The document discusses obesity and overweight, defining them based on body mass index (BMI) and outlining their global prevalence according to the World Health Organization. It identifies various causes including energy balance, physical inactivity, genetic factors, certain health conditions, and emotional factors, and suggests management strategies such as lifestyle changes, dietary adjustments, physical activity, and surgical options for severe cases. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of prevention through healthy eating and regular exercise.

1. OBESITY AND
OVERWEIGHT
By:
Mohabbat Ali
AKHU

2. OBESITY AND
OVERWEIGHT
• Overweight And
Obesity Are
Defined As
Abnormal Or
Excessive Fat
Accumulation That
May Impair Health.

3. Obesity and overweight
The World Health Organization
(WHO) defines:
• Overweight as a BMI equal to or more than
25
• Obesity as a BMI equal to or more than 30

4. Obesity and overweight
• WHO’s latest projections indicate
that globally in 2008:
Approximately 1.8 billion adults were
overweight.
At least 400 million adults were
obese.

5. Causes
1. Energy Balance
• Energy balance means that your energy in
equals your energy out
• The same amount of energy in and energy
out over time = weight stays the same
• More in than out over time = weight gain
• More out than in over time = weight loss

6. Causes
2. Physical Inactivity
• Relying on cars instead of walking
• Modern technology and conveniences reduce
the need to burn calories
• More than 2 hours a day of regular TV viewing
time has been linked to overweight and
obesity.

7. Causes
3.Environment
• Work schedules.
• Oversized food portions

8. Causes
4.Genes and Family History
• Overweight and obesity tend to run in families.
• Chances of being overweight are greater if one
or both of parents are overweight or obese.
• Genes also may affect the amount of fat store in
body and where on body carry the extra fat.

9. Causes
5.Health Conditions
• Hypothyroidism
Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down the
metabolism and cause weight gain.

10. Causes
• Cushing’s syndrome.
A condition in which the body’s adrenal
glands make too much of the hormone
cortisol.
People with cushing’s syndrome gain
weight, have upper-body obesity, a
rounded face, fat around the neck, and
thin arms and legs.

11. Causes
• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS).
• Condition that affects about 5 to 10
percent of women of childbearing age
due to high levels of hormones called
androgens

12. Causes
6. Medicines
 Corticosteroids
 Antidepressants
 Medicines for seizures
These medicines can slow the rate at
which your body burns calories, increase
your appetite, or cause your body to
hold on to extra water—all of which can
lead to weight gain

13. Causes
7. Emotional Factors
Some people eat more than usual when
they are:
– bored
– angry
– stressed etc

14. Causes
8. Smoking
Some people gain weight when they
stop smoking because nicotine raises
the rate at which body burns
calories, so burn fewer calories when
stop smoking.

15. Causes
9. Age
As you get older, you tend to lose muscle,
especially if you’re less active.
Muscle loss can slow down the rate at which
your body burns calories
Women gain around 5 pounds during
menopause and have more fat around the
waist than they did before

16. Causes
10. Pregnancy
Women gain weight so that the baby gets
proper nourishment and develops
normally.

17. Causes
11. Lack of Sleep
People who don’t get enough sleep on a
regular basis seem to have high levels of
a hormone called ghrelin (which causes
hunger) and low levels of a hormone
called leptin (which normally helps to
curb hunger).

18. Overweight and Obesity-Related
Health Problems
Heart Disease Hypertension
Stroke Type 2 Diabetes
Abnormal Blood Fats Metabolic Syndrome
Cancer Osteoarthritis
Sleep Apnea Reproductive Problems
Gallstones

19. Signs and Symptoms
• Clothes feeling tight and needing a
larger size.
• The scale showing the gained weight.
• Having extra fat around the waist.
• A higher than normal body mass index
and waist circumference

20. How To Make Diagnosis
• Body Mass Index Mean
BMI is calculated from height and weight
BMI Interpretation
18.5–24.9 Normal weight
25.0–29.9 Overweight
30.0–39.9 Obese
40.0 and above Extreme obesity

21. How To Make Diagnosis
• Skin Fold Thickness
Assess body composition by measuring a double
thickness of skin at specific body sites
Women Men
Triceps Chest
Supraillium Abdomen
Thigh Thigh

22. Management
• The best way to lose weight is slowly
• Lose just 5 to 10 percent of current
weight over 6 months. This will lower
your risk for heart disease and other
conditions
• A weight loss of 1 to 2 pounds a week
is do-able, safe, and will help you
keep off the weight.

