This document provides an overview of global health by defining key terms, outlining major players and organizations, and summarizing the history and evolution of the field from 1945 to the present day. It describes how global health has shifted from a focus on infectious disease control to addressing social determinants of health and health issues that transcend national borders. Major milestones discussed include the founding of the UN and WHO, the Alma-Ata Declaration, structural adjustment policies, the Millennium Declaration and MDGs, debt relief campaigns, and the establishment of the Global Fund. The summary highlights the ongoing tension between disease-specific and comprehensive primary healthcare approaches.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
What is Global Health?: Defining Global HealthUWGlobalHealth
As proposed by the Declarations of the Alma Ata and challenged by the Millennium
Development Goals, action by players and stakeholders of diverse specialties and
backgrounds is required to achieve health for all. This assembled expert panel
drawn from different backgrounds will enrich the discussion with their own experiences.
Concept and definitions
Health education
Beliefs and approaches in health promotion
Health promotion strategies and priority actions
Public health, social movement, health inequity and millennium goals
Canadian experience in health promotion
Conclusion
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Primary Health Care, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Global health, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
What is Global Health?: Defining Global HealthUWGlobalHealth
As proposed by the Declarations of the Alma Ata and challenged by the Millennium
Development Goals, action by players and stakeholders of diverse specialties and
backgrounds is required to achieve health for all. This assembled expert panel
drawn from different backgrounds will enrich the discussion with their own experiences.
Concept and definitions
Health education
Beliefs and approaches in health promotion
Health promotion strategies and priority actions
Public health, social movement, health inequity and millennium goals
Canadian experience in health promotion
Conclusion
The course offers an opportunity to develop a holistic understanding of Primary Health Care, its functions, and scope. The course attendants will learn the principles of Primary Health Care, the course is expected to help the students to understand and internalize international health and public health transition facilitating the integration of health sector with other sectors.
NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening InterventionAlbert Domingo
Lecture on NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening Intervention delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo at the UP Manila College of Public Health on 19 January 2018.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context; it has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized.Thus, global health is about worldwide health improvement (including mental health), reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders.Global health is not to be confused with international health, which is defined as the branch of public health focusing on developing nations and foreign aid efforts by industrialized countries.Global health can be measured as a function of various global diseases and their prevalence in the world and threat to decrease life in the present day.
Global health care challenges and trends_ bestyBesty Varghese
GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS: Analyses the global healthcare trends and challenges.
Healthcare providers have a unique window of opportunity to embrace efficient new technologies that directly support better healthcare and patient experiences at a lower cost.
New healthcare systems will be:
Evidence- and prevention-based
Interdisciplinary and coordinated
Transparent, accessible, accurate, and understandable
Focused on improving patient outcomes and experience
Based on partnerships among stakeholders
Visionary in their long-term thinking
And in total International health + Global public health + Collective health + Global health diplomacy = LIFE’S RIGHT.
Social Determinants of Health InequitiesRenzo Guinto
Lecture given during the pre-APRM workshop on Social Determinants of Health and Global Health Equity, September 11, 2012, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Presentation delivered during the 4th National Convention and General Assembly of the Alliance of Young Nurse Leaders & Advocates-International with the theme "MDGs and Beyond: Positioning the Role of Nurses in Global Health." December 14, 2013, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening InterventionAlbert Domingo
Lecture on NCD Prevention and Control as a Health System Strengthening Intervention delivered by Dr Albert Francis Domingo at the UP Manila College of Public Health on 19 January 2018.
Global health is the health of populations in the global context; it has been defined as "the area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving equity in health for all people worldwide".Problems that transcend national borders or have a global political and economic impact are often emphasized.Thus, global health is about worldwide health improvement (including mental health), reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders.Global health is not to be confused with international health, which is defined as the branch of public health focusing on developing nations and foreign aid efforts by industrialized countries.Global health can be measured as a function of various global diseases and their prevalence in the world and threat to decrease life in the present day.
Global health care challenges and trends_ bestyBesty Varghese
GLOBAL HEALTH CARE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS: Analyses the global healthcare trends and challenges.
Healthcare providers have a unique window of opportunity to embrace efficient new technologies that directly support better healthcare and patient experiences at a lower cost.
New healthcare systems will be:
Evidence- and prevention-based
Interdisciplinary and coordinated
Transparent, accessible, accurate, and understandable
Focused on improving patient outcomes and experience
Based on partnerships among stakeholders
Visionary in their long-term thinking
And in total International health + Global public health + Collective health + Global health diplomacy = LIFE’S RIGHT.
