This document summarizes key concepts around deviance from a sociological perspective. It discusses how deviance is defined as behaviors that violate social norms and cause negative reactions. It also examines how norms and deviance can vary across cultures. Several major theories of deviance are introduced, including structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Structural functionalism views deviance as serving social functions. Conflict theory sees deviance as a result of social inequalities. Symbolic interactionism focuses on how social interactions shape definitions of and responses to deviance.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on deviance from a sociology textbook. It defines deviance as behavior that violates social norms and discusses how norms and deviance are defined differently across cultures. It then overviews several major sociological theories of deviance, including functionalism, conflict theory, strain theory, and symbolic interactionism including labeling theory. Labeling theory holds that deviance is caused by external judgments that change one's self-concept and social responses.
This document discusses different approaches to defining deviance. It summarizes five conceptualizations:
1) The statistical approach defines deviance based on behavior that is unusual or atypical compared to most people in a group. However, social scientists rarely use this approach as norms are based more on perceptions of right and wrong than statistics.
2) The absolutist approach applies ideal standards of behavior decided by social scientists. But there is no agreement on absolute moral standards and values differ between individuals.
3) The legalistic approach defines deviant behaviors as those that are illegal. However, laws may reflect popular sentiment, elite interests, or a combination of both.
4) In summary, there is no consensus on a precise definition
The document summarizes several major theories of deviance:
- Anomie or strain theory proposes that deviance results from a gap between cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. There are five types of adaptation.
- Conflict theories view deviance as resulting from inequalities in power and resources under capitalism that marginalize the poor and force them into crime.
- Labeling theory argues that behaviors become deviant based on the labels attached by authorities, not inherent qualities, perpetuating deviance.
- Control or social bond theory suggests deviance occurs when social bonds and constraints that normally inhibit antisocial behavior are weakened. Four elements are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
- Differential
The document discusses different types of deviant behavior, including innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels. It also examines theories of deviance such as biological, social disorganization, labeling, anomie, conflict, and cultural transmission theories. Finally, it outlines both the functions and dysfunctions of deviance for society.
The document discusses several key concepts related to deviance:
- It defines deviance as behavior that violates social norms and explains that what is seen as deviant varies by culture and society.
- It outlines several sociological theories of deviance including functionalism, social control theory, strain theory, and labeling theory.
- It discusses different types of sanctions used to enforce social norms and regulate behavior.
- It differentiates between internal and external means of social control and biological, psychological, and sociological explanations of deviance.
1. Merton described 5 types of deviance: innovation, conformity, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Innovation involves accepting societal goals like wealth but rejecting legitimate means, using crime instead. Ritualism rejects goals and overly adheres to means. Retreatism rejects both.
2. Crime is a form of deviance that violates legal norms. White-collar crimes are committed by high-status individuals through occupations. Victimless crimes only harm the individual. Corporate crimes are illegal actions by corporations.
3. Status crimes are illegal due to one's age, and civil disobedience breaks unjust laws to promote social change.
This document discusses several key concepts related to deviance:
1. It defines deviance as violating social norms, whether formal rules or informal expectations.
2. Positive deviance refers to behaviors that help individuals find better solutions than peers despite facing similar challenges.
3. The determination of what is deviant depends on the observer, the actor, and the situation.
4. Social control mechanisms aim to ensure people behave in approved ways through internalization, social sanctions, or societal structures.
Bradford mvsu spring 2013 deviance and crimeJohn Bradford
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as any act that violates the norms of a particular group. It notes that norms vary across societies and over time. Sociological theories of deviance are presented, including Durkheim's theories of egoism and anomie, and Merton's theory that anomie is built into modern society due to a disjunction between cultural goals and legitimate means. The document also discusses labeling theory and how deviance is often a learned behavior. It notes that the labeling of deviance can affect both a person's behavior and society's perception of them.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on deviance from a sociology textbook. It defines deviance as behavior that violates social norms and discusses how norms and deviance are defined differently across cultures. It then overviews several major sociological theories of deviance, including functionalism, conflict theory, strain theory, and symbolic interactionism including labeling theory. Labeling theory holds that deviance is caused by external judgments that change one's self-concept and social responses.
This document discusses different approaches to defining deviance. It summarizes five conceptualizations:
1) The statistical approach defines deviance based on behavior that is unusual or atypical compared to most people in a group. However, social scientists rarely use this approach as norms are based more on perceptions of right and wrong than statistics.
2) The absolutist approach applies ideal standards of behavior decided by social scientists. But there is no agreement on absolute moral standards and values differ between individuals.
3) The legalistic approach defines deviant behaviors as those that are illegal. However, laws may reflect popular sentiment, elite interests, or a combination of both.
4) In summary, there is no consensus on a precise definition
The document summarizes several major theories of deviance:
- Anomie or strain theory proposes that deviance results from a gap between cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieve them. There are five types of adaptation.
- Conflict theories view deviance as resulting from inequalities in power and resources under capitalism that marginalize the poor and force them into crime.
- Labeling theory argues that behaviors become deviant based on the labels attached by authorities, not inherent qualities, perpetuating deviance.
- Control or social bond theory suggests deviance occurs when social bonds and constraints that normally inhibit antisocial behavior are weakened. Four elements are attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.
- Differential
The document discusses different types of deviant behavior, including innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels. It also examines theories of deviance such as biological, social disorganization, labeling, anomie, conflict, and cultural transmission theories. Finally, it outlines both the functions and dysfunctions of deviance for society.
The document discusses several key concepts related to deviance:
- It defines deviance as behavior that violates social norms and explains that what is seen as deviant varies by culture and society.
- It outlines several sociological theories of deviance including functionalism, social control theory, strain theory, and labeling theory.
- It discusses different types of sanctions used to enforce social norms and regulate behavior.
- It differentiates between internal and external means of social control and biological, psychological, and sociological explanations of deviance.
