but does not determine thought.
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28. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Criticism:
Number of arguments have been presented against this view. Here is one from Sampson: A French
tribe has a language in which ‘female markings’ are used with stone and door. They use the term la
femme (woman), la pierre (stone) and la porte (door).
Do all the French believe that stones and doors are female?
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29. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Criticism:
Users of language do not inherit a fixed set of patterns to use.
Users inherit the ability to manipulate and create with a language.
If thinking and perception were totally determined by language, then the concept of language
change would be impossible.
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30. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Criticism:
Example 1:
If a young Hopi boy had no word in his language for the object known to us as a computer, would
he fail to perceive the object?
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31. THE SAPIR-WHORF HYPOTHESIS
Criticism:
Example 2:
Returning to Eskimos and ‘snow’ we realize that English does not have a large number of single
terms for different kinds of snow. However, English speakers can create expressions, by manipulating
their language, to refer to wet snow, powdery snow, spring snow, etc.
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