The document discusses various topics in developmental psychology including physical, social, and cognitive development over the lifespan from infancy to late adulthood. It covers prenatal development, childhood milestones and changes during puberty. It also discusses theories of development from Freud, Erikson, and Piaget focusing on stages of psychosexual, psychosocial, and cognitive development. Nature vs nurture influences are explored along with research methods used in developmental psychology.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 in a developmental psychology textbook. It outlines 20 learning objectives that will be covered in the chapter, including how development is studied through longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-sequential research designs. Other topics that will be discussed are the relationship between heredity and environment, genetic inheritance, prenatal development of twins, physical changes from infancy to childhood, cognitive development theories from Piaget and Vygotsky, and adolescent identity formation.
Developmental psychology covers physical, social, cognitive, and moral development over the lifespan. Nature and nurture both influence who we become. Research methods include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Physical development encompasses changes from prenatal development and infancy through adulthood and death. Social development involves attachment, parenting styles, and relationships. Cognitive development progresses through Piaget's stages of sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational thought.
The document discusses key concepts in developmental psychology including nature vs nurture, continuity vs stages of development, stability vs change over the lifespan. It covers prenatal development, infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Key theorists discussed include Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson. Development is influenced by both biological/genetic factors and environmental experiences.
1. The document discusses general patterns of growth and development in infants and children. It describes the cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles, whereby growth occurs from the head down and from the center of the body outward.
2. Brain development is also covered, including myelination, synaptogenesis, and pruning that occurs in the first years of life and during adolescence. Different areas of the brain mature at varying rates.
3. Puberty is discussed as an important transition period, triggered by increases in hormones like estrogen and testosterone that lead to sexual maturation and other physical changes.
Developmental psychology studies physical, cognitive, and social changes across the lifespan from infancy to old age. There are three major issues in developmental psychology: the influence of nature and nurture on development, whether development is gradual or stage-like, and the stability or change of personality over time. Prenatal development proceeds from zygote to embryo to fetus. After birth, infants develop motor skills, cognition through stages, and social attachment to caregivers. Adolescence marks the transition from childhood to adulthood.
Here are some responses from different levels of moral reasoning:
Pre-conventional:
- No, stealing is against the rules and Heinz could get in trouble.
Conventional:
- It's a difficult situation, but stealing is illegal so Heinz should not have done it.
Post-conventional:
- Stealing violates the druggist's rights, but letting a life be lost when the means to save it exist also seems wrong. There are good arguments on both sides of this complex situation with moral dilemmas either way.
Human development is the study of growth and change throughout life. It includes physical, perceptual, cognitive, personality and social development. There are 8 stages from prenatal to late adulthood. Prenatal development begins with fertilization and progresses through the germinal, embryonic and fetal stages. During these stages, major organs and body systems develop and the risks of chromosomal abnormalities are highest. Genetics and environmental factors both influence prenatal development.
This document provides an introduction to child and adolescent development. It discusses several key theories of development, including psychoanalytic theories proposed by Freud and Erikson, learning theories from Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner, cognitive development theory from Piaget, and Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory. The document also outlines different periods of development from prenatal to adolescence and discusses the importance of studying child development for improving children's lives, health, education, and social policies.
This document provides an overview of chapter 7 in a developmental psychology textbook. It outlines 20 learning objectives that will be covered in the chapter, including how development is studied through longitudinal, cross-sectional and cross-sequential research designs. Other topics that will be discussed are the relationship between heredity and environment, genetic inheritance, prenatal development of twins, physical changes from infancy to childhood, cognitive development theories from Piaget and Vygotsky, and adolescent identity formation.
Developmental psychology covers physical, social, cognitive, and moral development over the lifespan. Nature and nurture both influence who we become. Research methods include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Physical development encompasses changes from prenatal development and infancy through adulthood and death. Social development involves attachment, parenting styles, and relationships. Cognitive development progresses through Piaget's stages of sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operational thought.