1. Merton described 5 types of deviance: innovation, conformity, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Innovation involves accepting societal goals like wealth but rejecting legitimate means, using crime instead. Ritualism rejects goals and overly adheres to means. Retreatism rejects both.
2. Crime is a form of deviance that violates legal norms. White-collar crimes are committed by high-status individuals through occupations. Victimless crimes only harm the individual. Corporate crimes are illegal actions by corporations.
3. Status crimes are illegal due to one's age, and civil disobedience breaks unjust laws to promote social change.
This document discusses several key concepts related to deviance:
1. It defines deviance as violating social norms, whether formal rules or informal expectations.
2. Positive deviance refers to behaviors that help individuals find better solutions than peers despite facing similar challenges.
3. The determination of what is deviant depends on the observer, the actor, and the situation.
4. Social control mechanisms aim to ensure people behave in approved ways through internalization, social sanctions, or societal structures.
Bradford mvsu spring 2013 deviance and crimeJohn Bradford
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as any act that violates the norms of a particular group. It notes that norms vary across societies and over time. Sociological theories of deviance are presented, including Durkheim's theories of egoism and anomie, and Merton's theory that anomie is built into modern society due to a disjunction between cultural goals and legitimate means. The document also discusses labeling theory and how deviance is often a learned behavior. It notes that the labeling of deviance can affect both a person's behavior and society's perception of them.
This document discusses the concept of deviance as a violation of social norms. It provides definitions of deviance from sociological perspectives as behaviors that violate shared group values and rules. It describes different types of deviant behaviors and norms that can vary between cultures. Merton's strain theory is summarized as explaining deviance through 5 responses to a society's goals and means: innovation, conformity, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Social control mechanisms are described as ways groups influence members' behaviors to conform to norms and values.
This document discusses sociological perspectives on deviance. It addresses how deviance is a social construct rather than an inherent personal characteristic. Deviance arises from violations of social norms and is often used to label diversity. When deviance occurs, others may initially try to deny or minimize it through techniques like bracketing or normalization before potentially labeling the deviant individual. Sociological theories of deviance discussed include functionalism, strain theory, differential association theory, control theory, and labeling theory.
This document discusses key topics related to healthcare and sociology. It defines health and illness as social constructs and examines the role of social factors like socioeconomic status, race, and gender in influencing health outcomes. The document also outlines different approaches to medical treatment, the social institution of medicine, and current issues in healthcare reform. It emphasizes that sociological analysis is important for understanding how social structures shape health and experiences of illness.
This document provides an overview of several ethical theories including:
1) Absolutism and relativism - Absolutism believes some actions are absolutely right or wrong, while relativism contends morality depends on contexts.
2) Consequentialism and non-consequentialism - Consequentialism assesses acts based on outcomes, while non-consequentialism considers acts themselves rather than outcomes.
3) Egoism advocates acting in self-interest, while utilitarianism argues producing maximum happiness makes acts morally right. Kant's deontological ethics focuses on duties over outcomes.
The document discusses these theories at a high level and will continue examining additional approaches like John Rawls' theory of
This document discusses different theories of deviant behavior. It defines deviance as behavior that departs from social norms. Several key points are made:
1. Deviance is relative and depends on social/cultural norms which vary by time, place, and group. What is deviant for one may be normal for another.
2. Theories of deviance include social pathology, biological, psychological, social disorganization, labeling, anomie, conflict, and cultural transmission theories. Each theory proposes different causes of deviant behavior.
3. Merton identified five types of adaptation to cultural goals/means: conformists, innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels. Each type relates
This document discusses theories of deviant behavior including social pathology, biological, psychological, labeling, anomie/structural stress, and conflict theories. Social pathology explains deviance as caused by illness/malfunctions. Biological theories examine genetic/physical traits while psychological theories cite inner conflicts/impulses. Labeling theory argues that society's labeling of behaviors as deviant can cause deviance. Anomie theory links deviance with lack of access to goals. Conflict theory sees deviance arising from an unjust social structure with unequal distribution of wealth/power.
This document discusses the concept of deviance in sociology. It defines deviance as behavior that violates social norms and is disapproved of by most people in society. There are different types of deviance, including primary deviance which is tolerated, and secondary deviance which stigmatizes individuals. Sociologists view deviance as relative and dependent on social and cultural definitions. Biological, psychological, and sociological theories attempt to explain reasons for deviance. Drug abuse and addiction are provided as examples of deviant behavior, and social control techniques for regulating behavior in society are also outlined.
The document discusses several aspects of ethical decision making including:
1) Ethical decision making involves recognizing a moral issue, making a moral judgment, establishing moral intent, and pursuing moral behavior.
2) Models of ethical decision making consider different stages and influences on the process.
3) Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and power distance can influence individual moral reasoning across countries.
The document discusses different types of deviance, including positive deviance like altruism and innovation. It also examines how societies react to deviance through shifting norms and labels. Finally, it notes that the determination of deviance is subjective and relative to cultures, times, and contexts. Societies alter their definitions of deviance to maintain it at an optimal level through social control mechanisms.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on becoming an ethical professional. It discusses declining morality in society and theories on how people develop morality. It covers biological, learning, and developmental theories of moral development, including Kohlberg's stages of moral development. It then discusses factors that influence unethical behavior and how leaders can foster ethics. Overall, the document examines the development of morality and ethics from multiple perspectives to understand how individuals and society can become more ethical.
The document defines deviance and social control. It identifies two major types of deviance - negative deviance, which involves behavior that fails to meet social norms, and positive deviance, which overconforms to expectations. There are also two types of social control - internal control from internalizing norms, and external control through social sanctions like rewards and punishments that encourage conformity. The document provides examples of different forms of deviance and social control.
This document provides an overview and analysis of several sociological theories of deviance:
1) Functionalism views deviance as serving important social functions like affirming norms and pushing boundaries for social change.
2) Conflict theory sees deviance as reflecting power imbalances in society with those lacking resources turning to crime.
