Modified Sweat gland
Lies in the deep pectoral
fascia
Boundaries:
clavicle superiorly,
the lateral border of the latissimus muscle laterally,
the sternum medially
inframammary fold inferiorly
Modified Sweat gland
Lies in the deep pectoral
fascia
Boundaries:
clavicle superiorly,
the lateral border of the latissimus muscle laterally,
the sternum medially
inframammary fold inferiorly
Cervical cancer is caused by sexually acquired infections with certain types of HPV. Two HPV types (16 and 18) cause 70% of cervical cancers and pre-cancerous cervical lesions. There is also evidence linking HPV with cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, penis, and oropharynx
Human papiloma virus and its association to Cervical Cancer
HPV in Saudi Arabia .
Currently I am working in Arar Central Hospital, in Arar city
In Saudi Arabia.
Please do not hesitate to contact us if you require any further information.
Alsultany@hotmail.com
Ca cervix epidemiology,screening and preventionDrAnkitaPatel
CA CERVIX IS PREVENTABLE AND CURABLE IF DETECTED AT EARLY STAGE .VACCINATION, PAP SMEAR AND HPV VACCINATION ARE KEY COMPONENTS FOR PREVENTION AND EARLY DETECTION.
Cervical Cancer is common worldwide , ranking 3rd among all malignancies for women.
Second leading cause of cancer death.
Most of these cancers stem from infection with the Human Pappiloma Virus (HPV).
Cervical cancer global burden and where do we stand todayNiranjan Chavan
Cervical cancer is the 4th most common cancer in women worldwide but most common cause of cancer related death in India.
All over the world, including India, there is decreasing trend of cervical cancer.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Cervical cancer is a malignant tumour
deriving from cells of the "cervix
uteri", which is the lower part, the
"neck" of the womb, the female
reproductive organ.
Cells change from normal to pre-
cancer (dysplasia) and then to cancer.
Mainly occurs in the transitional zone.
3.
4. WORLDWIDE MORBIDITY
Cervical cancer is the fourth most common
cancer in women, and the seventh overall, with
an estimated 528,000 new cases in 2012. As
with liver cancer, a large majority (around 85%)
of the global burden occurs in the less
developed regions, where it accounts for almost
12% of all female cancers. High-risk regions,
with estimated ASRs over 30 per 100,000,
include Eastern Africa (42.7), Melanesia (33.3),
Southern (31.5) and Middle (30.6) Africa. Rates
are lowest in Australia/New Zealand (5.5) and
5. WORLDWIDE MORTALITY
There were an estimated 266,000 deaths from
cervical cancer worldwide in 2012, accounting
for 7.5% of all female cancer deaths. Almost
nine out of ten (87%) cervical cancer deaths
occur in the less developed regions. Mortality
varies 18-fold between the different regions of
the world, with rates ranging from less than 2
per 100,000 in Western Asia, Western Europe
and Australia/New Zealand to more than 20 per
100,000 in Melanesia (20.6), Middle (22.2) and
Eastern (27.6) Africa.
9. Human Papillomavirus
Infection with the common human
papillomavirus (HPV) is a cause of
approximately 90% of all cervical cancers.
About half of the sexually transmitted
HPVs are associated with cervical cancer.
10. IF I HAVE HPV, DOES IT MEAN I WILL
GET CANCER?
No! Most people get HPV infection, but very few get cervical cancer
In most cases, HPV infection goes away on its own
Sometimes, the HPV infection does not go away after many years.
This type is called “persistent”. It can lead to cervical cancer
11. Lack of regular Pap Smear tests: Cervical cancer is more common
among women who don’t have regular Pap tests. The Pap test helps
doctors find abnormal cells. Removing or killing the abnormal cells
usually prevents cervical cancer.
• Smoking: Among women who are infected with HPV, smoking
cigarettes slightly increases the risk of cervical cancer.
• Weakened immune system: the body’s natural defense system):
Infection with HIV (the virus that causes AIDS) or taking drugs that
suppress the immune system increases the risk of cervical cancer.