The document discusses key concepts in developmental psychology including nature vs nurture, continuity vs stages of development, stability vs change over the lifespan. It covers prenatal development, infancy, childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Key theorists discussed include Piaget, Kohlberg, Erikson. Development is influenced by both biological/genetic factors and environmental experiences.
1. The document discusses general patterns of growth and development in infants and children. It describes the cephalocaudal and proximodistal principles, whereby growth occurs from the head down and from the center of the body outward.
2. Brain development is also covered, including myelination, synaptogenesis, and pruning that occurs in the first years of life and during adolescence. Different areas of the brain mature at varying rates.
3. Puberty is discussed as an important transition period, triggered by increases in hormones like estrogen and testosterone that lead to sexual maturation and other physical changes.
Developmental psychology studies physical, cognitive, and social changes across the lifespan from infancy to old age. There are three major issues in developmental psychology: the influence of nature and nurture on development, whether development is gradual or stage-like, and the stability or change of personality over time. Prenatal development proceeds from zygote to embryo to fetus. After birth, infants develop motor skills, cognition through stages, and social attachment to caregivers. Adolescence marks the transition from childhood to adulthood.
Here are some responses from different levels of moral reasoning:
Pre-conventional:
- No, stealing is against the rules and Heinz could get in trouble.
Conventional:
- It's a difficult situation, but stealing is illegal so Heinz should not have done it.
Post-conventional:
- Stealing violates the druggist's rights, but letting a life be lost when the means to save it exist also seems wrong. There are good arguments on both sides of this complex situation with moral dilemmas either way.
Human development is the study of growth and change throughout life. It includes physical, perceptual, cognitive, personality and social development. There are 8 stages from prenatal to late adulthood. Prenatal development begins with fertilization and progresses through the germinal, embryonic and fetal stages. During these stages, major organs and body systems develop and the risks of chromosomal abnormalities are highest. Genetics and environmental factors both influence prenatal development.
This document provides an introduction to child and adolescent development. It discusses several key theories of development, including psychoanalytic theories proposed by Freud and Erikson, learning theories from Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner, cognitive development theory from Piaget, and Bronfenbrenner's bioecological systems theory. The document also outlines different periods of development from prenatal to adolescence and discusses the importance of studying child development for improving children's lives, health, education, and social policies.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter Nine of a developmental psychology textbook. It discusses several topics related to lifespan development, including genetic contributions, prenatal development, infant development, childhood cognitive development theories, adolescence, and more. Key concepts are defined, such as genes and DNA. Developmental milestones and theories from researchers like Piaget and Vygotsky are summarized.
Child Psychology Module 4 birth and the Neonateprofessorjcc
The document discusses various topics relating to birth and infant care, including:
1. Birthing practices vary widely across cultures, from hospital births with physicians in the US to home births with midwives in other areas. Water birth and natural childbirth techniques aim to reduce pain.
2. Birth occurs in three stages - dilation of the cervix, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta. Newborns are assessed using the Apgar scale.
3. Preterm and low birth weight babies face greater health risks and bonding with parents is important for infant development, as is avoiding risks like SIDS through practices like having babies sleep on their backs.
This document discusses sex and gender differences between males and females across multiple domains:
1. It outlines biological factors that determine sex such as chromosomes, genes, and hormonal influences that can result in intersex conditions.
2. Early developmental differences are seen between infant boys and girls in experiments measuring persistence and emotional responses.
3. Cognitive differences are discussed such as superior spatial skills in boys compared to earlier language development in girls from a young age.
4. Biological vulnerabilities make males more prone to developmental disorders and diseases potentially due to biological and social factors influencing stress responses between the sexes.
The document summarizes key aspects of development from childhood through adolescence. It discusses:
1) Motor, social, and cognitive development during the school age period of 7-11 years, including abilities like logical thinking, conservation, and seriation.
2) Developmental stages from birth through adulthood, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational periods.
3) Physical, cognitive, and social changes during early, middle and late adolescence including puberty, identity formation, and risk-taking behaviors.
4) Issues like illness, death, and adoption are discussed in relation to how children understand and react depending on their developmental stage.