3) Labeling theory argues that deviance occurs when a negative label is applied and then adopted.
4) Differential association theory claims criminal behavior is learned through interactions where criminal values and techniques are communicated.
5) A survey of students found varying rates of conformity, rebellion, innovation and retreatism among the respondents.
This document discusses several theories of deviance. It defines deviance as violating social norms and norms as rules that guide society. The structural strain theory explains deviance as resulting from social strains caused by an imbalance between cultural goals and means of achieving them. Labeling theory states that deviance is a social process where some label others as deviant. Differential association theory argues that the environment determines which norms people learn to violate through socializing agents like family and friends.
This document provides an introduction to sociological concepts related to deviance and social control. It discusses key topics including the social construction of what is considered "deviant", labeling theory, and the debate around the influence of social structure versus individual agency. Labeling is presented as a powerful mechanism of social control. Theories of symbolic interactionism emphasize how individuals create identities through social interactions, while structural approaches stress how people are shaped by broader forces. The document uses the work of Erving Goffman to explain how individuals perform different roles and identities depending on social context.
The members of the society, at a particular time and place, create and impose rules, regulations, values, norms and laws and other forms of social control to maintain peace and order, to promote harmonious relations, and to preserve the stability of the existing social order. However, there are members who transgress the rules, violate the laws, defy the existing values, rebel against the established social order, and disregard the prevailing social standards and expectations. These people are tagged as deviants and their defiance or transgression is considered as deviant behaviour.
As pointed out by sociologists, deviance is any behaviour that the members of a social group define as violating the established social norms. In other words, there must be a social audience that will determine whether a behaviour is deviant or not. Since norms are relative from one society to another, it follows that what is considered deviant in one society may not be considered as such in another.
Deviance is defined as any behavior or attribute that violates cultural norms and elicits a negative or positive reaction from others. What is considered deviant depends on social and cultural context rather than being inherent to any act itself. Sociological theories of deviance propose that deviance arises from social structures and learning processes rather than individual characteristics. Robert Merton's strain theory argues that deviance results from a discrepancy between societal expectations and the means available to achieve culturally approved goals. While deviance disrupts social systems, it also serves functions like reinforcing norms and catalyzing social change. Crime is a specific form of deviance that violates laws, but not all deviance is illegal. Social control refers to efforts by groups
This document discusses social control and deviance. It defines social control as a society's formal and informal attempts to regulate members' behavior and thoughts. Informal social control includes casual enforcement of norms, while formal control refers to laws and policies carried out by authorities. Deviance is defined as violating cultural norms in a way that draws negative attention. Theories of deviance discussed include structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and postmodernism. Structural functionalism views deviance as necessary and bringing about social change, while conflict theory sees it as a means for those in power to control the powerless. Symbolic interactionism examines how socialization and labeling shape deviance. Postmodernism similarly argues that institutions use knowledge and
This document summarizes several key concepts related to conformity, deviance, and theories of deviance. It discusses conformity as behaving according to social norms and deviance as violating norms. It then outlines several theories of deviance, including Merton's strain theory, which links deviance to a gap between cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve them. Labeling theory holds that deviance results from being labeled as such rather than inherent acts. Social control theory suggests people conform due to social attachments. The document also discusses concepts like human rights and dignity.
Deviance refers to violations of social norms, whether minor infractions or criminal acts. Sociologists study deviance using three main theoretical perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Functionalists view deviance as serving purposes for society like affirming norms, while conflict theorists see deviance as a product of social and economic inequality. Symbolic interactionists examine how behaviors become defined and labeled as deviant through social interactions and assignment of stigma.
This document discusses the concept of deviance as a violation of social norms. It provides definitions of deviance from sociological perspectives as behaviors that violate shared group values and rules. It describes different types of deviant behaviors and norms that can vary between cultures. Merton's strain theory is summarized as explaining deviance through 5 responses to a society's goals and means: innovation, conformity, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Social control mechanisms are described as ways groups influence members' behaviors to conform to norms and values.
This document discusses sociological perspectives on deviance. It addresses how deviance is a social construct rather than an inherent personal characteristic. Deviance arises from violations of social norms and is often used to label diversity. When deviance occurs, others may initially try to deny or minimize it through techniques like bracketing or normalization before potentially labeling the deviant individual. Sociological theories of deviance discussed include functionalism, strain theory, differential association theory, control theory, and labeling theory.
This document discusses key topics related to healthcare and sociology. It defines health and illness as social constructs and examines the role of social factors like socioeconomic status, race, and gender in influencing health outcomes. The document also outlines different approaches to medical treatment, the social institution of medicine, and current issues in healthcare reform. It emphasizes that sociological analysis is important for understanding how social structures shape health and experiences of illness.
This document provides an overview of several ethical theories including:
1) Absolutism and relativism - Absolutism believes some actions are absolutely right or wrong, while relativism contends morality depends on contexts.
2) Consequentialism and non-consequentialism - Consequentialism assesses acts based on outcomes, while non-consequentialism considers acts themselves rather than outcomes.
3) Egoism advocates acting in self-interest, while utilitarianism argues producing maximum happiness makes acts morally right. Kant's deontological ethics focuses on duties over outcomes.
The document discusses these theories at a high level and will continue examining additional approaches like John Rawls' theory of
This document discusses different theories of deviant behavior. It defines deviance as behavior that departs from social norms. Several key points are made:
1. Deviance is relative and depends on social/cultural norms which vary by time, place, and group. What is deviant for one may be normal for another.
2. Theories of deviance include social pathology, biological, psychological, social disorganization, labeling, anomie, conflict, and cultural transmission theories. Each theory proposes different causes of deviant behavior.
