All societies use social control to promote order. There are two types: internal control developed during socialization, and external control using rewards/punishments. Control theory examines how social institutions like family and education impose control to prevent deviance. Containment theory and social bond theory suggest control is maintained when people are properly socialized and have strong bonds to conventional institutions through attachment, commitment, involvement, and beliefs. Without these bonds, deviance increases.
This presentation is about social control over individuals with the help of institutions. Formal and Informal institutions are described in this presentation.
This presentation is about social control over individuals with the help of institutions. Formal and Informal institutions are described in this presentation.
Man is a social animal who cannot live alone. Man begins his life in group of a family. Throughout the life, man forms different groups to fulfil different needs. Every group plays an important role in shaping the personality & socialization of a person.
This topic is related to sociology...
It is very useful for B.Sc. nursing students....
In this ppt include detail about society, community, difference between society and community, personal disorganization etc.
Man is a social animal who cannot live alone. Man begins his life in group of a family. Throughout the life, man forms different groups to fulfil different needs. Every group plays an important role in shaping the personality & socialization of a person.
This topic is related to sociology...
It is very useful for B.Sc. nursing students....
In this ppt include detail about society, community, difference between society and community, personal disorganization etc.
The members of the society, at a particular time and place, create and impose rules, regulations, values, norms and laws and other forms of social control to maintain peace and order, to promote harmonious relations, and to preserve the stability of the existing social order. However, there are members who transgress the rules, violate the laws, defy the existing values, rebel against the established social order, and disregard the prevailing social standards and expectations. These people are tagged as deviants and their defiance or transgression is considered as deviant behaviour.
As pointed out by sociologists, deviance is any behaviour that the members of a social group define as violating the established social norms. In other words, there must be a social audience that will determine whether a behaviour is deviant or not. Since norms are relative from one society to another, it follows that what is considered deviant in one society may not be considered as such in another.
Social Control , Chapter 5 (Citizenship).docxKamran Abdullah
BS EDUCATION
SEMSETER 2nd
(From Sep 2023 to Jan 2024)
Subject: Citizenship
Teacher: Ms Sania Hayat (M.Phil.)
Classes: Monday 11-12:30 ,Tuesday 8-9:30
-------------------------------------------
Institute of Education
University Of Sargodha *
Social control, Meaning of social control, Need of social control, Social control theory, Types of social control, Objectives and functions of social control, Social sanctions and its types, Reestablishing the OLD Social System, Regulation of Individual Social Behavior, Obedience to Social Decisions, To Establish Social Unity, To bring Solidarity, To bring Conformity in Society, To Provide Social Sanction, To Check Cultural Maladjustment, Direct social control, Indirect social control, positive or negative, physical or psychological, formal or informal, Combination
Chapter 4Social Structure and Process TheoriesSocialWilheminaRossi174
Chapter 4
Social Structure and Process Theories
Social Factors
All Social Delinquency theories are based on the belief that crime is caused by a person’s interaction with conflicts in society. What can cause conflict?
Poor relations with school, family and the government
Poor Community conditions
Exposure to Violence
Social Change (divorce, immigration, religion)
Poverty and perceived economic disparity
Racial Inequality
Two Classes
The concept of social conflict has been developed into two distinct theories of juvenile delinquency. They are:
Social Structure Theories
Delinquency is caused by a person’s place in the
economic structure of society.
Social Process Theories
Delinquency is caused by a person’s interaction with corrupt or
disturbed members of society
Social Structure
All Social Structure Theories are based on the concept that modern capitalist society is divided (stratified) based on economic levels
Crime is most likely to form in the underclasses of society, where a culture of poverty changes the civic values and ethics of children, from generation to generation.
As children are more formative and fragile, they are more prone to the negative effects of poverty.
Racial inequality also fuels the cycle of poverty, as certain classes in society have less opportunities.
The Three forms of Structure
1) Social Disorganization
Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay first developed the social disorganization theory. The premise of this theory is that the breakdown of the sense of community creates social unrest. The connection of a person to their community is the single greatest deterrent to criminal behavior.