This document discusses key aspects of adolescent development including heightened self-consciousness as adolescents learn to think more abstractly and logically. It also notes adolescents often have a sense of invincibility. The document lists sources on life span development and child development used in the discussion.
This document provides an outline for a lesson on adolescence that includes 5 stations where students research and record information about puberty, self-image, self-esteem, independence, and friendship. Students will move in groups between stations to add to posters with details on each topic before coming together to share what they learned and generate discussion questions for the next class.
Developmental changes in puberty
Characteristics of Puberty
Criteria of puberty
Causes Of Puberty
Age of puberty
Body changes at puberty
Effect of Puberty Changes
Sources of concern
Hazards of Puberty
Child Psychology Module 6 Health and Safety professorjcc
The document discusses several key topics related to children's health:
1. Worldwide childhood mortality is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa due to wars, disease, and famine. The leading cause of death for children under 5 globally is from preventable accidents.
2. The top three causes of death by age are: for infants - SIDS and homicide; for children 2-5 - motor vehicle accidents and drowning, especially in swimming pools; for those 14 and younger - drowning and homicide or suicide for teens.
3. Common childhood illnesses discussed include asthma, which disproportionately affects low-income, African American, and athlete children, and diabetes, which is on the rise in younger children.
Evolutionary theory suggests birth order influences personality traits and workplace behaviors. Research shows firstborn children tend to be more extroverted, assertive, and task-oriented. Second born children are often more open, creative, and relationship-focused. Famous firstborns like Steve Ballmer and Andrea Jung exemplify these traits, while second borns like Louis Gerstner and George Soros demonstrate more flexibility and non-conformity. Birth order helps predict how siblings compete for resources and adapt, shaping lifelong personality differences.
this ppt is basically i have prepared for presentation in course and it has including the knowledge about adult education. how can adult education impart in schools.
i hope it will help you in learning.
thank you!
This document discusses adolescence as a period of stress and strain. It defines adolescence as the transition from childhood to adulthood according to the WHO as ages 10-19. Adolescence is characterized by rapid physical, social, psychological, and sexual maturation. However, these changes do not occur simultaneously, causing stress and confusion. G. Stanley Hall referred to adolescence as a time of "storm and stress" due to the flood of hormones and internal changes during puberty combined with external life changes. The document outlines some of the challenges adolescents face including becoming independent, developing ideals, health issues, and lack of a clear adult identity while being past childhood. Schools and teachers are said to have an important role in guiding adolescents through
1) The study of child development emerged as an academic discipline in the late 19th/early 20th century led by pioneers like Hall, Binet, Freud, and Erikson.
2) Major theories of development include psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural approaches.
3) Researchers study development through naturalistic observation, experiments, longitudinal and cross-sectional methods while ensuring ethical treatment of participants.
Child development occurs in distinct periods from prenatal to adolescence. It involves physical, cognitive, and social/emotional growth. During the prenatal period, the zygote develops into an embryo and fetus. Fetal development includes the growth of organs and reflexes. Infancy spans birth to 2 years and involves motor and language milestones. Toddlerhood from 1.5-3 years sees the development of autonomy and gender identity. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes stages from sensorimotor to formal operations. Attachment theory proposes that early relationships impact later relationships.
Adolescence involves significant physical, cognitive, and social development. Puberty brings sexual maturation between ages 11-13 which includes growth of sexual organs and secondary sex characteristics. Brain development allows for advanced reasoning and abstract thought. Socially, adolescents develop a stronger sense of identity and morality as they establish independence from parents and bond with peers. They transition into emerging adulthood between 18-25 where they live independently while attending college or working.
This document summarizes several key theories of human development, including:
1. Nature and nurture influence development through heredity and environment. Development progresses from simple to complex cognition and biological maturation.
2. Prenatal development occurs in three periods - germinal, embryonic, and fetal - involving cell growth and differentiation.
3. Infancy and childhood development involves achieving motor skills and cognitive milestones while navigating hazards like illness, accidents, and malnutrition.
4. Adolescence brings puberty, physical changes, and psychological adjustments. Adulthood has early, middle, and late stages each with physical and social challenges.