3. Merton identified five types of adaptation to cultural goals/means: conformists, innovators, ritualists, retreatists, and rebels. Each type relates
This document discusses theories of deviant behavior including social pathology, biological, psychological, labeling, anomie/structural stress, and conflict theories. Social pathology explains deviance as caused by illness/malfunctions. Biological theories examine genetic/physical traits while psychological theories cite inner conflicts/impulses. Labeling theory argues that society's labeling of behaviors as deviant can cause deviance. Anomie theory links deviance with lack of access to goals. Conflict theory sees deviance arising from an unjust social structure with unequal distribution of wealth/power.
This document discusses the concept of deviance in sociology. It defines deviance as behavior that violates social norms and is disapproved of by most people in society. There are different types of deviance, including primary deviance which is tolerated, and secondary deviance which stigmatizes individuals. Sociologists view deviance as relative and dependent on social and cultural definitions. Biological, psychological, and sociological theories attempt to explain reasons for deviance. Drug abuse and addiction are provided as examples of deviant behavior, and social control techniques for regulating behavior in society are also outlined.
The document discusses several aspects of ethical decision making including:
1) Ethical decision making involves recognizing a moral issue, making a moral judgment, establishing moral intent, and pursuing moral behavior.
2) Models of ethical decision making consider different stages and influences on the process.
3) Cultural factors like individualism/collectivism and power distance can influence individual moral reasoning across countries.
The document discusses different types of deviance, including positive deviance like altruism and innovation. It also examines how societies react to deviance through shifting norms and labels. Finally, it notes that the determination of deviance is subjective and relative to cultures, times, and contexts. Societies alter their definitions of deviance to maintain it at an optimal level through social control mechanisms.
This document summarizes key concepts from a chapter on becoming an ethical professional. It discusses declining morality in society and theories on how people develop morality. It covers biological, learning, and developmental theories of moral development, including Kohlberg's stages of moral development. It then discusses factors that influence unethical behavior and how leaders can foster ethics. Overall, the document examines the development of morality and ethics from multiple perspectives to understand how individuals and society can become more ethical.
The document defines deviance and social control. It identifies two major types of deviance - negative deviance, which involves behavior that fails to meet social norms, and positive deviance, which overconforms to expectations. There are also two types of social control - internal control from internalizing norms, and external control through social sanctions like rewards and punishments that encourage conformity. The document provides examples of different forms of deviance and social control.
This document provides an overview and analysis of several sociological theories of deviance:
1) Functionalism views deviance as serving important social functions like affirming norms and pushing boundaries for social change.
2) Conflict theory sees deviance as reflecting power imbalances in society with those lacking resources turning to crime.
3) Labeling theory argues that deviance occurs when a negative label is applied and then adopted.
4) Differential association theory claims criminal behavior is learned through interactions where criminal values and techniques are communicated.
5) A survey of students found varying rates of conformity, rebellion, innovation and retreatism among the respondents.
This document discusses several theories of deviance. It defines deviance as violating social norms and norms as rules that guide society. The structural strain theory explains deviance as resulting from social strains caused by an imbalance between cultural goals and means of achieving them. Labeling theory states that deviance is a social process where some label others as deviant. Differential association theory argues that the environment determines which norms people learn to violate through socializing agents like family and friends.
This document provides an introduction to sociological concepts related to deviance and social control. It discusses key topics including the social construction of what is considered "deviant", labeling theory, and the debate around the influence of social structure versus individual agency. Labeling is presented as a powerful mechanism of social control. Theories of symbolic interactionism emphasize how individuals create identities through social interactions, while structural approaches stress how people are shaped by broader forces. The document uses the work of Erving Goffman to explain how individuals perform different roles and identities depending on social context.
The members of the society, at a particular time and place, create and impose rules, regulations, values, norms and laws and other forms of social control to maintain peace and order, to promote harmonious relations, and to preserve the stability of the existing social order. However, there are members who transgress the rules, violate the laws, defy the existing values, rebel against the established social order, and disregard the prevailing social standards and expectations. These people are tagged as deviants and their defiance or transgression is considered as deviant behaviour.
As pointed out by sociologists, deviance is any behaviour that the members of a social group define as violating the established social norms. In other words, there must be a social audience that will determine whether a behaviour is deviant or not. Since norms are relative from one society to another, it follows that what is considered deviant in one society may not be considered as such in another.
Deviance is defined as any behavior or attribute that violates cultural norms and elicits a negative or positive reaction from others. What is considered deviant depends on social and cultural context rather than being inherent to any act itself. Sociological theories of deviance propose that deviance arises from social structures and learning processes rather than individual characteristics. Robert Merton's strain theory argues that deviance results from a discrepancy between societal expectations and the means available to achieve culturally approved goals. While deviance disrupts social systems, it also serves functions like reinforcing norms and catalyzing social change. Crime is a specific form of deviance that violates laws, but not all deviance is illegal. Social control refers to efforts by groups
This document discusses social control and deviance. It defines social control as a society's formal and informal attempts to regulate members' behavior and thoughts. Informal social control includes casual enforcement of norms, while formal control refers to laws and policies carried out by authorities. Deviance is defined as violating cultural norms in a way that draws negative attention. Theories of deviance discussed include structural functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and postmodernism. Structural functionalism views deviance as necessary and bringing about social change, while conflict theory sees it as a means for those in power to control the powerless. Symbolic interactionism examines how socialization and labeling shape deviance. Postmodernism similarly argues that institutions use knowledge and
This document summarizes several key concepts related to conformity, deviance, and theories of deviance. It discusses conformity as behaving according to social norms and deviance as violating norms. It then outlines several theories of deviance, including Merton's strain theory, which links deviance to a gap between cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve them. Labeling theory holds that deviance results from being labeled as such rather than inherent acts. Social control theory suggests people conform due to social attachments. The document also discusses concepts like human rights and dignity.
Deviance refers to violations of social norms, whether minor infractions or criminal acts. Sociologists study deviance using three main theoretical perspectives: functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism. Functionalists view deviance as serving purposes for society like affirming norms, while conflict theorists see deviance as a product of social and economic inequality. Symbolic interactionists examine how behaviors become defined and labeled as deviant through social interactions and assignment of stigma.
