deviance is but one commonly understood issue.let us see what the presentation says.The truth about deviance has not been properly comprehended.Let us now get to the heart of the matter.deviance is not always bad and counter productive;though it may be the sake for the most part.Getting honest about the issue helps the learner to comprehend more the subject.
deviance is but one commonly understood issue.let us see what the presentation says.The truth about deviance has not been properly comprehended.Let us now get to the heart of the matter.deviance is not always bad and counter productive;though it may be the sake for the most part.Getting honest about the issue helps the learner to comprehend more the subject.
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Deviance Essay
The members of the society, at a particular time and place, create and impose rules, regulations, values, norms and laws and other forms of social control to maintain peace and order, to promote harmonious relations, and to preserve the stability of the existing social order. However, there are members who transgress the rules, violate the laws, defy the existing values, rebel against the established social order, and disregard the prevailing social standards and expectations. These people are tagged as deviants and their defiance or transgression is considered as deviant behaviour.
As pointed out by sociologists, deviance is any behaviour that the members of a social group define as violating the established social norms. In other words, there must be a social audience that will determine whether a behaviour is deviant or not. Since norms are relative from one society to another, it follows that what is considered deviant in one society may not be considered as such in another.
Title: Exploring Deviance: Understanding the Complex Dimensions of Human Behavior
Introduction:
Deviance, a multifaceted and intriguing concept, lies at the intersection of sociology, psychology, criminology, and various other disciplines. Defined as any behavior that departs from societal norms and expectations, deviance has captivated the minds of scholars, researchers, and thinkers for centuries. This comprehensive exploration aims to delve into the intricate dimensions of deviance, examining its origins, manifestations, social implications, and the evolving nature of societal responses.
I. The Nature of Deviance:
A. Definition and Conceptualization:
Deviance is a dynamic and socially constructed phenomenon, inherently tied to the cultural, historical, and societal contexts within which it emerges. Societal norms, values, and expectations serve as the benchmarks against which behaviors are evaluated, labeling certain actions or individuals as deviant. Understanding deviance requires an appreciation of the fluidity and subjectivity inherent in the labeling process.
B. Types of Deviance:
Primary Deviance: The initial act that leads to the attribution of deviant labels. It may be fleeting and inconsequential or become a precursor to more serious deviant behavior.
Secondary Deviance: The subsequent deviant acts that result from the societal reaction to primary deviance. Individuals may internalize the deviant label, leading to a self-fulfilling prophecy that reinforces further deviant behavior.
II. Theoretical Perspectives on Deviance:
A. Functionalism:
Emile Durkheim's seminal work laid the foundation for functionalist perspectives on deviance. Deviance, according to Durkheim, serves certain functions in society, such as reinforcing social norms and promoting social change.
Anomie, a state of normlessness, is central to Durkheim's analysis, illustrating the breakdown of societal norms and the subsequent rise in deviant behavior.
B. Symbolic Interactionism:
Symbolic interactionism focuses on the micro-level interactions between individuals, emphasizing the role of symbols and social meanings in deviance.
Labeling theory, a subset of symbolic interactionism, posits that deviance is a result of societal reactions to certain behaviors. The process of labeling can significantly impact an individual's self-concept and future actions.
C. Conflict Theory:
Conflict theorists, such as Karl Marx, view deviance as a reflection of power imbalances within society. Deviant behavior, in this perspective, may be a form of resistance against oppressive structures.
Critical criminology extends conflict theory to analyze how societal institutions, such as the criminal justice system, contribute to the perpetuation of deviance and inequality.
D. Social Control Theories:
Social control theories explore the mechanisms by which society regulates and controls deviant behavior. They emphasize the role of social bonds, such as attachment, commitment.
1 2Social Behavior and Inequalities SummarySocial B.docxsmithhedwards48727
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Social Behavior and Inequalities Summary
Social Behavior and Inequalities Summary
Deviance
Deviance can be defined as an act that violates the rules of a group whether it be custom, law or moral code. Social groups create the rights and wrongs by originating norms, the infraction that constitutes deviance. In other words, nothing inherent in a particular act makes it deviant. Whether or not an act is determined to be deviant depends on how other people react to the act. Deviance can be a criminal or non‐criminal act. The sociological discipline that deals with crime is criminology. Americans consider such activities as alcoholism, excessive gambling, being nude in public places, playing with fire, stealing, lying, refusing to bathe, purchasing the services of prostitutes, and cross‐dressing to name only a few as deviant.
Social Perspectives
People who engage in deviant behavior are referred to as deviants. Sociologists who follow the functionalist approach argue that societies need a limited amount of crime, because crime is inevitable, and that crime performs three positive functions that consist of: regulation, integration and change. They view deviance as a key component of a functioning society. Strain theory, social disorganization theory, and cultural deviance theory represent three functionalist perspectives on deviance in society.