5. Biological theories propose aging results from cellular lifespan limits, free radicals
Adolescence involves significant physical, cognitive, and emotional development. Physically, puberty begins, marked by a growth spurt and development of secondary sex characteristics. Cognitively, while logical thought emerges, most adolescents cannot think formally in all situations and can be egocentric, believing they are unique and the center of attention. Emotionally, adolescents experience more frequent and intense mood swings than older individuals.
The document summarizes human development across the lifespan from infancy through older adulthood. It discusses major theorists like Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg and their stages of cognitive and social development. It then provides more detailed information on physical, intellectual, emotional, and social milestones for infants, children, adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. References are also included.
This document discusses early childhood development from ages 2 to 6. It notes that early childhood is divided into early childhood (ages 2-6) and late childhood (ages 6 until sexual maturity). During early childhood, children develop physically, learning to walk, talk in sentences, and gain weight and height significantly. They also develop emotionally, learning to relate to others and give/receive affection. Psychologically, this stage is referred to as the "pregang" age, where children explore, question, create, and imitate. Physically, children's bones, muscles and teeth continue developing during this stage.
Erik Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development is intimacy versus isolation. It typically occurs during young adulthood from ages 18 to 30. In this stage, people develop intimate relationships with other people through romantic relationships, friendships, and involvement in their community. Those who develop intimacy can connect closely with others without losing their own identity. Isolation refers to avoiding close relationships and connections with others which can lead to loneliness and resentment over time.
This is one of Erik Erikson\'s stages which is stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation. It describes what having intimacy means as well as isolation. It also shows the causes that can lead to having one of these. It also describes how you are as a person if you have too much of the positive side (maladaptation) or having too much of the negative side (malignancy) and the effects it can have on you. It is a really interesting stage that can teach you a lot you did not know. Hope you find it as interesting and learn more about Erikson\'s stage.
This document provides an overview of key concepts from Chapter Nine of a developmental psychology textbook. It discusses several topics related to lifespan development, including genetic contributions, prenatal development, infant development, childhood cognitive development theories, adolescence, and more. Key concepts are defined, such as genes and DNA. Developmental milestones and theories from researchers like Piaget and Vygotsky are summarized.
Child Psychology Module 4 birth and the Neonateprofessorjcc
The document discusses various topics relating to birth and infant care, including:
1. Birthing practices vary widely across cultures, from hospital births with physicians in the US to home births with midwives in other areas. Water birth and natural childbirth techniques aim to reduce pain.
2. Birth occurs in three stages - dilation of the cervix, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta. Newborns are assessed using the Apgar scale.
3. Preterm and low birth weight babies face greater health risks and bonding with parents is important for infant development, as is avoiding risks like SIDS through practices like having babies sleep on their backs.
This document discusses sex and gender differences between males and females across multiple domains:
1. It outlines biological factors that determine sex such as chromosomes, genes, and hormonal influences that can result in intersex conditions.
2. Early developmental differences are seen between infant boys and girls in experiments measuring persistence and emotional responses.
3. Cognitive differences are discussed such as superior spatial skills in boys compared to earlier language development in girls from a young age.
4. Biological vulnerabilities make males more prone to developmental disorders and diseases potentially due to biological and social factors influencing stress responses between the sexes.
The document summarizes key aspects of development from childhood through adolescence. It discusses:
1) Motor, social, and cognitive development during the school age period of 7-11 years, including abilities like logical thinking, conservation, and seriation.
2) Developmental stages from birth through adulthood, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational periods.
3) Physical, cognitive, and social changes during early, middle and late adolescence including puberty, identity formation, and risk-taking behaviors.
4) Issues like illness, death, and adoption are discussed in relation to how children understand and react depending on their developmental stage.
This document discusses key aspects of adolescent development including heightened self-consciousness as adolescents learn to think more abstractly and logically. It also notes adolescents often have a sense of invincibility. The document lists sources on life span development and child development used in the discussion.
