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D.G.F. Guidelines on
Adult Immunization for
Indian Women
Dr. SHARDA JAIN
Dr. Jyoti Agarwal / Dr. Jyoti Bhasker
…Caring hearts, healing hands
WELCOME TO
When meditating over a disease,
I never think of finding a remedy for it,
but, instead, a means of preventing it.
Louis Pasteur
(1822-1895)
Immunization
is not just for infants
& children under five any more
Today
Vaccination
is just not
for Kids
But
Adolescents
&Adults
Too
What is IMMUNIZATION?
• Immunization refers to the artificial
induction of immunity. It can be by
Active Immunization: the use of live
attenuated infectious agents or inactivated
toxins, or antigens obtained by genetic
recombination OR
Passive Immunization: temporary
immunity obtained by the administration
of immunoglobulins or antitoxins.
6Source : Dictionary of Public Health, J Kishore - 2007
WHY ADULT
IMMUNIZATION?
•“Disease-free young and older adults can remain
active, healthy participants in society / contribute a lot
in NATION building and more fully generating money..
• Researchers strongly feel… this create a Win- win
situation for all individuals in the society.
• Health costs for curing will be contained, and
economic productivity will go up.
WHY NO ONE IS TALKING ABOUT
ADULT IMMUNIZATION ?
In INDIA, there is often lack of resources, political will and
awareness on immunization and the impact on health
among DOCTORS & POLICY MAKERS, it takes years to
build system & evolve.
•As we have seen with childhood vaccinations access. …
raising awareness and understanding of how vaccines can
improve health and economies has taken so long. Still we
are far away from 100% immunisation Goal
It takes decades for new public health interventions
to reach those most in need
• Adult immunizations have:
• Lack of clear vaccination recommendations
among national and global bodies except USA
• Complex vaccination schedules
• Inadequate physician and patient knowledge
• Patients have limited awareness of the benefits
of vaccinations for themselves and their families
WHY NO ONE IS TALKING ABOUT
ADULT IMMUNIZATION ?
ADULT IMMUNIZATION SHOULD BE A
MAJOR POLICY PRIORITY FOR
POLICYMAKERS AND OTHER
STAKEHOLDERS IN INDIA
This is also how childhood immunizations
were developed, and the model & motivation
behind success should be brought to
innovations in adult vaccines too
Now is the time to create similar levels of attention
on the critical value of adolescent & adult
vaccines as is done western countries
WHY ADULT VACCINATION ?
• Immunity wanes over time
• As we age, we become more susceptible to serious
diseases caused by common infections, such as
shingles, flu & pneumonia. This results in otherwise
preventable morbidity & mortality.
• Considerable vaccine – preventable morbidity
* Excess Hospitalization
* Diminished quality of life (Post – herpetic neuralgia)
* Missed work
* Medical Complications
CDC GUIDELINES on
ADULT VACCINATION
IN U.S.A.
ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule, Age-Based Recommendations - USA
ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule- Medical/Occupational and Behavior-Based
Recommendations (USA)
12/15/2016 14
Pregn
ancy
Immunoco
mpromisin
g
conditions
excluding
HIV
HIV &
CD4
Count
<200
cell/
µl
>200
cell/
µl
Men
having
sex
with
men
(MSM)
Heart
disease,
chronic
lung
diseases,
chronic
alcoholic
Aspleni
a
includi
ng
elective
Splenec
tomy
Chro
nic
liver
dise
ases
Diabete
Kidney
failure,
ESRD,
on
hemodi
lysis
Health
-Care
perso
nnel
Vaccine / Age group 19-26 yrs 27-49 yrs 50-59 yrs 60-64 yrs > 65 yrs
Tetanus, Diptheria, Pertussis (Tdap)
Substitude one time dose of Tdap with Td,
then booster with Td every 10 years
Td booster
every 10 yrs
Human Pappiloma Vaccine 3 doses
Varicella 2 doses
Zoster 1 dose
Measles, Mumps, Rubella 1 or 2 doses 1 dose
Influenza 1 dose annually
Pnemococcal (Polysaccharide) 1 or 2 doses 1 dose
Hepatitis A 2 doses
Hepatitis B 3 doses
Meninngicoccal 1 or more doses
ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule, Age-Based Recommendations, INDIA
Recommended if some risk factor is present
All persons who meet the age criteria
No recommendation
Adult Immunization based on medical and other indications (INDIA)
Indications
Pregnancy
Immunoco
mpromise
d
conditions
(Excluding
HIV)
HIV infection
with CD4
count
Diabetes,
heart
disease,
chronic
lung
disease
Asplenia
(excluding
elective
splenectomy
)
Chronic
liver
disease
Kidney
failure, end
stage renal
disease, on
hemodialysi
s
Health
care
professi
onals
Vaccine <200
cells/ µl
>200
cells/ µl
Tetanus, Diptheria,
Pertussis (Tdap)
Td
Substitute one time dose of Tdap with Td, then booster with Td every 10
years
Human Pappiloma
Vaccine
3 doses for females through age 26 years
Varicella Contraindication 2 doses
Zoster Contraindication 1 dose
Measles, Mumps, Rubella Contraindication 1 or 2 doses
Influenza 1 dose TIV annually 1 dose TIV
or LAIV
Pnemococcal
(Polysaccharide)
1 or 2 doses
Hepatitis A 2 doses
Hepatitis B 3 doses
Meninngicoccal 1 or more doses
Recommended if some risk factor is present
All persons who meet the age criteria
Contraindication
ADULT Immunization
recommended in India
Tdap MMR
Influenza Pneumococcal
Hepatitis B Hepatitis A
Varicella HPV (cervical cancer)
Meningococcal Herpes Zoster
HPV VACCINATION
HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
infection is the most common
sexually transmitted infection. It is
transmitted early in adolescence
when sexual oro pharyngeal cancer.
The high risk subtypes of HPV are
responsible for these cancers.