Deviance refers to any violation of social norms and rules. What is considered deviant varies across societies and groups within societies. While some individuals engage in deviant acts, others are labeled deviant due to factors like their race, birth defects, or disease. All groups use social control and sanctions to enforce norms, punishing deviants with negative sanctions and rewarding conformists with positive sanctions. Sociologists examine deviance using perspectives like symbolic interactionism, functionalism, and conflict theory.
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and expectations. There are several types of deviance such as drug abuse, crimes, and prostitution. Deviance is usually met with negative social sanctions though it can also drive social change by highlighting issues with existing norms. Societies use both informal social controls like social pressure and formal controls through laws and institutions to encourage conformity and control deviance. However, deviance is unavoidable and relative as norms vary between cultures and change over time.
Bradford mvsu fall 2012 deviance and crimeJohn Bradford
1. Deviance refers to any act that violates the norms of a particular group. Norms vary across societies and over time, and within societies in different subgroups.
2. Early sociological theories of deviance from Durkheim suggested that as societies become more complex with less agreement on norms, deviance like suicide is more likely. Merton's theory of anomie proposed that a disconnect between cultural goals and legitimate means to achieve them can lead to deviant responses.
3. Labeling theory posits that the societal reaction to and labeling of deviant acts, rather than just the acts themselves, can lead to secondary deviance as individuals conform to the assigned labels.
Deviance refers to violations of cultural norms and can take various forms such as crime. Societies attempt to regulate behavior through social control mechanisms like criminal justice systems. Deviance is influenced by both nature and nurture - biological and personality factors. However, what is defined as deviant varies by culture, and people are labeled deviant based on how others perceive and respond to their actions. Labeling theory holds that deviance results more from social reactions than actions themselves. Sociological theories of deviance like functionalism, strain theory, and labeling theory examine how deviance is socially constructed and tied to issues of power.
This document discusses social norms, values, and deviance. It begins by defining values as a society's ideas about what is desirable. Norms are the behavioral expectations that develop from these shared values. There are different types of norms such as folkways, mores, and laws. The author conducted an experiment where they violated social norms regarding personal space by getting close to strangers at Goodwill. This broke norms but did not rise to the level of a crime. The document explores how societies develop norms and values, and how breaking norms can be seen as deviant behavior.
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This document discusses different sociological perspectives on deviance. It begins by defining deviance as socially disapproved behavior that violates prevailing norms. It then examines structural functionalism, which argues that some deviance can serve useful purposes for society by defining boundaries and creating social solidarity. Absolutism views certain behaviors as inherently right or wrong, while relativism states that deviance is socially constructed and dependent on cultural and group judgments. The document also discusses how deviance occurs through a violation of expectations and social reaction. It analyzes theories of deviance like strain theory and deterrence theory, and how deviance can be controlled through criminalization and medicalization.
Crime and Deviance - Interactionist ApproachRachel Jones
This document discusses labelling theory and the social construction of deviance. It explains that labelling theorists believe deviance is determined not by inherent acts themselves, but by the reactions of others and how those acts are labelled. Powerful groups in society create rules and laws that define what counts as deviance, and label those who violate these norms as outsiders or criminals. The labels applied to individuals can then lead to secondary deviance as they are stigmatized and excluded from society. The document examines the work of theorists like Howard Becker, Edwin Lemert, and criticisms of labelling theory.
The document discusses deviance as a social process defined by the violation of cultural norms. It notes that deviance can take many forms, from criminal acts to unconventional behaviors. People are labeled as deviant when others define their actions as being outside of what is deemed normal or acceptable within a society. The labeling of deviance affirms cultural values and brings groups together to distinguish moral boundaries. Theories of deviance discussed include strain theory, which links deviance to a lack of opportunities, and labeling theory, which argues deviance results more from societal reactions than actions themselves.
Social control consists of the methods used to regulate behavior in society. There are three main theoretical perspectives on social control - functionalists see it as necessary for survival, interactionists see it as a social process, and conflict theorists see it as benefiting powerful groups. There are three main types of social control - internalized norms, social structure, and formal/informal sanctions. Deviance is shaped by social forces like labeling, strain due to unequal access to goals, and cultural transmission of norms from one generation to the next. Conflict theory views social control as a mechanism for powerful classes to maintain their power and property over subordinate classes.
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms. What is considered deviant can vary between societies and groups. There are different types of deviance, such as positive deviance which involves over-conforming to norms. Sociologists study why deviance occurs and how societies encourage conformity through social control and sanctions. Theories of deviance like strain theory and labeling theory seek to explain why individuals engage in deviant acts.
The document discusses several theories of crime and deviance:
1) Emile Durkheim's anomie theory proposes that smaller, tighter-knit communities have stronger social controls that prevent crime and deviance, whereas larger, more specialized societies experience "anomie" or normlessness which increases criminal behavior.
2) Robert Merton's strain theory argues that a society's emphasis on monetary success can lead some individuals to engage in deviant acts to achieve socially-approved goals through illegitimate means.
3) Differential association theory holds that individuals learn deviance based on their social environment and exposure to deviant vs. non-deviant individuals.
4) Labeling theory as proposed by Erving
Deviance refers to behavior that violates social norms and expectations. There are several types of deviance including innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion. Factors that facilitate deviance include faulty socialization, weak sanctions for non-conformity, poor enforcement of norms, ease of rationalizing deviant acts, unjust enforcement, ambivalence of social control agents, subcultural support for deviance, and loyalty to deviant groups. Social control aims to regulate behavior and maintain social order through formal means like laws and administration or informal means like public opinion, morality, and customs. Key agents of social control are the government, religion, education, and community leaders. Social control is necessary for the functioning of groups and
The document discusses several major sociological theories of crime causation, including:
1. Strain theory, which posits that people commit crimes to relieve strain or stress.
2. Social learning theory, which claims that criminal behavior is learned through association with others, especially peers.