This document provides an outline for a lesson on adolescence that includes 5 stations where students research and record information about puberty, self-image, self-esteem, independence, and friendship. Students will move in groups between stations to add to posters with details on each topic before coming together to share what they learned and generate discussion questions for the next class.
Developmental changes in puberty
Characteristics of Puberty
Criteria of puberty
Causes Of Puberty
Age of puberty
Body changes at puberty
Effect of Puberty Changes
Sources of concern
Hazards of Puberty
Child Psychology Module 6 Health and Safety professorjcc
The document discusses several key topics related to children's health:
1. Worldwide childhood mortality is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa due to wars, disease, and famine. The leading cause of death for children under 5 globally is from preventable accidents.
2. The top three causes of death by age are: for infants - SIDS and homicide; for children 2-5 - motor vehicle accidents and drowning, especially in swimming pools; for those 14 and younger - drowning and homicide or suicide for teens.
3. Common childhood illnesses discussed include asthma, which disproportionately affects low-income, African American, and athlete children, and diabetes, which is on the rise in younger children.
Evolutionary theory suggests birth order influences personality traits and workplace behaviors. Research shows firstborn children tend to be more extroverted, assertive, and task-oriented. Second born children are often more open, creative, and relationship-focused. Famous firstborns like Steve Ballmer and Andrea Jung exemplify these traits, while second borns like Louis Gerstner and George Soros demonstrate more flexibility and non-conformity. Birth order helps predict how siblings compete for resources and adapt, shaping lifelong personality differences.
this ppt is basically i have prepared for presentation in course and it has including the knowledge about adult education. how can adult education impart in schools.
i hope it will help you in learning.
thank you!
This document discusses adolescence as a period of stress and strain. It defines adolescence as the transition from childhood to adulthood according to the WHO as ages 10-19. Adolescence is characterized by rapid physical, social, psychological, and sexual maturation. However, these changes do not occur simultaneously, causing stress and confusion. G. Stanley Hall referred to adolescence as a time of "storm and stress" due to the flood of hormones and internal changes during puberty combined with external life changes. The document outlines some of the challenges adolescents face including becoming independent, developing ideals, health issues, and lack of a clear adult identity while being past childhood. Schools and teachers are said to have an important role in guiding adolescents through
1) The study of child development emerged as an academic discipline in the late 19th/early 20th century led by pioneers like Hall, Binet, Freud, and Erikson.
2) Major theories of development include psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and sociocultural approaches.
3) Researchers study development through naturalistic observation, experiments, longitudinal and cross-sectional methods while ensuring ethical treatment of participants.
Child development occurs in distinct periods from prenatal to adolescence. It involves physical, cognitive, and social/emotional growth. During the prenatal period, the zygote develops into an embryo and fetus. Fetal development includes the growth of organs and reflexes. Infancy spans birth to 2 years and involves motor and language milestones. Toddlerhood from 1.5-3 years sees the development of autonomy and gender identity. Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes stages from sensorimotor to formal operations. Attachment theory proposes that early relationships impact later relationships.
Adolescence involves significant physical, cognitive, and social development. Puberty brings sexual maturation between ages 11-13 which includes growth of sexual organs and secondary sex characteristics. Brain development allows for advanced reasoning and abstract thought. Socially, adolescents develop a stronger sense of identity and morality as they establish independence from parents and bond with peers. They transition into emerging adulthood between 18-25 where they live independently while attending college or working.
This document summarizes several key theories of human development, including:
1. Nature and nurture influence development through heredity and environment. Development progresses from simple to complex cognition and biological maturation.
2. Prenatal development occurs in three periods - germinal, embryonic, and fetal - involving cell growth and differentiation.
3. Infancy and childhood development involves achieving motor skills and cognitive milestones while navigating hazards like illness, accidents, and malnutrition.
4. Adolescence brings puberty, physical changes, and psychological adjustments. Adulthood has early, middle, and late stages each with physical and social challenges.