YOU DON’T NEED TO CURE
IF YOU CAN PREVENT IT
CANCER
India ~1,22,844
Total world ~ 5,27,624
India ~23% of new
Cervical Cancer cases in world
India ~ 67,477
Total world ~ 2,65,653
India ~23%
Rest of World - 77%
India ~25% of deaths
due to Cervical Cancer in world
Rest of World - 73%
India - 27%
2013
Cervical Cancer Disease Burden INDIA
Incidence Mortality
India ~25%
Rest of World - 75%
2. Bruni L, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Serrano B, Brotons M, Cosano R, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Castellsagué X. ICO Information Centre on HPV and
Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in India. Summary Report 2014-01-31. [Accessed on 11th Feb 14]
HPV 16
HPV 18
HPV 6
HPV 11
Cancer causing Types
High risk group-16,18,
31,33,45,52,58
Non-cancer causing types
Low risk group- 6,11.
• >75% of Cervical Cancer5,6
• >50% of Vaginal & Vulvar Cancer5
90% of Anogenital warts5
HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer – 99.7%4
HPV
1.Schiffman M, Castle PE. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:930–934. 2. Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(suppl 2):S210–S224. 3. Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Castellsagué X, et al. Int J
Cancer. 2004;111:278–285. Reprinted from J Virol. 1994;68:4503–4505 with permission from the American Society for Microbiology Journals Department. 4. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. J
Pathol. 1999;189:12–19. 5. X. Castellsagué, S. de Sanjose, T. Aguado, K. S. Louie, L. Bruni, J.Muñoz, M. Diaz, K. Irwin, M. Gacic, O. Beauvais, G. Albero, E. Ferrer, S. Byrne,F. X. Bosch. HPV and Cervical
Cancer in the World. 2007 Report. WHO/ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Available at: www.who.int/hpvcentre6. Bhatla N et al.Vaccine (2008;26; 2811-17
HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)
Need for multivalent HPV vaccine for broader HPV protection
RATIONALE FOR VACCINATION
Natural Infection – Weak AB response
Vaccination - High AB Response
Higher AB level at
cervical epithelium
prevents HPV infection
3 HPV Vaccine
available in the World
Gardasil 0 2 6 (MSD)
Cevarix 0 1 6 (GSK)
Nano valent vaccine (MSD)
(3 doses in six months)
Target Population 9 to 45 years
WHO
Two Vaccine are only
needed
0 & 6 if given
Between 9- 14 years
TARGET POPULATION - HPV
• HPV vaccination can also be given with the
following special situations: abnormal
Papanicolau (Pap) smear,
• History of genital warts,
• Breastfeeding
• Immunocompromised.
Papsmear and HPV infection status
is not a prerequisite for HPV vaccination.
9vHPV VACCINATION
The most recent recommendation in the USA considers
that adolescents of both sexes should be vaccinated at
the age of 11-12 years with 9vHPV vaccination .
However , bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine may be used
for females, but boys can have only quadrivalent vaccine
or 9vHPV vaccination .
In Europe and many countries including
India, HPV vaccine is only
recommended for girls.
TETANUS, DIPTHERIA,
PERTUSSIS
TARGET POPULATION - TDAP
• Pregnant women with no previous
tetanus immunization or unknown
tetanus immunization history
should receive three doses of Td
vaccine to be given on month apart,
starting the second trimester. The
third dose can be given postpartum
as Tdap.
TDaP
• Pregnant women whose last
Td/ Tdap vaccination was more
than ten years ago should receive Td
booster in the second or third
trimester of pregnancy.
DOSE REGIMEN OF TDAP
• The primary tetanus immunization series
consists of 3 Td injections given
intramuscularly. The first two doses are given
one month apart, and the third dose is given 6-
12 months after the second dose. The third
dose may be given as Tdap.
• Tdap dose is 0.5 mL administered IM,
preferably into the deltoid muscle.
CONTRAINDICATION - TDAP
• Severe allergic reaction
(e.g. anaphylaxis) after a previous
dose or to a vaccine component.
PRECAUTION - TDAP
• History of hypersensitivity reactions
following a previous dose of TT-
containing vaccine – defer
vaccination until at least 10 years
have lapsed since the last TT-
containing vaccine.
ADVERSE EVENTS - TDAP
• Pain
• Redness or swelling
• Fever
• Headache or tiredness
AVAILABLE PREPARATIONS
Vaccine Formulation
Tetanus toxoid 0.5 ml/ampule
Tdap absorbed 0.5 ml/ampule
Tetanus-Diphtheria 0.5 ml/ampule
INFLUENZA
TARGET POPULATION – INFLUENZA VIRUS
• All pregnant and breastfeeding women
should receive the inactivated flu vaccine
• Individuals belonging to the following risk
groups
– All children aged 6 months to 18 years
– All persons aged ≥ 50 years
– Other persons at risk for medical complications
from influenza
– All healthcare professionals
DOSING REGIMEN – INFLUENZA VIRUS
• Infants, children and adolescents aged 6
months to 18 years.
• Women ≥ 19 years: given
intramuscularly, every year, as soon as
the newest/current WHO-recommended
vaccine strains become available.
CONTRAINDICATIONS –
INFLUENZA VIRUS
Severe allergic reactions
(e.g. anaphylaxis) after a previous dose
or to a vaccine component, including
egg protein
PRECAUTIONS – INFLUENZA VIRUS
• Guillaine Barre Syndrome within 6
weeks of previous dose of influenza
vaccine
• Moderate or severe acute illness with
or without fever.
Available Preparations –
Influenza Virus
Vaccine Formulation
Inactivated Split-Influenza
Virus Vaccine
0.5 mL prefilled
syringe
Inactivated Influenza Virus
Vaccine
0.25 mL and 0.5 mL
prefilled syringe
MUMPS, MEASLES,
RUBELLA
TARGET POPULATION - MMR
• All non-pregnant women of
childbearing age must be offered
measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
vaccination if not had vaccination in
childhood.