Social Determinants of Health InequitiesRenzo Guinto
Lecture given during the pre-APRM workshop on Social Determinants of Health and Global Health Equity, September 11, 2012, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur
Presentation delivered during the 4th National Convention and General Assembly of the Alliance of Young Nurse Leaders & Advocates-International with the theme "MDGs and Beyond: Positioning the Role of Nurses in Global Health." December 14, 2013, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
A lecture on global health delivered during the Think Global Asia-Pacific Workshop on Global Health in Medical Education, December 19, 2011, University of the Philippines Manila
Presentation for the Associação de Estudantes da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública da Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (AEENSP_NOVA) April 20th 2021 210420 long version middleton j aeensp
The World's Health: Past, Present, and FutureRenzo Guinto
Presentation delivered during the segment “Setting the scene for the panel debate: Key defining moments of global health – perspective from a young doctor” in "Global Health Beyond 2015: Engaging Students and Young Professionals Workshop” held last April 5, 2013 at the Swedish Society of Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden. Program at http://www.sls.se/GlobalHealth/Workshop-5-april/Programme/
At the end of the discussion the students will be able to learn the following:
Define Health, Public Health, and Community
Discuss the focus of public health
List three levels of prevention and give one example of each.
Identify Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals
Describe the health care delivery system
Identify the determinants of health
Globalization, Global Health and Public Health.
Changing Concepts of Public Health.
Causes, Aspects and Types of Globalization.
Social Changes due to Globalization.
How Globalization affects Public Health.
Globalization of Public Health.
Threats to Global Health.
Chapter 1Community and Public Health Yesterday, Today, and ToEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 1
Community and Public Health: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
Define the terms health, community, community health, population health, public health, public health system, and global health.
Briefly describe the five major determinants of health.
Explain the difference between personal and community health activities.
List and discuss the factors that influence a community’ s health.
Briefly relate the history of community and public health, including the recent U.S. history of community and public health in the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Provide a brief overview of the current health status of Americans.
Describe the purpose of the Healthy People 2020 goals and objectives as they apply to the planning process of the health of Americans.
Describe the major community and public health problems facing the United States and the world today.
Introduction
Much progress made over last 100 years in health and life expectancy
Still room for improvement
Achievement of good health is worldwide goal of 21st century
Requires individual actions to improve personal health and organized community actions
20th Century Achievements in Public Health
Vaccination
Motor vehicle safety
Control of infectious diseases
Decline of deaths from CHD and stroke
Healthier mothers and babies
Safer and healthier foods
Safer workplaces
Family planning
Fluoridation of drinking water
Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
Definition: Health
Can mean different things to different people
A dynamic state or condition of the human organism that is multidimensional in nature, a resource for living, and results from a person’s interactions with and adaptations to his or her environment
Definition: Community
A group of people who have common characteristics
Can be defined by location, race, ethnicity, age, occupation, interest in particular problems or outcomes, or common bonds
Characterized by
Membership, common symbol systems, shared values and norms, mutual influence, shared needs and commitment to meeting them, shared emotional connection
Other Definitions (1 of 2)
Public health – actions that society takes collectively to ensure that the conditions in which people can be healthy can occur; most inclusive term
Community health – health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
Population health – health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group
Other Definitions (2 of 2)
Global health – health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries
May be influenced by circumstances or experiences in other countries
Best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions
Personal Health Activities Versus Community/Public Health Activities
Personal health activities
Individual actions and decision making that affect the heal ...
2. Outline
Defining ‘global health’
The Big Players
History and evolution of global health
Current day reality
3. What is global health?
Cross-disciplinary view
Evolved from concern over infectious
disease control in industrialised world
and in colonies
‘Social determinants’ approach
5. Social determinants of health
Conditions in people grow, live, work
and age have powerful influence on
health
Vast majority of inequalities in health
are avoidable and, hence, inequitable
6. International Public Health
“the application of the principles of
public health to health problems and
challenges that transcend national
boundaries and to the complex array
of global and local forces that affect
them”
“Improving the health status of these
populations requires an understanding
of their social, cultural and
economic characteristics”
Merson, Black and Mill (2001)
7. What’s global about it?
The determinants circumvent,
undermine or are oblivious to the
territorial boundaries of states and,
thus, beyond the capacity of
individual countries to address
through domestic institutions’
(Lee and Collins, 2005)
8. Three principal concerns:
(1) The global distribution of health and
disease and their determinants;
(2) The impact of globalisation on health
(3) The changing nature of global health
governance
(Kickbusch, 2002)
9. So what?
Self-interest: Migration and
infectious disease; human ‘security’
Trade: Impact on economic growth
Social justice: Moral concern for
fellow human beings
“In a globalised world, we all swim in a single
microbial sea”
Gro Harlem Brundtland, 2001
10. The ‘Big Players’
Bretton Woods Institutions
World Bank
aims to “reduce poverty and improve living standards by promoting
sustainable growth an investment in people”
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Set up to ensure smooth running of the global economy
World Health Organisation/UN
Philanthropic organisations
World Trade Organisation
NGOs
11. A short tour of global health
1945
United Nations
1948
World Health
Organisation;
UDHR
1978
Declaration
of Alma Ata
1970s+80s
Global economic
recession & ‘Structural
adjustment
2000
Millennium Declaration
and MDGs
2000
‘Drop the
debt’
campaign
2001
Global Fund
12. The United Nations
Created 1945
Purpose was to maintain international
peace and security
International economic and social
cooperation
50 nations signed Charter of the
United Nations
13. A short tour of global health
1945
United Nations
1948
World Health
Organisation
1978
Declaration
of Alma Ata
1970s+80s
Global economic
recession & ‘Structural
adjustment
2000
Millennium Declaration
and MDGs
2000
‘Drop the
debt’
campaign
2001
Global Fund
14. World Health Organisation
“Health is a state of
complete physical,
mental, and social well-
being and not merely the
absence of disease or
infirmity”
“The enjoyment of the
highest attainable standard
of health is one of the
fundamental rights of
every human being…”
health as “complete physical, psychological, and
social wellbeing” is achieved only at the point of
simultaneous orgasm, leaving most of us
unhealthy diseased) most of the time.
