This is my presentation

1. LEXICAL borrowing
By
Hallwest M.Xayat
Salahaddin University
College of Education- English Dep.

2. What is borrowing
Words might be taken over from
one language and are adopted
to the other, This process is
called borrowing.
Lexical borrowing is one of the
process of linguistic change , this
process visible especially in
phonetics ,morphology ,syntactic

3. • : is when a language takes over
a term directly from another language.
Derived from proper names %4
Two ways of borrowings
directly, without any major phonological
and orthography change
For instance :-
Direct borrowing

4. takes place whena certain word is passed on from
the source language to another (as a direct borrowing),and then from
that language is handed overto another and fromthis one maybe even
to another.
This process may go hand in hand with the developmentthat the
word, each time it is passed on from onelanguage to another, is
adjusted phonologically/orthographicallyto make it fit to the
phonological/orthographical system of the recipient language.
Indirect borrowing

5. Types of borrowing

6. “where the
morphemes in the borrowed word are
translated item by item”.
1- Loan words: “a word adopted from a
foreign language with little or no
modification.”
“ where the meaning is
borrowed, but only part of the form”
“ loan words where the
meaning is borrowed, but the structure
is native”.
2- Loan blends:
3- Loan shifts :

7. • The reason for borrowing a suitable word
from another language is the need to find
a term for an unfamiliar thing, animal, or
cultural device.
Reasons for borrowing
• they serve to improve the quality of the
language

8. Religion
• In Christianity borrowing word ‘Ameen’
between European countries.
For instance :- Alhamdulillah
( ‫ب‬ ‫ستایش‬ ‫و‬ ‫سوپاس‬‫ؤ‬‫خودا‬ )
(praise to God)
In Islam, Kurdish language influenced with Arabic language.
Some of the most important words had been borrowed from
Arabic because as we know it is the main language of Holy
Quran

9. Culture
• Cultural borrowing is when one country
or culture borrows or copies elements of
another country or culture. Contact
between cultures leads to borrowing
between languages, when cultural
borrowings happening within this ''lexical
(word) borrowings''

10. The Origin of English Words
Latin (%29)
French (%29)

11. English borrowing

14. Kurdish borrowing
In Kurdish language we borrowed
some words from other languages
but with a little bit change in
pronunciation.

15. Kurdish English German French Persian Greek
ʃtɛrn
trɔpfn
ʒ(ə)nu
tiz tease /tiz/