TARGET POPULATION - MMR
• Upon completion or termination of
pregnancy, women who do not have
serologic evidence of rubella immunity
or documentation of rubella vaccination
should be vaccinated with MMR before
discharge from the hospital or birthing
centre.
TARGET POPULATION - MMR
• Routine prenatal serologic testing
for rubella on all pregnant women
to test rubella immunity should be
done.
DOSE REGIMEN - MMR
• 0.5 mL, administered subcutaneously, 1-
2 doses.
• Second dose of MMR vaccine,
administered 4 weeks after the first dose
is recommended for adults
CONTRAINDICATIONS - MMR
• Severe allergic reaction after a
previous dose of the vaccine.
• Pregnancy
• Severely immunocompromised
patients
PRECAUTIONS - MMR
• Women administered the
MMR vaccine should be
advised not to get pregnant
during the next 4 weeks post-
vaccine.
PRECAUTIONS - MMR
• History of thrombocytopenia or
thrombocytopenic purpura
• Need for tuberculin skin testing
• Moderate or severe acute illness
with or without fever
AVAILABLE PREPARATION - MMR
Vaccine Formulation
Measles, Mumps, Rubella Virus
Vaccine, live-attenuated
0.5 mL
VARICELLA
TARGET POPULATION - VARICELLA
• Persons aged >13 years
• School-aged children,
• college students, and students in other post-
secondary educational institutions
• Other healthy adults
POSTPARTUM VACCINATION - VARICELLA
• Women who do not have evidence of
varicella immunity should receive the first
dose of vaccine before discharge from the
health-care facility. The second dose should
be administered 4-8 weeks later.
• Women should be counselled to avoid
conception 1 month after each dose of
varicella vaccine.
DOSE REGIMEN - VARICELLA
• Eligible recipients should receive two
0.5 mL doses of single-antigen
varicella vaccine administered
subcutaneously, 4-8 weeks apart. If
>8 weeks elapsed after the first
dose, the second dose may be
administered without restarting the
schedule.
CONTRAINDICATIONS - VARICELLA
• Persons with history of anaphylactic
reaction to any component of the vaccine,
to neomycin.
• Persons with malignant condition
• Family history of congenital or hereditary
immunodeficiency
CONTRAINDICATIONS - VARICELLA
• Persons receiving high-dose systemic
immunosuppressive therapy.
• Pregnant women
PRECAUTIONS - VARICELLA
• Vaccination of persons who have acute severe
illness, including untreated, active
tuberculosis, should be postponed until
recovery.
• Varicella vaccines should not be administered
for the same intervals as measles vaccine, after
administration of blood, plasma or
immunoglobulin.
AVAILABLE PREPARATION - VARICELLA
Vaccine Formulation
Varicella Virus Vaccine, live-
attenuated, freeze-dried with
separate diluent, to be
reconstituted right before
administration
0.5 mL
HEPATITIS - A
TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS A
• Women, 18 years old and above, who have
close contact with persons with hepatitis A,
must be vaccinated.
• Women travelling to or working in countries
with high or intermediate prevalence of
hepatitis A should be vaccinated.
TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS A
• Women who use street drugs are
candidates for vaccination.
• Women with chronic liver disease
(including hepatitis B and C) should
receive hepatitis A vaccination.
TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS A
• Women previously treated with clotting
factor concentrates should avail of
hepatitis A vaccination.
• Women with occupational risk including
laboratory staff should be vaccinated.
POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS -
HEPATITIS A
• For susceptible healthy women up to age 40
years, single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine should
be administered as soon as possible after
exposure.
• Beyond 40 years, immune globulin (Ig) is
preferred. Vaccine can be used if Ig cannot be
obtained.
DOSE REGIMEN - HEPATITIS A
• Hepatitis A vaccine should be
administered by intramuscular route
for 2 doses, 6-12 months apart, for
lasting protection.
CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIO
NS /ADVERSE EVENTS -
HEPATITIS A
• Severe or life-threatening allergic reaction to a
previous dose of hepatitis A vaccine is an
absolute contraindication.
• Severe or life-threatening allergic reaction to
any vaccine component contraindicates the
administration of hepatitis A vaccine.
CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIONS
/ADVERSE EVENTS - HEPATITIS A
• Moderate or severe ilnnes at the time of
vaccination may defer the scheduled
administration.
• Safety of the hepatitis A vaccine for pregnant
women has not been determined.
CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIO
NS /ADVERSE EVENTS -
HEPATITIS A
• The most commonly reported adverse
reaction following hepatitis A
vaccination is local reaction at the site
of injection.
AVAILABLE PREPARATIONS -
HEPATITIS A
Vaccine Formulation
Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine 1 ml/vial
Combined inactivated
hepatitis A and B vaccine
1 mL prefilled
syringe
HEPATITIS - B
TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS B
• Women 18 years old and above who belong to
the high risk groups:
– Healthcare and public safety and security workers
who may have exposure to blood in the workplace
– Persons in training for allied health professions
– Hemodialysis patients and those receiving blood
and blood products including transplant
candidates
TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS B
• Women 18 years old and above who
belong to the high risk groups:
–Patients in early course of chronic liver
diseases
–Sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic
clients
–Multiple sexual partners or prior STD
–Inmates of correctional facilities
TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS B
• Women 18 years old and above who belong to
the high risk groups:
– Clients and staff of institutions for development
disability.
– Travellers to high endemicity areas
– Overseas foreign workers
– Injection drug users
– Household contacts and sexual partners of
hepatitis B virus carriers
TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS B
• Hepatitis B vaccine may be administered to a
pregnant woman who is otherwise eligible for
it.
• All HBsAg-negative pregnant women seeking
STD treatment who have not been previously
vaccinated should receive hepatitis B
vaccination.
DOSE REGIMEN - HEPATITIS B
• Hepatitis B vaccine is administered
intramuscularly in 3 doses at 0, 1, 6-12 months.