3. Social control theory, which focuses on why people obey the law by emphasizing strong social bonds. Weakened bonds may lead to criminal acts.
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This document is the copyright information for Chapter 22 from the 6th edition of the textbook "Molecular Cell Biology" published in 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company. The chapter is titled "The Molecular Cell Biology of Development" and is authored by Lodish, Berk, Kaiser, Krieger, Scott, Bretscher, Ploegh, and Matsudaira.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
1. The Real World
An Introduction to Sociology
4th Edition
Chapter 6:
Deviance
2. Defining Deviance
• Deviance is a behavior, trait, belief, or
other characteristic that violates a
norm and causes a negative reaction.
• Defining something as deviant
requires us to examine the group
norms and how the group reacts to
the behavior.
3. Deviance: What Is It? (con’t.)
• Basically, what
is deviant in
one culture
may not be
deviant in
another
culture.
4. Norms and Sanctions Review
• Norms are rules/guidelines regarding
what kinds of behavior are acceptable
and appropriate within a culture.
• Norms can be either formal, such as a
law (a common type of formally defined
norm that provides an explicit
statement about what is permissible
and what is illegal in a society) or the
rules for playing soccer, or informal,
which are not written down and are
unspoken.
5. Norms and Sanctions Review
• Types of norms can also be
distinguished by the strictness with
which they are enforced.
• A folkway is a loosely enforced norm
that involves common customs,
practices, or procedures that ensure
smooth social interaction and
acceptance.
6. Norms and Sanctions Review
• A more is a norm that carries greater
moral significance, is closely related
to the core values of a group, and
often involves severe repercussions
for violators.
• A taboo is a norm engrained so
deeply that even thinking about
violating it evokes strong feelings of
disgust, horror, or revulsion for most
people.
7. Norms and Sanctions Review
• Sanctions are positive or negative
reactions to the ways that people
follow or disobey norms, including
rewards for conformity and
punishments for norm violators.
• Sanctions help to establish social
control, the formal and informal
mechanisms used to increase
conformity to values and norms and
thus increase social cohesion.
8. Values Review
• Norms are strongly influenced by
Values.
• Values, shared beliefs about what a
group considers worthwhile or
desirable, guide the creation of
norms, the formal and informal rules
regarding what kinds of behavior are
acceptable and appropriate within a
culture.
9. Sociology and Deviance
• We ask the following questions:
– How are norms and rules created?
– How do certain norms and rules become
especially important?
– What types of sections are dispensed to
society’s violators?
– How do people who break the rules see
themselves and how do others see them?
– How have sociologists attempted to explain
rule making, rule breaking, and responses
to rule breaking?
10. Deviance Across Cultures
• It is important to remember that
when sociologists use the term
“deviant,” they are making a social
judgment, never a moral one.
11. Deviance Across Cultures (cont’d)
• If a particular behavior is considered
deviant, it means that it violates the
values and norms or a particular
group, not that it is inherently wrong.
• Much of the literature on deviance
focuses on crime, and how different
cultures define very different
behaviors as criminal or not and the
vast differences seen in how crimes
are punished.
12. Deviance Across Cultures (cont’d)
• Most serious crime in the United
States today is punished by
imprisonment, but many other
societies lack the resources to build
and maintain prisons (money for
buildings, to pay guards, and to
feed/clothe prisoners).
• Because of this, other forms of
punishment are used. These include
shunning, total banishment from a
community, or corporal punishment.
15. Theories of Deviance
• Functionalists argue that deviance
can serve a positive social function.
Emile Durkhiem identified 2 functions
of deviance;
– First – Deviance can help a society
clarify its moral boundaries
– Second – Deviance can help promote
social cohesion (people can be brought
together as a community in the face of
crime or other violations.
17. Theories of Deviance
• Conflict theorists, who study inequalities of
wealth and power, note that inequalities are
present in our definitions of deviance as well.
– Deviance is a result of social conflict.
– In order for the powerful to maintain their
power, they marginalize and criminalize the
people who threaten their power. Inequality is
reproduced in the way deviance is defined.
– Basically, they believe that rules are applied
unequally and that punishments for rule
violators are unequally distributed; those at
the top are subject to different rules and
sanctions than those nearer to the bottom.
18. Theories of Deviance
• Conflict Theory Continued…
– “Who’s on Top?” by Kate Bornstein (1998)
– She described a hierarchy of power and
privilege in society with regard to deviant
behavior.
– She used a pyramid to illustrate her point;
the person at the top of the pyramid is an
imaginary person who represents the
“perfect identity.”
– The more we deviate from this perfect
identity (and all of us do in one way or
another), the lower we fall on the pyramid.
19. Theories of Deviance
• Conflict Theory Continued…
– William Chambliss looked at the history of
vagrancy laws to demonstrate the relationship
between power and deviance.
– A vagrant is a person in poverty, who wanders
from place to place without a home or regular
employment or income.
– Vagrancy laws have been used to target various
groups depending on who seems the most
threatening at any given time.
– Example would be when a city prepares for a big
event, they sweep the “undesirables” from
downtown areas to create the illusion that the
city is free of poverty.
20. Theories of Deviance
• Conflict Theory Continued…
– Other Examples
• Jim Crow Laws/Black Codes
• Laws that prevented women from owning
property or from voting
• Curfews on Young People
• Laws against homosexuality/Banning of gay
marriage/Anti-Sodomy Laws
21. Theories of Deviance
• Merton’s structural strain theory
argues that the tension or strain
between socially approved goals and
an individual’s ability to meet those
goals through socially approved
means will lead to deviance as
individuals reject either the goals
(achieving success), the means (hard
work, education), or both.
• Merton identifies 5 ways in which
people adapt:
22. Merton’s Strain Theory
Mode Method
Conformity
Accepts approved goals, pursues them
through approved means.