5. Biological theories propose aging results from cellular lifespan limits, free radicals
Adolescence involves significant physical, cognitive, and emotional development. Physically, puberty begins, marked by a growth spurt and development of secondary sex characteristics. Cognitively, while logical thought emerges, most adolescents cannot think formally in all situations and can be egocentric, believing they are unique and the center of attention. Emotionally, adolescents experience more frequent and intense mood swings than older individuals.
The document summarizes human development across the lifespan from infancy through older adulthood. It discusses major theorists like Piaget, Erikson, and Kohlberg and their stages of cognitive and social development. It then provides more detailed information on physical, intellectual, emotional, and social milestones for infants, children, adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults. References are also included.
This document discusses early childhood development from ages 2 to 6. It notes that early childhood is divided into early childhood (ages 2-6) and late childhood (ages 6 until sexual maturity). During early childhood, children develop physically, learning to walk, talk in sentences, and gain weight and height significantly. They also develop emotionally, learning to relate to others and give/receive affection. Psychologically, this stage is referred to as the "pregang" age, where children explore, question, create, and imitate. Physically, children's bones, muscles and teeth continue developing during this stage.
Erik Erikson's sixth stage of psychosocial development is intimacy versus isolation. It typically occurs during young adulthood from ages 18 to 30. In this stage, people develop intimate relationships with other people through romantic relationships, friendships, and involvement in their community. Those who develop intimacy can connect closely with others without losing their own identity. Isolation refers to avoiding close relationships and connections with others which can lead to loneliness and resentment over time.
This is one of Erik Erikson\'s stages which is stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation. It describes what having intimacy means as well as isolation. It also shows the causes that can lead to having one of these. It also describes how you are as a person if you have too much of the positive side (maladaptation) or having too much of the negative side (malignancy) and the effects it can have on you. It is a really interesting stage that can teach you a lot you did not know. Hope you find it as interesting and learn more about Erikson\'s stage.
Developmental psychology studies patterns of growth and change throughout life. Two key research methods are cross-sectional research, which compares age groups, and longitudinal research, which studies individuals over many years. Erik Erikson's influential theory of psychosocial development proposed that people progress through eight stages of developing trust, autonomy, initiative, identity and integrity. Successful completion of the challenges in each stage leads to healthy development.
This document discusses heavy metals and their effects on human health. It provides background on heavy metals and lists some of the most hazardous ones, including arsenic, lead, mercury, and cadmium. It discusses factors that affect metal toxicity like dose, duration of exposure, and route of exposure. It then goes into more detail on the sources, absorption, distribution, mechanisms of toxicity, symptoms, diagnosis, and regulations for specific metals like lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, and others. The document provides a comprehensive overview of several heavy metals and their impacts on the human body.
Here are definitions for some of the key terms from Erikson's psychosocial theory of development:
- Psychosocial - Relating to the interrelation between psychological/emotional development and social environment/relationships.
- Developmental crisis - Specific conflicts or stages that people experience at critical ages, the resolution of which prepares them for the next stage.
- Trust vs. mistrust - The first stage, occurring in infancy, where children learn whether the world is generally a safe and supportive place.
- Autonomy vs. shame/doubt - The second stage in early childhood where children begin asserting independence in activities like toilet training.
- Initiative vs. guilt - The third stage in preschool years,
The document discusses the difference between intimacy and isolation. Intimacy involves being comfortable with oneself and others through committed relationships, while isolation is a fear of commitment and relationships due to lack of self-confidence. Too much intimacy without isolation can lead one to form relationships too freely without discretion, while isolation prevents forming relationships due to shyness and fear of others.
1. There are three types of mandibular growth rotation: total rotation, matrix rotation, and intramatrix rotation. Total rotation refers to the rotation of the mandibular body, matrix rotation refers to the rotation of the soft tissue matrix, and intramatrix rotation refers to the difference between total and matrix rotation.
2. Most people (80%) are anterior rotators, meaning their mandible rotates forward during growth. The remaining 20% are posterior rotators, with backward rotation. Anterior rotators can be further classified into three types depending on the center of rotation.