• The accelerated schedule should be
given in 4 doses at 0, 1, 2, 12 months.
• The rapid schedule should be given in
4 doses at 0, 7, 21 days and 12 months.
CONTRAINDICATIONS/
PRECAUTIONS/ADVERSE EVENTS -
HEPATITIS B
• A severe allergic reaction to vaccine
component or to a prior dose of hepatitis B
vaccine is a contraindication to further doses of
the vaccine.
• Persons with moderate or severe acute illness
should not be vaccinated until their condition
improves.
CONTRAINDICATIONS/
PRECAUTIONS/ADVERSE EVENTS -
HEPATITIS B
• Minor illnesses like upper respiratory
tract infection is not a
contraindication to vaccination.
AVAILABLE PREPARATION -
HEPATITIS B
Vaccine Formulation
Recombinant hepatitis B virus
vaccine
20 mcg/mL
5 mL
HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
for old adults
HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES)
• Shingles is caused by a
reawakening of the chickenpox
virus
• Symptoms – rash usually along
nerve pathways
• Very painful and debilitating
• 20-30 % people can expect to
get shingles in their lifetime
VACCINES
• Zostavax - lyophilized preparation of the Oka strain of
live, attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV).
SCHEDULE
• Single 0.65 ml dose subcutaneously in the upper arm.
• Each 0.65 ml dose contains a minimum of 19,400
plaque-forming units [PFU].
• The vaccine must be used within 30 minutes after
reconstitution.
Herpes Zoster
RECOMMENDATIONS
• Recommended for persons > 60 years.
• High risk for developing recurrent herpes
zoster, such as
– Patients with chronic medical conditions (CKD,
diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and
chronic pulmonary disease);
– Persons who are likely to have severe
immunosuppression in near future.
HERPES ZOSTER
PNEUMOCOCCAL
Vaccination
for old adults
PNEUMOCOCCAL Vaccination
VACCINES
• The pneumococcal polysaccharide
vaccine (PPV), contains 25 μg each of purified
capsular polysaccharide from 23 serotypes of
Streptococcus pneumoniae.
SCHEDULE
– A single standard dose (0.5 ml) is
administered by the intramuscular or
subcutaneous route.
– This vaccine can be co-administered with
live vaccines such as the influenza vaccine.
• Adults who are 65yrs of age or older.
HIGH RISK PEOPLE
• Anatomic asplenia
• Sickle cell disease
• Immunocompromised
persons including HIV
• Leukemia, Lymphoma
• Hodgkin’s disease
• Multiple myeloma
• Generalized malignancy
• Chronic renal failure
• Nephrotic syndrome
• Chemotherapy &
corticosteroids)
• Organ or bone marrow
transplant.
• Pregnant women with
high-risk conditions
PNEUMOCOCCAL Vaccination
• One-time revaccination is
recommended 5yrs later for people
with
–Rapid antibody loss
(e.g., renal disease)
–People >65yrs of age if the 1st dose
was given prior to age 65 and > 5yrs
have elapsed since previous dose.
PNEUMOCOCCAL Vaccination
MENINGOCOCCAL
MENINGITIS
MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
VACCINES
• Types
– Polysaccharide vaccines
• Bivalent (A&C)
• Quadrivalent (A,C,Y & W135)
– Conjugate vaccines.
• The vaccine does not induce herd immunity and has no
effect on nasopharyngeal carriage.
• Containing 50 μg of polysaccharide per dose.
• After reconstitution use within 8-12 hours.
Schedule
• A single dose of 0.5 ml SC in deltoid region.
• In children between 3 months and 2 years of
age, two doses at an interval of 3 months are
indicated.
Meningococcal Vaccination
Recommendations
• The meningococcal vaccine can be used in
selected populations in certain situations,
such as
–During an outbreak (HCW, Lab. worker,
Close contacts )
–During inter-epidemic period
–To travelers, pilgrims(Quadrivalent),
people attending fairs and
festivals(bivalent 10-14 days prior).
Meningococcal Vaccination
• Mass vaccination may be considered depending on
the age-specific attack rate, geographical
distribution of cases, and the availability of vaccine.
• During the inter-epidemic period, to personnel
living in dormitories; military recruits; jail inmates;
immunocompromised individuals.
• Adults with anatomic or functional asplenia, or
terminal complement component deficiencies.
Meningococcal Vaccination
RECOMMENDED VACCINES FOR
HEALTHCARE WORKERS
• Healthcare workers should maintain an
immunization history for:
• Hepatitis B
• Influenza *
• MMR
• Varicella (chickenpox)
• Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis
• Meningococcal**
* Receive annually
** For specific healthcare personnel
RECOMMENDED VACCINES FOR
TRAVELERS TO INDIA
CDC recommends the vaccines according
to duration of stay in India.