Innovation
Accepts approved goals; uses disapproved
means.
Ritualism
Abandons society’s goals; conforms to
approved means.
Retreatism
Abandons approved goals and approved
means.
Rebellion
Challenges approved goals and approved
means.
25. Theories of Deviance
• Symbolic Interactionist theories of
deviance focus on how interpersonal
relations and everyday interactions
shape definitions of deviance and
influence those who engage in
deviant behavior.
26. Theories of Deviance
• Differential association:
–A symbolic interactionist
perspective developed by
Edwin Sutherland
–States that we learn
deviance from hanging
around deviant peers
27. Theories of Deviance
• Differential association theory states that
we learn to be deviant through our
associations with deviant peers.
– This theory simply says that interacting
with people who break rules will socialize
you to break rules as well.
– However, the issue is that some cases,
deviance is not the result of a willful act
(example: mental illness). Also, not all
who associate with deviants actually turn
out to be deviants.
28. Theories of Deviance
• Labeling theory:
–A symbolic interactionist
perspective developed by
Howard Becker
–States that deviance is caused
by external judgments (labels)
that change a person’s self-
concept and the way that
others respond to that person
29. Theories of Deviance
• Labeling theory claims that deviance is a consequence
of external judgments, or labels, which both modify
the individual’s self-concept and change the way
others respond to the labeled person.
• Labels will vary depending on the culture, time period,
and context.
– Rosenhan Study “On Being Sane in Insane Places”
• Labeling theory is also concerned with how individuals
think of themselves once a deviant label has been
applied. How we perceive ourselves depends in part
on how others see us, so if others react to us as a
deviant, we are likely to internalize that label.
31. Theories of Deviance (cont’d)
• Symbolic Interactionist
• Labeling theory is also related to the
idea of the self-fulfilling prophecy –
an iaccurate statement or belief
which, by altering the situation,
becomes accurate.
– Basically, this is a prediction that causes
itself to come true merely by being
stated.
32. Theories of Deviance (cont’d)
• Symbolic Interactionist
• Labeling Theory consequences: In
our society, deviant labels can
override other aspects of individual
identity and exert powerful effects on
self-image, treatment by others, and
even social and institutional policies.
33. Stigma and Deviant Identity
• In Ancient Greece, criminals and slaves were
branded with hot irons, making a mark called a
stigma, from the Greek word for “tattoo.” The
stigma was meant to serve as an outward
indication that there was something shameful
about the bearer, and to this day we continue to
use the term to signify some disgrace or failing.
Even though we don’t do this anymore,
stigmatized identities still carry serious social
consequences.
• A stigma is Erving Goffman’s term for any physical
or social attribute that devalues a person or
group’s identity, and which may exclude those
who are devalued from normal social interaction.
34. Stigma and Deviant Identity (cont’d)
• Once an individual has been labeled
as a deviant, he is stigmatized, and
acquires what Goffman calls a
“spoiled identity.”
• There are three main types of stigma:
– physical (including physical or mental
impairments),
– moral (signs of flawed character), or
– tribal (membership in a discredited or
oppressed group).
35. Stigma and Deviant Identity
• Almost any departure from the norm can have a
stigmatizing effect. Examples:
– Physical Disability
– Past Battle with Drugs/Alcohol
– Time Served in Jail
– Past Sexual Transgressions
• Some stigmatized identities can change over time
depending on the culture or social context of the time. (Ex:
Civil Rights Movement)
• Goffman notes that not all stigmatized identities are just or
deserved; only that they are specific to the norms and
prejudices of a particular group, time period, or context.
• He was particularly interested in the effects of
stigmatization on the individual identity and interactions
with others.
– Macro and Micro Level
36. Stigma and Deviant Identity (cont’d)
• One strategy analyzed by Goffman
that stigmatized individuals use to
negotiate everyday interaction is
called passing, or concealing the
stigmatizing information.
– Example: The Jewish of Nazi controlled
areas.
37. Stigma and Deviant Identity (cont’d)
• Obviously, some people cannot “pass.” Either they can’t
because of physical characteristics or refuse to “pass” as a
matter of principle.
• In some cases, these people don’t see themselves as deviants,
and as a result, don’t believe the should have to change or
conceal those identities just to make themselves more
“normal.”
• They have what Goffman called an in-group orientation, where
stigmatized individuals follow an orientation away from
mainstream society and toward new standards that value their
group identity.
– Examples: ACT UP (the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power),
The Human Rights Campaign, NAACP (the National
Association for the Advancement of Colored People), and
NAAFA (the National Association to Advance Fat
Acceptance).
• Activism in one of these groups can often times be difficult and
exhausting.
38. Stigma and Deviant Identity (cont’d)
• Most people reject deviant labels. However, there
are some who choose to be called deviant.
• Howard Becker (1963) refers to such individuals as
outsiders, people living in one way or another
outside of the mainstream of society.
• Ralph Turner (1972) – Finally, others choose
deviance avowal, a process by which an individual
self-identifies as deviant and initiates his or her
own labeling process. It may be useful to conceive
of deviance as a role rather than as an isolated
behavior that violates a single norm. The deviant
identity may even be beneficial.
39. The Foreground of Deviance: The Emotional Attraction
of Doing Bad Deeds
• Most sociological perspectives on deviance focus
on aspects of a person’s background that would
predispose her to act in deviant ways. (Like
Differential Association or Labeling Theory)
• In contrast, Jack Katz (The Seductions of Crime –
1988) argues that researchers can better
understand crime and deviance by considering
how criminals experience their acts of deviance.
• Katz looks at how emotionally seductive or
thrilling crime can be. This explains why people
who can easily afford what they’re stealing engage
in shoplifting. Even a more traditional criminal
can get a thrill of power over the victim he/she
has just attacked.
41. Crime and Punishment
• Crime is the violation of a norm that
has been codified into law.
• Violent crime is a crime in which
violence is either the objective or the
means to an end, including murder,
rape, aggravated assault, and
robbery.