23. Management
• Lifestyle Changes
– Focus on energy IN (calories from food
and drinks) and energy OUT (physical
activity)
– Follow a healthy eating plan
– Learn how to adopt more healthful
lifestyle habits

24. Management
• Calories
To lose 1 to 2 pounds a week, adults should
cut back their calorie intake by 500 to 1,000
calories a day.
Women
 1,000 to 1,200 calories a day
Men
 1,200 to 1,600 calories a day

25. Management
• Healthy Eating Plan
– Healthful foods include:
• Fat-free and low-fat milk and milk products
– low-fat yogurt, cheese, and milk.
• Lean meat, fish, poultry, cooked beans, and peas.
• Whole grain foods
– whole wheat bread, oatmeal, and brown rice.
• Other grain foods
– pasta, cereal, bagels, bread
• Fruits.
• Vegetables,

26. Management
• Foods to limit.
• Fatty cuts of meat such as ground beef,
sausage, and processed meats etc.
• High-fat milk and milk products like
– whole-milk cheeses, whole milk, cream, butter,
and ice cream

27. Management
• Physical Activity
Physical activity will burn the calories and also will
benefit you in other ways:
– Lower the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and
cancers (such as breast, uterus, and colon)
– Strengthen lungs and help them to work better
– Strengthen muscles and keep joints in good
condition
– Slow bone loss
– Give more energy
– Help to relax and cope better with stress
– Give an enjoyable way to share time with
friends and family

28. Management
• Behavioral Changes
– Instead of watching TV and listening breaking
news do some exercises.
– Put a note on your calendar /diary to remind
yourself to take a walk or go to your activity
class

29. Management
• Surgical Management
Weight loss surgery may be an option for people
with extreme obesity (BMI of 40 or greater)
when other treatments have failed
People with a BMI of 35 or greater who have
life-threatening conditions such as:
• Obesity-related cardiomyopathy (diseases of the
heart muscle)
• Severe sleep apnea (a condition in which your
breathing stops or gets very shallow while you're
sleeping)
• Severe type 2 diabetes

30. Management
• Surgical Management
Three common weight loss surgeries
include:
1. Banded Gastroplasty
2. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
3. Gastric Banding
4. Wiring Jaw
5. Liposuction

31. Management
1. Banded Gastroplasty
For this surgery, a band or staples
are used to create a small pouch
at the top of stomach.
This surgery limits the amount of
food and liquids the stomach can
hold.

32. Management
2. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
A small stomach pouch is created
with a bypass around part of the
small intestine where most of the
calories are absorbed.
This surgery limits food intake and
reduces the calories your body
absorbs

33. Management
3. Gastric Banding
Adjustable band encircle
the proximal stomach
making two compartments
upper and lower

34. Management
3. Liposuction
• Surgical procedure designed to remove small packets of
excess fat that are resistant to diet and exercise.
• A Small tube called a cannula, connected to a vacuum
machine, is inserted into the fatty tissue through tiny
incisions placed in inconspicuous locations on the skin.
• The most frequent areas treated
– In men In women
Chest area, abdomen Thighs, hips, buttocks,
stomach, and neckline. knees, lower leg, cheeks
and double chins

35. Prevention
• A healthy eating plan
• Be active
• Keep track of weight and other
measurements

36. 36
THANK YOU
In Conclusion…Take some time from your busy schedule for
exercises