• Tetanus-Diphtheria
• Hepatitis A
• Yellow Fever
• Polio
• Japanese Encephalitis
• Rabies
• Typhoid
• Hepatitis B
• Tuberculosis
• Meningitis
< 1 month
1- 5 month
> 6 month
TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Adult women are an important group of
any country & their health care is utmost
important. Our social scenario prevent
them to access a health care facility on
their own …it is for us as gynaecologists,
Paediatricians, general practitioners to
see that they are cared & needed
vaccination are given in time
REMEMBER..ADULT Immunization
recommended in India for WOMEN
Tdap MMR
Influenza Pneumococcal
Hepatitis B Hepatitis A
Varicella HPV (cervical cancer)
Meningococcal Herpes Zoster
WE RUN TRAINING COURSES
LIFECARE CENTRE IS THE STAR
TRAINING CENTRE OF D.G.F
1. IVF – ICSI – Embryology (2 weeks) Rating *****
2. Basic course in infertility (one week) Rating ****
+ Ovulation Induction & A – Z of IUI
3. Embryology (2 weeks)
4. Male infertility + Andrology
5. Andrology alone (Three Days ) Rating *****
Head Office
11 Gagan Vihar, Near Karkari Morh Flyover, Delhi
- 51
CONTACT US
8826638849 / 7533059677
WEBSITE :
www.delhigynaecologistforum.com

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D.G.F. Guidelines on Adult Immunization for Indian Women

  • 1. D.G.F. Guidelines on Adult Immunization for Indian Women Dr. SHARDA JAIN Dr. Jyoti Agarwal / Dr. Jyoti Bhasker …Caring hearts, healing hands
  • 3. When meditating over a disease, I never think of finding a remedy for it, but, instead, a means of preventing it. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
  • 4. Immunization is not just for infants & children under five any more
  • 5. Today Vaccination is just not for Kids But Adolescents &Adults Too
  • 6. What is IMMUNIZATION? • Immunization refers to the artificial induction of immunity. It can be by Active Immunization: the use of live attenuated infectious agents or inactivated toxins, or antigens obtained by genetic recombination OR Passive Immunization: temporary immunity obtained by the administration of immunoglobulins or antitoxins. 6Source : Dictionary of Public Health, J Kishore - 2007
  • 7. WHY ADULT IMMUNIZATION? •“Disease-free young and older adults can remain active, healthy participants in society / contribute a lot in NATION building and more fully generating money.. • Researchers strongly feel… this create a Win- win situation for all individuals in the society. • Health costs for curing will be contained, and economic productivity will go up.
  • 8. WHY NO ONE IS TALKING ABOUT ADULT IMMUNIZATION ? In INDIA, there is often lack of resources, political will and awareness on immunization and the impact on health among DOCTORS & POLICY MAKERS, it takes years to build system & evolve. •As we have seen with childhood vaccinations access. … raising awareness and understanding of how vaccines can improve health and economies has taken so long. Still we are far away from 100% immunisation Goal It takes decades for new public health interventions to reach those most in need
  • 9. • Adult immunizations have: • Lack of clear vaccination recommendations among national and global bodies except USA • Complex vaccination schedules • Inadequate physician and patient knowledge • Patients have limited awareness of the benefits of vaccinations for themselves and their families WHY NO ONE IS TALKING ABOUT ADULT IMMUNIZATION ?
  • 10. ADULT IMMUNIZATION SHOULD BE A MAJOR POLICY PRIORITY FOR POLICYMAKERS AND OTHER STAKEHOLDERS IN INDIA This is also how childhood immunizations were developed, and the model & motivation behind success should be brought to innovations in adult vaccines too Now is the time to create similar levels of attention on the critical value of adolescent & adult vaccines as is done western countries
  • 11. WHY ADULT VACCINATION ? • Immunity wanes over time • As we age, we become more susceptible to serious diseases caused by common infections, such as shingles, flu & pneumonia. This results in otherwise preventable morbidity & mortality. • Considerable vaccine – preventable morbidity * Excess Hospitalization * Diminished quality of life (Post – herpetic neuralgia) * Missed work * Medical Complications
  • 12. CDC GUIDELINES on ADULT VACCINATION IN U.S.A.
  • 13. ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule, Age-Based Recommendations - USA
  • 14. ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule- Medical/Occupational and Behavior-Based Recommendations (USA) 12/15/2016 14 Pregn ancy Immunoco mpromisin g conditions excluding HIV HIV & CD4 Count <200 cell/ µl >200 cell/ µl Men having sex with men (MSM) Heart disease, chronic lung diseases, chronic alcoholic Aspleni a includi ng elective Splenec tomy Chro nic liver dise ases Diabete Kidney failure, ESRD, on hemodi lysis Health -Care perso nnel
  • 15. Vaccine / Age group 19-26 yrs 27-49 yrs 50-59 yrs 60-64 yrs > 65 yrs Tetanus, Diptheria, Pertussis (Tdap) Substitude one time dose of Tdap with Td, then booster with Td every 10 years Td booster every 10 yrs Human Pappiloma Vaccine 3 doses Varicella 2 doses Zoster 1 dose Measles, Mumps, Rubella 1 or 2 doses 1 dose Influenza 1 dose annually Pnemococcal (Polysaccharide) 1 or 2 doses 1 dose Hepatitis A 2 doses Hepatitis B 3 doses Meninngicoccal 1 or more doses ACIP Adult Immunization Schedule, Age-Based Recommendations, INDIA Recommended if some risk factor is present All persons who meet the age criteria No recommendation
  • 16. Adult Immunization based on medical and other indications (INDIA) Indications Pregnancy Immunoco mpromise d conditions (Excluding HIV) HIV infection with CD4 count Diabetes, heart disease, chronic lung disease Asplenia (excluding elective splenectomy ) Chronic liver disease Kidney failure, end stage renal disease, on hemodialysi s Health care professi onals Vaccine <200 cells/ µl >200 cells/ µl Tetanus, Diptheria, Pertussis (Tdap) Td Substitute one time dose of Tdap with Td, then booster with Td every 10 years Human Pappiloma Vaccine 3 doses for females through age 26 years Varicella Contraindication 2 doses Zoster Contraindication 1 dose Measles, Mumps, Rubella Contraindication 1 or 2 doses Influenza 1 dose TIV annually 1 dose TIV or LAIV Pnemococcal (Polysaccharide) 1 or 2 doses Hepatitis A 2 doses Hepatitis B 3 doses Meninngicoccal 1 or more doses Recommended if some risk factor is present All persons who meet the age criteria Contraindication
  • 17. ADULT Immunization recommended in India Tdap MMR Influenza Pneumococcal Hepatitis B Hepatitis A Varicella HPV (cervical cancer) Meningococcal Herpes Zoster
  • 18.
  • 20. HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection. It is transmitted early in adolescence when sexual oro pharyngeal cancer. The high risk subtypes of HPV are responsible for these cancers.
