Lung cancer is classified into two main types - non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). NSCLC makes up about 80% of cases and can be further divided into squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. SCLC accounts for 10-15% of lung cancers and grows more quickly. The main symptoms are cough, chest pain, and coughing up blood. Risk factors include smoking, asbestos exposure, and radiation exposure. Diagnosis involves tests such as sputum analysis, biopsies, CT scans, and PET scans to determine the cancer type and stage. Treatment options depend on the cancer type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy
Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. Histologically, NSCLC is divided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (see the image below), and large cell carcinoma. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), previously known as oat cell carcinoma, is considered distinct from other lung cancers, which are called non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) because of their clinical and biologic characteristics.
Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 85% of all lung cancers. Histologically, NSCLC is divided into adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (see the image below), and large cell carcinoma. Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), previously known as oat cell carcinoma, is considered distinct from other lung cancers, which are called non–small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) because of their clinical and biologic characteristics.
Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and formulating differential diagnosis in case of Solitary pulmonary nodule. It helps in differentiating and predicting benign and malignant nodules.
Presentation about lung cancer, form, types, classification, treatment. A lot of anatomical and histological pictures accompanied with small and precised informations about every type of lung cancer.
Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis and formulating differential diagnosis in case of Solitary pulmonary nodule. It helps in differentiating and predicting benign and malignant nodules.
Presentation about lung cancer, form, types, classification, treatment. A lot of anatomical and histological pictures accompanied with small and precised informations about every type of lung cancer.
2. Different Types of Lung Cancer
Bronchocarcinomas
• Non Small Cell Carcinoma
– Squamous Cell Carcinoma, 40%
– Adenocarcinoma, 10%
– Large Cell Carcinoma, 25%
– Bronchoalveolar Cell Carcinoma, 1-2%
3. • Small Cell Carcinoma, 20-30%
– oat cell carcinoma
– Endocrine origin
– Highly Malignant
– Prognosis Poor
Mesothelioma
– Tumour of mesothelial cells which
usually occurs in the pleura
11. ENDOCRINE
– Ectopic Hormone Secretion e.g. SIADH,
ACTH by oat cell carcinoma
PTH by squamous cell carcinomas
12. Investigations
Cytology
– Sputum and Pleural Fluid
FNA
– Peripheral Lesions, Superficial Lymph Nodes
Bronchoscopy
– For Histological Diagnosis and assessment of
operability
CT
– Stage the Tumour
Radionuclide Bone Scan
– For suspected metastases
Lung Function Tests
13. Looking at the Chest X-Ray
• Cell type can’t be diagnosed from
X-Ray
• Lesions rarely seen until >1cm
• Lesions >4cm be suspicious of
malignancy
• 20% cavitate – usually scc
• Lobular or irregular edges
• Metastasises to Liver, Adrenals,
Bones, Brain
• NB: presence of calcification, air
bronchogram – unlikely to be
malignancy
14. Stages of the Tumour
• Primary Tumour
– TX malignant cells in bronchial secretions
– Tis Carcinoma in situ
– T0 Non Evident
– T1 < or = 3cm in lobar or more distal airway
– T2 > 3cm and >2cm distal to carina or pleural
involvement
– T3 Involves chest wall, diaphragm, medistinal pleura,
pericardium or <2cm from carina
– T4 Involves mediastinum, heart, great vessels,
trachea, oesophagus, vertebral body, carina or
malignant effusion present
16. Small Cell tumours
– Almost always disseminated at presentation
– May respond to chemotherapy
– Palliation
– Radiotherapy for bronchial obstruction, SVC
obstruction, Haemoptysis, Bone Pain,
cerebral metastases
Mesothelioma
– Diagnosis often only made PM
17. Prognosis
Non Small Cell – 50% 2 year survival
without spread, 10% with spread
Small Cell – 3 months if untreated, 1- 1.5
years if treated
Mesothelioma – Less than 2 years