People are less likely to participate in crime, if there is a social stigma or shame, to being identified as a criminal against the community.
Modern Disorganization
Shaw and McKay based their theories on the concept that as a city expanded, neighborhoods would break down, and the city as a whole would lose it’s sense of continuity.
As American society has become more mobile and transient, cities have radically changed. The modern Disorganization Theory is Social Ecological Theory.
Social Ecology
Social Ecology states that criminal behavior is directly linked to breakdowns in a community structure. These breakdowns come from:
Seeing physically abandoned buildings and decay
Poverty
Fear of crime or corrupt law enforcement
Siege Mentality
Loss of a community identity (race, religion, ethnicity)
Loss of social controls (family, peers, mentors, role models)
A Strain on us all
2) Strain Theory
Strain Theory holds that while most people have the same goals and desires out of life, the feeling of being locked out, or not having the opportunity to achieve those same goals, is the impetus for criminal behavior.
While some children will continue to seek to overcome their limitations, and others will simply accept their place in society, the delinquent portion of disaffected ...
8.4 Social Control The Imposition of OrderAll societies have a .docxevonnehoggarth79783
8.4 Social Control: The Imposition of Order
All societies have a variety of mechanisms by which the social behavior of people is controlled to maintain order or to re-establish order once rules have been broken. Social efforts to create orderly behavior begin at birth and continue throughout life. Some mechanisms for bringing about and maintaining conformity with acceptable behavior include early teaching of accepted customs and instilling values that motivate people to conform. Other mechanisms are punishments for rule violations and rewards for conformity. Malinowski (1926) pointed out that rules may be obeyed for a number of reasons: They may be followed because violating them brings public ridicule; because playing by the rules brings more rewarding interaction with others; because they are sacred, and supernatural punishment will result from breaking them; or because they are matters of law enforced by the machinery of society. They may also be self-enforcing due to their practical utility.
Socialization
The basic way we learn to fit into a social order is through our childhood socialization or enculturation (see Chapter 2). We learn about our culture, and we come to see the common expectations that others have about our behavior. Those habits learned early in life set the pattern for later relationships outside our home and community. Effective socialization can head off problems by establishing patterns of behavior that others find acceptable.
Part of enculturation is learning to feel that some ways of behaving are better than others. As explained in Chapter 2, values are part of the feeling subsystem of a culture and may be defined as our attitudes or feelings about right and wrong behavior. This broad category may then be divided into various types such as moral, spiritual, or environmental values. Moral values are the attitudes or rules that govern our relationships with our fellow human beings. Piety or spiritual values define our relationship to the supernatural and may be reflected in the following of specific religious rules of behavior such as the Jewish kosher laws, rules against blasphemy, or rules about working on a sacred day. Environmental values deal with our relationship to our physical environment so that concerns would include pollution and the protection of endangered species. Although morality and environmental values may be understood in purely practical terms, such as the need for an orderly social life or an awareness that needed resources are limited, people may accept them because they are supported by religious teaching or simply because they are traditional. Note, for instance, that the Judeo-Christian Ten Commandments begin with rules of piety such as "Thou shalt have no other gods before me" but also include moral rules such as "Thou shalt not steal."
Religion and Social Control
In fact, another major force for the maintenance of social order is religion. The rites of passage that symbolize stages in the lif.
1. Social Control
All societies have ways to promote order, stability and
predictability in social life. Without social control, social
life would be unpredictable, even chaotic.
There are two broad types of social control:
Internal
External
2. Inte rnal
Social Control
Internal social control lies within the individual, and is
developed during socialization. You are practising internal
social control when you act according to your conscience
(ie. you do something because it is the right thing to do).
Most people act according to this internal social control (ie. they do
the right thing) – most of the time.
3. Exte rnal
Social Control
The process of socialization does not ensure that all people
will conform all of the time. For this reason, external social
control must also be present.
External social control is based on social sanctions –
rewards and punishments designed to encourage desired
behaviour.