  • 21. YOU DON’T NEED TO CURE IF YOU CAN PREVENT IT CANCER
  • 22. India ~1,22,844 Total world ~ 5,27,624 India ~23% of new Cervical Cancer cases in world India ~ 67,477 Total world ~ 2,65,653 India ~23% Rest of World - 77% India ~25% of deaths due to Cervical Cancer in world Rest of World - 73% India - 27% 2013 Cervical Cancer Disease Burden INDIA Incidence Mortality India ~25% Rest of World - 75% 2. Bruni L, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Serrano B, Brotons M, Cosano R, Muñoz J, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S, Castellsagué X. ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Human Papillomavirus and Related Diseases in India. Summary Report 2014-01-31. [Accessed on 11th Feb 14]
  • 23. HPV 16 HPV 18 HPV 6 HPV 11 Cancer causing Types High risk group-16,18, 31,33,45,52,58 Non-cancer causing types Low risk group- 6,11. • >75% of Cervical Cancer5,6 • >50% of Vaginal & Vulvar Cancer5 90% of Anogenital warts5 HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer – 99.7%4 HPV 1.Schiffman M, Castle PE. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:930–934. 2. Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, et al. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35(suppl 2):S210–S224. 3. Muñoz N, Bosch FX, Castellsagué X, et al. Int J Cancer. 2004;111:278–285. Reprinted from J Virol. 1994;68:4503–4505 with permission from the American Society for Microbiology Journals Department. 4. Walboomers JM, Jacobs MV, Manos MM, et al. J Pathol. 1999;189:12–19. 5. X. Castellsagué, S. de Sanjose, T. Aguado, K. S. Louie, L. Bruni, J.Muñoz, M. Diaz, K. Irwin, M. Gacic, O. Beauvais, G. Albero, E. Ferrer, S. Byrne,F. X. Bosch. HPV and Cervical Cancer in the World. 2007 Report. WHO/ICO Information Centre on HPV and Cervical Cancer (HPV Information Centre). Available at: www.who.int/hpvcentre6. Bhatla N et al.Vaccine (2008;26; 2811-17 HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) Need for multivalent HPV vaccine for broader HPV protection
  • 24. RATIONALE FOR VACCINATION Natural Infection – Weak AB response Vaccination - High AB Response Higher AB level at cervical epithelium prevents HPV infection
  • 25. 3 HPV Vaccine available in the World Gardasil 0 2 6 (MSD) Cevarix 0 1 6 (GSK) Nano valent vaccine (MSD) (3 doses in six months) Target Population 9 to 45 years
  • 26. WHO Two Vaccine are only needed 0 & 6 if given Between 9- 14 years
  • 27. TARGET POPULATION - HPV • HPV vaccination can also be given with the following special situations: abnormal Papanicolau (Pap) smear, • History of genital warts, • Breastfeeding • Immunocompromised. Papsmear and HPV infection status is not a prerequisite for HPV vaccination.
  • 28. 9vHPV VACCINATION The most recent recommendation in the USA considers that adolescents of both sexes should be vaccinated at the age of 11-12 years with 9vHPV vaccination . However , bivalent or quadrivalent vaccine may be used for females, but boys can have only quadrivalent vaccine or 9vHPV vaccination . In Europe and many countries including India, HPV vaccine is only recommended for girls.
  • 30. TARGET POPULATION - TDAP • Pregnant women with no previous tetanus immunization or unknown tetanus immunization history should receive three doses of Td vaccine to be given on month apart, starting the second trimester. The third dose can be given postpartum as Tdap.
  • 31. TDaP • Pregnant women whose last Td/ Tdap vaccination was more than ten years ago should receive Td booster in the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
  • 32. DOSE REGIMEN OF TDAP • The primary tetanus immunization series consists of 3 Td injections given intramuscularly. The first two doses are given one month apart, and the third dose is given 6- 12 months after the second dose. The third dose may be given as Tdap. • Tdap dose is 0.5 mL administered IM, preferably into the deltoid muscle.
  • 33. CONTRAINDICATION - TDAP • Severe allergic reaction (e.g. anaphylaxis) after a previous dose or to a vaccine component.
  • 34. PRECAUTION - TDAP • History of hypersensitivity reactions following a previous dose of TT- containing vaccine – defer vaccination until at least 10 years have lapsed since the last TT- containing vaccine.
  • 35. ADVERSE EVENTS - TDAP • Pain • Redness or swelling • Fever • Headache or tiredness
  • 36. AVAILABLE PREPARATIONS Vaccine Formulation Tetanus toxoid 0.5 ml/ampule Tdap absorbed 0.5 ml/ampule Tetanus-Diphtheria 0.5 ml/ampule
  • 38. TARGET POPULATION – INFLUENZA VIRUS • All pregnant and breastfeeding women should receive the inactivated flu vaccine • Individuals belonging to the following risk groups – All children aged 6 months to 18 years – All persons aged ≥ 50 years – Other persons at risk for medical complications from influenza – All healthcare professionals
  • 39. DOSING REGIMEN – INFLUENZA VIRUS • Infants, children and adolescents aged 6 months to 18 years. • Women ≥ 19 years: given intramuscularly, every year, as soon as the newest/current WHO-recommended vaccine strains become available.
  • 40. CONTRAINDICATIONS – INFLUENZA VIRUS Severe allergic reactions (e.g. anaphylaxis) after a previous dose or to a vaccine component, including egg protein
  • 41. PRECAUTIONS – INFLUENZA VIRUS • Guillaine Barre Syndrome within 6 weeks of previous dose of influenza vaccine • Moderate or severe acute illness with or without fever.
  • 42. Available Preparations – Influenza Virus Vaccine Formulation Inactivated Split-Influenza Virus Vaccine 0.5 mL prefilled syringe Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine 0.25 mL and 0.5 mL prefilled syringe
  • 44. TARGET POPULATION - MMR • All non-pregnant women of childbearing age must be offered measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination if not had vaccination in childhood.