42. Deviance and Crime (cont’d.)
• In the United States, serious
crimes are punished by
imprisonment.
• In other cultures, types of
punishments can include:
–Shunning
–Banishment
–Corporal punishment
43. Deviance and Crime (cont’d.)
• Crime and punishments can change
over time!
45. Crime and Punishment (cont’d)
• Property crime is crime that does not
involve violence, including burglary,
larceny theft, motor vehicle theft,
and arson.
• White-collar crime is crime
committed by a high status individual
in the course of her or his occupation.
47. Crime and Punishment (cont’d)
• In the United States the Uniform
Crime Report (UCR), an official
measure of crime collected and
published by the FBI, allows
sociologists to study the relationship
between crime and demographics
like class, age, gender, and race.
• http://www.fbi.gov/about-
us/cjis/ucr/ucr
48. Crime and Punishment (cont’d)
• There is an ongoing debate about the
role of punishment in the criminal
justice system, a collection of social
institutions (legislatures, police,
courts, and prisons) that create and
enforce laws.
49. Crime and Punishment (cont’d)
• Deterrence is an approach to
punishment that relies on the threat
of harsh penalties to discourage
people from committing crimes.
• Retribution is an approach to
punishment that emphasizes
retaliation or revenge for the crime as
the appropriate goal.
50. Crime and Punishment (cont’d)
• Incapacitation is an approach to
punishment that seeks to protect
society from criminals by imprisoning
or executing them.
• Finally, rehabilitation is an approach
to punishment that attempts to
reform criminals as part of their
penalty.
51. Can Deviance Be Positive?
• Positive deviance is defined as an act that
is outside of the norm, but may actually be
heroic rather than negative.
• Examples:
– Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat on the
bus when asked
– A student in class being the one to raise his or
her hand and say that a test seemed unfair. If
no one else in the class spoke up, this student’s
action might be deviant, but it could also shed
light on an issue that needed to be addressed.
Editor's Notes
For discussion, ask your class to discuss whether these images represent examples of norms or deviance in the United States. You can also mention C. Wright Mills to remind students of how norms change over time. Was tattooing a norm in the 1900s? The 1950s? The 2000s? What social factors might influence changing norms?
Edwin Sutherland suggested that the main reason that people become deviant is that they are learning to be that way from the people they associate with. This theory of deviance may remind you of social learning theory, which says that we tend to mimic significant role models in our life.
Howard Becker asserted that when people are labeled, that label becomes part of their self-image. So if someone tells you that you are smart, you might start perceiving yourself as smart. Likewise, if someone tells you that you are bad and don’t behave well, that might become part of your image and you might begin to act out as a result of that label.
Labeling a person can lead to that person acting out their label. This is especially true if that label is anchored, or confirmed among many agents of socialization. (So if a child is labeled as bad by a parent, and then by the school, and at afterschool care, and by friends, the label is increasingly likely to become part of that individual’s self perception.)
Stigma can be physical, moral, or tribal. For instance, a physical impairment might stigmatize or devalue a potential employee at a workplace. A moral stigma could include character flaws—for instance, talking too much—which could devalue a person’s input in a group setting. A tribal stigma could be based on membership to a discredited group, which could be a group that a person chooses to belong to like a club or an organization or a group that a person is born into, like a race or socioeconomic status. Just like deviance, stigma will depend on the culture and context.
Stigma can be physical, moral, or tribal. For instance, a physical impairment might stigmatize or devalue a potential employee at a workplace. A moral stigma could include character flaws—for instance, talking too much—which could devalue a person’s input in a group setting. A tribal stigma could be based on membership to a discredited group, which could be a group that a person chooses to belong to like a club or an organization or a group that a person is born into, like a race or socioeconomic status. Just like deviance, stigma will depend on the culture and context.
Passing is certainly easier for some individuals than others. For example, morally stigmatized individuals may be able to conceal their beliefs, whereas a physically stigmatized individual may have a more difficult time trying to conceal the impairment that causes the stigmatization. This may also be the case with criminals who commit crimes but then go to work and live their lives as noncriminals.
Many different countries, cultures, or regions may not have the resources to incarcerate criminals, so they find other means of punishing like those listed in this slide.
During the 1920s and 1930s, alcohol was illegal in the United States, but it is legal in most areas in the United States now. In contrast, heroin used to be widely available in the United States. It was sold by Bayer until 1910, and the U.S. government even taxed it until it was eventually banned in 1924.
For discussion, you can ask your class if they can think of other laws, crimes, or punishments that are different today than they used to be.
[Prohibition agents destroying alcohol image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Prohibition.jpg]
[Bayer Heroin image: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bayer_Heroin_bottle.jpg]
Deterrence: if you are in a hurry to class and you start to exceed the speed limit, do you ever slow down because you think “I don’t want to get a speeding ticket”? If so, the potential penalty has deterred you from committing the crime.
Retribution: have you ever heard the saying “an eye for an eye”? That’s the premise behind retribution—you’ve committed a crime, therefore, society has the right to retaliate in a certain way.
Incapacitation may depend on the severity of the crime committed. If our society imprisoned every person who ever jaywalked, there would be few people left out in society. Then again, if the penalty for jaywalking was imprisonment, maybe fewer people would do it. That’s part of the logic behind creating sentences for crimes.
Rehabilitation has different degrees of success or failure depending on the crime committed, however, even though rehabilitation is usually less expensive than incarceration, we tend to see more sentences of incarceration than rehabilitation. Why do you think this is? Are there certain crimes that you think should receive more rehabilitation that incarceration? What about drug use or possession?
Can your class think of examples of positive deviance? Examples could be Rosa Parks refusing to give up her seat on the bus when asked; or even a student in class being the one to raise his or her hand and say that a test seemed unfair. If no one else in the class spoke up, this student’s action might be deviant, but it could also shed light on an issue that needed to be addressed.