• Sexual history: Women who have had many sexual partners have a
higher risk of developing cervical cancer. Also, a woman who has had
sex with a man who has had many sexual partners may be at higher
risk of developing cervical cancer. In both cases, the risk of
developing cervical cancer is higher because these women have a
higher risk of HPV infection. Also, a woman is at a higher risk if she
began having sexual relations before the age of 18
12. • Using birth control pills for a long time: Using birth
control pills for a long time (5 or more years) may
slightly increase the risk of cervical cancer among
women with HPV infection. However, the risk decreases
quickly when women stop using birth control pills.
• Having many children: Studies suggest that giving
birth to many children (5 or more) may slightly
increase the risk of cervical cancer among women with
HPV infection.
• DES (diethylstilbestrol): DES may increase the risk of
a rare form of cervical cancer in daughters exposed to
this drug before birth. DES was given to some pregnant
women in the United States between about 1940 and
1971. (It is no longer given to pregnant women.)
Having an HPV infection or other risk factors does not
mean that a woman will develop cervical cancer. Most
18. It is the 2nd most common cancer in Nigerian women
and the most common female genital cancer
constituting a major cause of mortality among
Nigerian females in their most productive years.
It was the commonest cancer reported from Ibadan,
Eruwa, Zaria, Jos, Benin and Calabar and in the early
years, 2nd to breast in Enugu and Ife-Ijesha.
A steady increase was reported by Babarinsa et al in
Ibadan in between 1975-1995 which was
attributed to poor screening facilities, and lack of
organized national screening programme.
18
19. Recent data shows that it has however
been overtaken by breast cancer; except in
Kano where it was reported as the most
common cancer in both sexes ; In Jos, it is
the most common female cancer.
On the other hand, incidence of other
gynae cancers such as choriocarcinoma
and endometrial has reduced drastically.
19
20. The age range is between 17-80yrs with peak in
the 5th decade.
Patients are multiparous with average parity of
5.6-6.5.
Multiple marriages, late presentation are common
and majority of the patients have not had Pap
smear done before.
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common
(90-91%) histological type while adenocarcinoma
represents 2.4% to 5.1%.
20
21. HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer
being present in 99.9% of cases.
In a study of 233 cases of cervix cancer
from Lagos, HPV 16 and 18 were present in
65.2%.
This supports data that effective vaccination
against these 2 types will reduce the cervical
burden in Nigeria.
It gladdens the heart to know that the
Federal Ministry of Health has already given
license to bring in vaccines
21
22. Institution of organized screening
programs to detect the pre-cancerous
stage has reduced the mortality and
morbidity of this cancer in developed
countries. This can also be done in Nigeria
with strong commitment
A cheaper method by using VIA has been
reported to be acceptable and effective.
22
24. DIET AND CANCER
1. Avoid food and drinks that are high in sugar
2. Eat more plant-based foods of a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole
grains, peas, beans, lentils.
3. Limit processed meats and red meats
4. Avoid alcohol
5. Limit the use of salty foods and foods processed with salt
(sodium).
6. Avoid using supplements for cancer prevention. .
7. Phytonutrients and antioxidants.
25. VACCINATION
Two HPV vaccines licensed for use to protect against the virus
types that cause most cervical cancer tumors, and one
protects against genital warts. Approximately 70% of cervical
cancerous tumors are caused by HPV viral types 16 or 18, and
about 90% of genital warts are caused by viral types 6 and 11.
The bivalent HPV2 vaccine (Cervarix, GlaxoSmithKline)
protects against two oncogenic types (HPV 16 and 18).
The quadrivalent HPV4 vaccine (Gardasil, Merck) protects
against two oncogenic types (HPV 16 and 18) and two non-
oncogenic types (HPV 6 and 11). Thus, prophylactic
immunization could prevent many tumors, warts, and genital
cancers; reduce treatment costs; prevent distressing