  • 45. TARGET POPULATION - MMR • Upon completion or termination of pregnancy, women who do not have serologic evidence of rubella immunity or documentation of rubella vaccination should be vaccinated with MMR before discharge from the hospital or birthing centre.
  • 46. TARGET POPULATION - MMR • Routine prenatal serologic testing for rubella on all pregnant women to test rubella immunity should be done.
  • 47. DOSE REGIMEN - MMR • 0.5 mL, administered subcutaneously, 1- 2 doses. • Second dose of MMR vaccine, administered 4 weeks after the first dose is recommended for adults
  • 48. CONTRAINDICATIONS - MMR • Severe allergic reaction after a previous dose of the vaccine. • Pregnancy • Severely immunocompromised patients
  • 49. PRECAUTIONS - MMR • Women administered the MMR vaccine should be advised not to get pregnant during the next 4 weeks post- vaccine.
  • 50. PRECAUTIONS - MMR • History of thrombocytopenia or thrombocytopenic purpura • Need for tuberculin skin testing • Moderate or severe acute illness with or without fever
  • 51. AVAILABLE PREPARATION - MMR Vaccine Formulation Measles, Mumps, Rubella Virus Vaccine, live-attenuated 0.5 mL
  • 53. TARGET POPULATION - VARICELLA • Persons aged >13 years • School-aged children, • college students, and students in other post- secondary educational institutions • Other healthy adults
  • 54. POSTPARTUM VACCINATION - VARICELLA • Women who do not have evidence of varicella immunity should receive the first dose of vaccine before discharge from the health-care facility. The second dose should be administered 4-8 weeks later. • Women should be counselled to avoid conception 1 month after each dose of varicella vaccine.
  • 55. DOSE REGIMEN - VARICELLA • Eligible recipients should receive two 0.5 mL doses of single-antigen varicella vaccine administered subcutaneously, 4-8 weeks apart. If >8 weeks elapsed after the first dose, the second dose may be administered without restarting the schedule.
  • 56. CONTRAINDICATIONS - VARICELLA • Persons with history of anaphylactic reaction to any component of the vaccine, to neomycin. • Persons with malignant condition • Family history of congenital or hereditary immunodeficiency
  • 57. CONTRAINDICATIONS - VARICELLA • Persons receiving high-dose systemic immunosuppressive therapy. • Pregnant women
  • 58. PRECAUTIONS - VARICELLA • Vaccination of persons who have acute severe illness, including untreated, active tuberculosis, should be postponed until recovery. • Varicella vaccines should not be administered for the same intervals as measles vaccine, after administration of blood, plasma or immunoglobulin.
  • 59. AVAILABLE PREPARATION - VARICELLA Vaccine Formulation Varicella Virus Vaccine, live- attenuated, freeze-dried with separate diluent, to be reconstituted right before administration 0.5 mL
  • 61. TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS A • Women, 18 years old and above, who have close contact with persons with hepatitis A, must be vaccinated. • Women travelling to or working in countries with high or intermediate prevalence of hepatitis A should be vaccinated.
  • 62. TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS A • Women who use street drugs are candidates for vaccination. • Women with chronic liver disease (including hepatitis B and C) should receive hepatitis A vaccination.
  • 63. TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS A • Women previously treated with clotting factor concentrates should avail of hepatitis A vaccination. • Women with occupational risk including laboratory staff should be vaccinated.
  • 64. POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS - HEPATITIS A • For susceptible healthy women up to age 40 years, single-antigen hepatitis A vaccine should be administered as soon as possible after exposure. • Beyond 40 years, immune globulin (Ig) is preferred. Vaccine can be used if Ig cannot be obtained.
  • 65. DOSE REGIMEN - HEPATITIS A • Hepatitis A vaccine should be administered by intramuscular route for 2 doses, 6-12 months apart, for lasting protection.
  • 66. CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIO NS /ADVERSE EVENTS - HEPATITIS A • Severe or life-threatening allergic reaction to a previous dose of hepatitis A vaccine is an absolute contraindication. • Severe or life-threatening allergic reaction to any vaccine component contraindicates the administration of hepatitis A vaccine.
  • 67. CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIONS /ADVERSE EVENTS - HEPATITIS A • Moderate or severe ilnnes at the time of vaccination may defer the scheduled administration. • Safety of the hepatitis A vaccine for pregnant women has not been determined.
  • 68. CONTRAINDICATIONS/PRECAUTIO NS /ADVERSE EVENTS - HEPATITIS A • The most commonly reported adverse reaction following hepatitis A vaccination is local reaction at the site of injection.
  • 69. AVAILABLE PREPARATIONS - HEPATITIS A Vaccine Formulation Inactivated hepatitis A vaccine 1 ml/vial Combined inactivated hepatitis A and B vaccine 1 mL prefilled syringe
  • 71. TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS B • Women 18 years old and above who belong to the high risk groups: – Healthcare and public safety and security workers who may have exposure to blood in the workplace – Persons in training for allied health professions – Hemodialysis patients and those receiving blood and blood products including transplant candidates
  • 72. TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS B • Women 18 years old and above who belong to the high risk groups: –Patients in early course of chronic liver diseases –Sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic clients –Multiple sexual partners or prior STD –Inmates of correctional facilities
  • 73. TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS B • Women 18 years old and above who belong to the high risk groups: – Clients and staff of institutions for development disability. – Travellers to high endemicity areas – Overseas foreign workers – Injection drug users – Household contacts and sexual partners of hepatitis B virus carriers
  • 74. TARGET POPULATION - HEPATITIS B • Hepatitis B vaccine may be administered to a pregnant woman who is otherwise eligible for it. • All HBsAg-negative pregnant women seeking STD treatment who have not been previously vaccinated should receive hepatitis B vaccination.