3. Structural features like condylar inclination and mandibular shape indicate whether a person will be an anterior or posterior rot
The document discusses Erik Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development, including the important events and basic conflicts associated with each stage from infancy through late adulthood. Erikson believed that as people progress through these stages, they develop a healthy sense of trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity by successfully resolving the conflicts inherent within each stage. The stages are: 1) Trust vs. Mistrust, 2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt, 3) Initiative vs. Guilt, 4) Industry vs. Inferiority, 5) Identity vs. Role Confusion, 6) Intimacy vs. Isolation, 7) Generativity vs. Stagnation
1. Growth and development are influenced by both heredity and environment.
2. Development proceeds in an orderly sequence from head to trunk to limbs, and internally from central to peripheral.
3. Growth rates are not uniform and may be accelerated or delayed based on various genetic and environmental factors.
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Developmetnsanko1sm
Erikson developed eight stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan: trust vs mistrust (infancy), autonomy vs shame and doubt (toddler), initiative vs guilt (preschool), industry vs inferiority (school age), identity vs role confusion (adolescence), intimacy vs isolation (young adulthood), generativity vs stagnation (middle adulthood), and integrity vs despair (late adulthood). At each stage, individuals face a psychosocial crisis that can result in healthy or unhealthy outcomes depending on how they are able to resolve the crisis. Erikson's theory emphasizes how social and cultural experiences shape personality development throughout life.
This presentation is the first part of psychoanalysis chapter in the textbook of theories of psychotherapy and counselling. It covers the Freud's Drive Theory.
Development in infancy and childhood 1 (1)Haseeb Tanveer
This document discusses human development and developmental psychology. It covers topics such as nature vs nurture, attachment theory, parenting styles, cognitive development theories from Piaget and Erikson, and the development of self based on the work of George Herbert Mead. Key points include how attachment forms between infants and caregivers, the influence of genetics and environment on development, Piaget's stages of cognitive development, and Mead's view that the self develops through social interaction and seeing oneself through the perspectives of others.
Sigmund-Freud and his theory in psychoanalysisClarenceClaro4
Sigmund Freud was a famous psychologist who developed psychoanalytic theory and the theory of psychosexual development. Freud believed personality has three structures - the id, ego, and superego. He proposed that people progress through five psychosexual stages of development from birth to adulthood: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. At each stage, the libido or pleasure-seeking energy focuses on different erogenous zones. Freud's theories were groundbreaking but also controversial, and aspects of his work have been criticized for lacking evidence and making unfounded assumptions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental psychology. It discusses three domains of development - physical, cognitive, and social/emotional. Nature and nurture both impact child development, as seen through comparisons of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Child behavior is also influenced by parenting styles like authoritarian, authoritative, and permissive parenting. Several theories of development are presented, including Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Erikson's psychosocial stages, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory emphasizing social learning.
Here are some common parenting situations groups could discuss:
- Child throwing tantrums in public
- Sibling fighting/arguing
- Child not listening or following rules
- Child being disrespectful or rude
- Child struggling with homework/schoolwork
- Child being overly clingy or dependent
- Child having trouble making friends
- Child being aggressive or bullying others
- Child being dishonest or lying
- Child spending too much time on devices/screens
- Child not eating healthy foods
- Bedtime battles
- Chores/responsibilities not being done
Groups can pick one or more situations to discuss causes, impacts, and potential solutions. Discussing real parenting challenges helps identify effective strategies
Growth & development - Physical Education - Grade 10Pramila Kudva
Growth and development are important as pect of physical education. It is important to understand the principles of development, differentiate between growth and development. this presentation also deals with maturation and learning and a brief over view of all the stages of development.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in developmental psychology, including:
1) Developmental psychology studies patterns of growth and change across the lifespan, addressing the interplay between nature (heredity) and nurture (environment).
2) Prenatal development involves three main periods - the germinal period, embryonic period, and fetal period - during which major organs develop. Genetic factors and the prenatal environment both influence fetal development.
3) Childhood is marked by rapid cognitive, social, and physical development. Piaget's stages of cognitive development describe children's evolving understanding of the world from infancy through age 12.