Positive sanctions (e g . smile o f appro val, awards, raise s) are used to
encourage conformity.
Negative sanctions (e g . criticism, fine s, impriso nme nt) are intended
to stop socially unacceptable behaviour.
4. Sanctio ns
Sanctions may be formal or informal
Formal (eg. low grades, awards, jail time)
Informal (eg. ridicule, gossip, smiles)
5. Co ntro l The o ry
Control Theory
Intro
Containment Theory
Social Bond Theory
6. Co ntro l The o ry
Control theory looks at how some social structures have led
to higher rates of deviance.
Communities where there are high rates of poverty, conflict and
disorganization have been found to lack the structure needed to exert
control over their citizens.
In these communities, there are often high rates of crime, mental illness,
suicide and substance abuse.
7. Co ntro l The o ry
Control theory investigates the ways in which behaviour is
regulated, including the influences of family, school, morals,
values, beliefs, etc.
It is this regulation that is seen as leading to conformity and
compliance with the rules of society.
8. Co ntro l The o ry
The mere existence of rules or norms cannot in and of itself
explain conformity. Control theorists want to know why
people conform to norms.
Clearly controlling forces are present in the lives of some people but
not of others. Everyone gets tempted to break the rules, but not
everyone does. Why?
9. Co ntro l The o ry
Crime is the result of a loss of social control normally
imposed through social institutions such as:
Family
Religious faith / spirituality
Education
Community values
If such informal social control is weakened, formal means of
social control (eg. criminal justice system) may be imposed.
10. Co ntainme nt The o ry and
So cial Bo nd The o ry
While some people ask the question “Why are people
deviant?”, control theorists ask the question “Why aren’t we
all deviant?”
Two control theories – Co ntainme nt The o ry and So cial
Bo nd The o ry – have been developed to answer this question.
11. Co ntainme nt The o ry
Sociologist Walter Reckless (1967) suggested that people
are drawn toward deviance for various reasons (frustration,
media influence, poverty, etc).
These negative influences pull all individuals toward deviance in
some way. There must, then, be some way of “containing”
individuals within the norms.
12. Co ntainme nt The o ry
Reckless suggested that people could be “insulated” from
crime
If properly socialized by his parents and peers, the individual will
control (or “contain”) himself. The individual provides his own
“containment” (controlling those natural impulses that could lead to
the violation of norms).
If the individual cannot “contain” himself from violating norms, his
family and/or peers may try to contain him. If that fails, the other
social institutions of informal social control may provide
containment.
13. So cial Bo nd The o ry
Expanding on Reckless’ theory, sociologist Travis Hirschi
developed a theory suggesting that deviant behaviour is
minimized when people have strong bonds that connect
them to:
Families
School
Peers
Church
Other social institutions
14. So cial Bo nd The o ry
There are 4 elements to Hirschi’s theory:
1) Attachment
Attachment refers to sensitivity to and interest in others; it is
how strongly we are tied to others. This requires sensitivity to
the needs of others and an interest in their welfare.
There are 3 prime locations for attachment:
parents
school
peers
15. So cial Bo nd The o ry
2) Commitment
This refers to the extent to which we are committed to conventional
forms of action (scho o l, wo rk, e tc).
Commitment requires time, energy and effort. The more we develop
this commitment, the more we have to lose if we commit deviant acts
and are caught.
16. So cial Bo nd The o ry
3) Involvement
This refers to the amount of time that we are involved in conventional
activities (primarily thro ugh scho o l, re cre atio n and family).
Involvement in conventional activities leaves little time for deviant
behaviour.
17. So cial Bo nd The o ry
4) Beliefs
This refers to an acceptance of conventional morality and a
respect for authority.
Be lie fs refers to / implies adhering to such values as:
Sharing
Sensitivity to others
Respect for society’s legal code
18. So cial Bo nd The o ry
In a nutshell:
Basically, Hirschi is arguing that if a person is bonded to
society, they are not as likely to break the law.
they have too much to lose
they have little time to break the law
they are too sensitive to the feelings of others to victimize them