  • 75. DOSE REGIMEN - HEPATITIS B • Hepatitis B vaccine is administered intramuscularly in 3 doses at 0, 1, 6-12 months. • The accelerated schedule should be given in 4 doses at 0, 1, 2, 12 months. • The rapid schedule should be given in 4 doses at 0, 7, 21 days and 12 months.
  • 76. CONTRAINDICATIONS/ PRECAUTIONS/ADVERSE EVENTS - HEPATITIS B • A severe allergic reaction to vaccine component or to a prior dose of hepatitis B vaccine is a contraindication to further doses of the vaccine. • Persons with moderate or severe acute illness should not be vaccinated until their condition improves.
  • 77. CONTRAINDICATIONS/ PRECAUTIONS/ADVERSE EVENTS - HEPATITIS B • Minor illnesses like upper respiratory tract infection is not a contraindication to vaccination.
  • 78. AVAILABLE PREPARATION - HEPATITIS B Vaccine Formulation Recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccine 20 mcg/mL 5 mL
  • 80. HERPES ZOSTER (SHINGLES) • Shingles is caused by a reawakening of the chickenpox virus • Symptoms – rash usually along nerve pathways • Very painful and debilitating • 20-30 % people can expect to get shingles in their lifetime
  • 81. VACCINES • Zostavax - lyophilized preparation of the Oka strain of live, attenuated varicella zoster virus (VZV). SCHEDULE • Single 0.65 ml dose subcutaneously in the upper arm. • Each 0.65 ml dose contains a minimum of 19,400 plaque-forming units [PFU]. • The vaccine must be used within 30 minutes after reconstitution. Herpes Zoster
  • 82. RECOMMENDATIONS • Recommended for persons > 60 years. • High risk for developing recurrent herpes zoster, such as – Patients with chronic medical conditions (CKD, diabetes mellitus, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic pulmonary disease); – Persons who are likely to have severe immunosuppression in near future. HERPES ZOSTER
  • 84. PNEUMOCOCCAL Vaccination VACCINES • The pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV), contains 25 μg each of purified capsular polysaccharide from 23 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. SCHEDULE – A single standard dose (0.5 ml) is administered by the intramuscular or subcutaneous route. – This vaccine can be co-administered with live vaccines such as the influenza vaccine.
  • 85. • Adults who are 65yrs of age or older. HIGH RISK PEOPLE • Anatomic asplenia • Sickle cell disease • Immunocompromised persons including HIV • Leukemia, Lymphoma • Hodgkin’s disease • Multiple myeloma • Generalized malignancy • Chronic renal failure • Nephrotic syndrome • Chemotherapy & corticosteroids) • Organ or bone marrow transplant. • Pregnant women with high-risk conditions PNEUMOCOCCAL Vaccination
  • 86. • One-time revaccination is recommended 5yrs later for people with –Rapid antibody loss (e.g., renal disease) –People >65yrs of age if the 1st dose was given prior to age 65 and > 5yrs have elapsed since previous dose. PNEUMOCOCCAL Vaccination
  • 88. MENINGOCOCCAL MENINGITIS VACCINES • Types – Polysaccharide vaccines • Bivalent (A&C) • Quadrivalent (A,C,Y & W135) – Conjugate vaccines. • The vaccine does not induce herd immunity and has no effect on nasopharyngeal carriage. • Containing 50 μg of polysaccharide per dose. • After reconstitution use within 8-12 hours.
  • 89. Schedule • A single dose of 0.5 ml SC in deltoid region. • In children between 3 months and 2 years of age, two doses at an interval of 3 months are indicated. Meningococcal Vaccination
  • 90. Recommendations • The meningococcal vaccine can be used in selected populations in certain situations, such as –During an outbreak (HCW, Lab. worker, Close contacts ) –During inter-epidemic period –To travelers, pilgrims(Quadrivalent), people attending fairs and festivals(bivalent 10-14 days prior). Meningococcal Vaccination
  • 91. • Mass vaccination may be considered depending on the age-specific attack rate, geographical distribution of cases, and the availability of vaccine. • During the inter-epidemic period, to personnel living in dormitories; military recruits; jail inmates; immunocompromised individuals. • Adults with anatomic or functional asplenia, or terminal complement component deficiencies. Meningococcal Vaccination
  • 92. RECOMMENDED VACCINES FOR HEALTHCARE WORKERS • Healthcare workers should maintain an immunization history for: • Hepatitis B • Influenza * • MMR • Varicella (chickenpox) • Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis • Meningococcal** * Receive annually ** For specific healthcare personnel
  • 93. RECOMMENDED VACCINES FOR TRAVELERS TO INDIA CDC recommends the vaccines according to duration of stay in India. • Tetanus-Diphtheria • Hepatitis A • Yellow Fever • Polio • Japanese Encephalitis • Rabies • Typhoid • Hepatitis B • Tuberculosis • Meningitis < 1 month 1- 5 month > 6 month
  • 94. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Adult women are an important group of any country & their health care is utmost important. Our social scenario prevent them to access a health care facility on their own …it is for us as gynaecologists, Paediatricians, general practitioners to see that they are cared & needed vaccination are given in time
  • 95. REMEMBER..ADULT Immunization recommended in India for WOMEN Tdap MMR Influenza Pneumococcal Hepatitis B Hepatitis A Varicella HPV (cervical cancer) Meningococcal Herpes Zoster
  • 96. WE RUN TRAINING COURSES LIFECARE CENTRE IS THE STAR TRAINING CENTRE OF D.G.F 1. IVF – ICSI – Embryology (2 weeks) Rating ***** 2. Basic course in infertility (one week) Rating **** + Ovulation Induction & A – Z of IUI 3. Embryology (2 weeks) 4. Male infertility + Andrology 5. Andrology alone (Three Days ) Rating *****
  • 97. Head Office 11 Gagan Vihar, Near Karkari Morh Flyover, Delhi - 51 CONTACT US 8826638849 / 7533059677 WEBSITE : www.delhigynaecologistforum.com