Akers (1991) Conflict theory looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance. Unlike functionalists, conflict theorists don’t see these factors as positive functions of society. They see them as evidence of inequality in the system. They also challenge social disorganization theory and control theory and argue that both ignore racial and socioeconomic issues and oversimplify social trends. Conflict theorists also look for answers to the correlation of gender and race along with wealth and crime.
Symbolic interactionism is a theoretical approach that can be used to explain how societies and/or social groups come to view behaviors as deviant or conventional. Labeling theory, differential association, social disorganization theory, and control theory fall within the realm of symbolic interactionism.
Social Inequalities
Social inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of economic assets and income as well as between the overall quality and luxury of each person's existence within a society, while economic inequality is caused by the unequal accumulation of wealth; social inequality exists because of the lack of wealth in certain areas prohibits these people from obtaining the same types of housing, health care, education, and other luxuries as the wealthy. One cause of social inequalities is starting points in life. Williams (2011), According to Williams “The situation that each of us are born into. If you’re born into a family with wealth and assets, you get a head start”. In other words, your life is setup for you to succeed because you were raised by a fami.
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2. It is the reorganized violation of cultural
norms.
It describes actions or behaviours that
violate social norms, including formally-
enacted rules (e.g., crime),as
well as informal violations of
social norms (e.g., rejecting
folkways and mores).
3. Involves behavior that
fails to meet accepted
norms.
It occurs when people
either
reject, misinterpret, or
are unaware of the
norms.
5. Positive Deviance is
an approach to behavioral
and social change based
on the observation that in
any community, there are
people whose uncommon
but successful behaviors
or strategies enable them
to find better solutions to
a problem than their
peers, despite facing
similar challenges and
having no extra resources
or knowledge than their
peers. (wikipedia.com )
6. The Relativity of Deviance
The determination of which behavior or
characteristics are deviant or normal.
Audience Relativity
Actor Relativity
Situational Relativity
7. Audience Relativity
Deviance is socially
created by collective
human judgements
and ideas. The
judgement of what is
normal or deviant
depends on the
observer who witness
and evaluate the act.
8. • Judgement depends on who is doing the
act. Different
positions, characteristics, and groups
bring forth different expectations, and
hence different
conceptions as to
what constitute
deviant behavior.
10. – There must exist a behavioral
expectation, a norm that defines
appropriate, acceptable behavior, ideas or
characteristics.
– some sort of violation of the norm
must occur.
–
Avoiding, criticism, warnings, punishment or
treatment to the violation.
11. The set of means of ensuring that
people generally behave in expected
and approve ways.
12. Types of Social
Control– lies within the individual that
developed during the socialization process. It is
practising social control because it is the right
thing to do.
– is based on social sanctions, or the
system of rewards and punishments designed to
encourage desired behavior.
14. • Deviant behavior as a form of illness
caused by pathological factors that are
specific to certain types of individuals.
They assume that some people are “born
criminals” who are biologically different
from “non-criminals”.
15. Explained that certain
people are born
criminals.
He described criminals
as having low
foreheads, prominent
jaws and
cheekbones, lots of
body hair, and
unusually long arms.
16. William Sheldon
Suggested that body types predict
criminality.
Concluded that the muscular and athletic
builds are more likely to commit crimes.
17.
18. Deviance as a result of
unsuccessful
socialization, leading to some
personality disorders.
Sigmund Freud: most people
learn in the process of
growing up how to inhibit or
productively channel their
innate drives toward pleasure
and aggression.
19. Deviance as a result
of societal processes and
structure rather than
individual anatomies or
psychologies.
Functionalism and
Deviance
Social Conflict and
Deviance
Symbolic Interactionism
and Deviance
20. Functionalism looks at the positive and negative
consequences of deviance in the society.
Emile Durkheim: Deviance is functional
because.;
1. The ritual of punishment
is an emotional
experience that binds
members of the group
together and establishes a
sense of community.
21. 2. It is useful in making necessary
changes and in preparing people for
change.
– is the societal condition in
which norms are weak, conflicting or
absent, which became the basis of –
structural strain theory.
22.
23.
24. Explains that conformity to social norms
depends on the presence of strong bonds
between individuals and society.
Deviance happens when those bonds are
weak.
25. – the ties of the individuals to
their families, friends and institutions.
– embracing conventional
activities.
– the expenditure of time and
energy to conventional behavior.
– bonds the individual to the rules of
the larger society
26.
27. Explains how people define deviance in
everyday situations.
Differential Association Theory
-deviance is transmitted
through socialization the same way
as nondeviant behavior is learn