15. The World Health Organisation
International efforts to
monitor/combat infectious diseases
Development and distribution of
vaccines, medicines and diagnostics
Successes
Smallpox
?Polio
Tobacco convention
16. A short tour of global health
1945
United Nations
1948
World Health
Organisation
1978
Declaration
of Alma Ata
1970s+80s
Global economic
recession & ‘Structural
adjustment
2000
Millennium Declaration
and MDGs
2000
‘Drop the
debt’
campaign
2001
Global Fund
17. Health for All by 2000
Alma Ata – Kazakhstan – September
1978
Declaration of Alma Ata:
“Primary health care is essential
health care…made universally
accessible…at a cost that the
community and country can afford…”
18. Health for All by 2000
Components of primary health care:
Education
Promotion of food and nutrition
Water and sanitation
Maternal and child care
Family planning
Immunisations
Prevention, control and treatment of local and
common diseases
Provision of essential drugs
19. Health for All by 2000
Involves related sectors:
Agriculture
Animal husbandry
Food
Industry
Education
Housing
Public works
Communications
“Coordinated efforts of these sectors”
20. Selective vs Comprehensive Care
‘Counter-revolution’
World Bank challenges comprehensive
approach
Costs of $5.4-9.3 billion by 2000
Proposed to fight against limited number of
diseases:
Vaccinations
Breast feeding
Anti-malaria activities
Oral rehydration
‘Selective
Primary
Health
Care’
21. A short tour of global health
1945
United Nations
1948
World Health
Organisation
1978
Declaration
of Alma Ata
1970s+80s
Global economic
recession & ‘Structural
adjustment
2000
Millennium Declaration
and MDGs
2000
‘Drop the
debt’
campaign
2001
Global Fund
22. Structural Adjustment Policies
Oil crisis of 70s and 80s
Global economic recession
Period of crisis, increased poverty and
debt for developing countries
World Bank, International Monetary
Fund and US imposed
restrictive policies
23. Structural Adjustment Policies
Cuts in public spending and
consumption
Social services such as health and
education hit
Privatisation and decentralisation
Fee payments for health services
24. A short tour of global health
1945
United Nations
1948
World Health
Organisation
1978
Declaration
of Alma Ata
1970s+80s
Global economic
recession & ‘Structural
adjustment
2000
Millennium Declaration
and MDGs
2000
‘Drop the
debt’
campaign
2001
Global Fund
25. A declaration with a difference?
Millennium Development Goals
#1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
#2 Achieve universal primary education
#3 Promote gender equality and empower women
#4 Reduce child mortality
#5 Improve maternal health
#6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
#7 Ensure environmental sustainability
#8 Develop a global partnership for development
26.
27. A short tour of global health
1945
United Nations
1948
World Health
Organisation
1978
Declaration
of Alma Ata
1970s+80s
Global economic
recession & ‘Structural
adjustment
2000
Millennium Declaration
and MDGs
2000
‘Drop the
debt’
campaign
2001
Global Fund
28. Pressure on governments to relieve debt
$83 billion in debt cancellation
Spending on public services increased by 20%
http://youtube.com/watch?v=gFfIIW_xQq4
29. A short tour of global health
1945
United Nations
1948
World Health
Organisation
1978
Declaration
of Alma Ata
1970s+80s
Global economic
recession & ‘Structural
adjustment
2000
Millennium Declaration
and MDGs
2000
‘Drop the
debt’
campaign
2001
Global Fund
30. The Global Fund
To fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and
Malaria
Financing agency (>90% funds from
governments)
Claims that by Jan 2007 had saved
1,146,000 lives (3,000 a day)
BUT has it neglected other health
areas?
31. Current state of global health
Aid vs Trade - $79 billion in 2004
“some thirty official donors in addition to
several dozen international NGOs…through
over a thousand distinct projects and several
hundred resident foreign experts”
Ongoing focus on disease-specific
interventions (‘vertical approach)
Immense power imbalance
32. Final remarks
Inequality and injustice widespread
Principles of primary care still
neglected
Global health affects us all
“The greatest single challenge facing
our globalized world is to combat and
eradicate its disparities”
Nelson Mandela
Editor's Notes
(1) Migration – by 2005 about 191 million migrants resided legally or illegally outside their country of birth (increase of 15 million since 2000)
Criticisms of World Bank: conditionality packages associated with loans have deleterious effects on developing countries (economies, trade and social security systems, health and education); driven by economic goals; voting system based on financial power
SARS, malaria, HIV/AIDS
Decline in african health standards in maternal and child sector (considered most accurate index of general functioning of a health system)