4) Adolescence brings puberty and profound physical
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes the unconscious mind. He proposed that the human psyche is composed of the id, ego, and superego. Freud also developed the psychosexual stages of development which focus on different erogenous zones as children progress through oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages. His theories contributed to education by highlighting the importance of childhood experiences and the need for child-centered education.
The document provides an overview of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory including his concepts of the unconscious mind, the structure of the psyche consisting of the id, ego and superego, and the psychosexual stages of development from oral to genital. It also briefly outlines some of the key ideas from neo-Freudians including Alfred Adler's theory of individual psychology focusing on social influences, Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development across the lifespan, and Carl Jung's emphasis on the collective unconscious.
The document outlines Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, which proposes that personality develops through 8 stages of psychosocial challenges from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage focuses on developing trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity, and integrity. If the challenges of each stage are successfully negotiated, it allows for healthy development into the next stage.
This chapter discusses development across the lifespan from prenatal to adulthood. It covers key topics like:
- Prenatal development in the germinal, embryonic, and fetal stages.
- Childhood physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development based on theories from Piaget, Vygotsky, Kohlberg, Erikson.
- Adolescent physical changes, cognitive development including formal operations, changes in moral reasoning, independence challenges, and sexuality.
- Physical and cognitive changes that occur in young, middle, and late adulthood.
This document provides an overview of several theories and concepts in child psychology. It discusses Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages of development and psychic triad model. It also covers Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development. Classical and operant conditioning theories from Ivan Pavlov, BF Skinner, and Albert Bandura are explained. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is also mentioned. The document provides definitions and examples to summarize key concepts and theorists in child psychology.
This document provides an overview of several theories and concepts in child psychology. It discusses Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages of development and psychic triad model. It also covers Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages of development and Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development. Classical conditioning by Ivan Pavlov and operant conditioning by B.F. Skinner are explained. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs is also mentioned. The document provides definitions and examples to describe these major theories and concepts in child psychology.
Developmental psychology focuses on how humans change throughout the lifespan. There are distinct phases of intellectual and personality development according to stage theories, while continuity theories view development as a gradual, continuous process. Physical and psychological development are interrelated, as physical maturity influences psychological abilities. Prenatal factors like nutrition, stress, and teratogens can impact lifelong health and intelligence. Infants are born with immature senses and reflex behaviors that develop over time. Temperament and the quality of attachment to caregivers also influence social and personality growth. Language acquisition follows stages from babbling to first words to sentences. Development proceeds through childhood, adolescence, and adulthood with changing physical, cognitive, emotional, and social characteristics and needs at each
Theories of life stages and human developmentlilipusion
This document summarizes several theories of human development, including Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Kohlberg's stages of moral development, Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, and Gilligan's stages of care ethics. It describes the key aspects of each theory, including the stages and impacts on education and society. Developmental psychologists use theories like these to understand influences on human behavior.
heredity about humans and traits of humanshendrix18
Studies of identical twins separated at birth and raised in different families revealed that twins shared some characteristics later in life, proving that traits are influenced both by genetics and environment. While some traits are genetically inherited, others are learned from the environment in which a child is raised. One important study on this topic was conducted by Peter Neubauer and involved adopted twins who were separated at birth and unaware that they were being studied.
Normal and abnormal behavioural sexual development in childhood & adolesc...ismail sadek
sexual behaviour in children has marked interest to both family and professional health care team what is normal, when to take care and when to need intervention
Developmental psychology studies changes across the lifespan. Prenatal development involves three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal. During the embryonic stage, major physical structures and organs form. The fetal stage lasts until birth, when growth and brain development occur. Babies are born with the capacity for all senses and reflex behaviors controlled by the spinal cord. Attachment theory holds that infants need contact comfort from caregivers for healthy social-emotional development. Piaget's theory of cognitive development describes four stages from infancy to adulthood involving changes in cognitive abilities and limitations.
1. Developmental Psychology
The study of YOU from womb to tomb.
We are going to study how we change physically,
socially, cognitively and morally over our lifetimes.
2. Nature vs. Nurture Quiz
Answer True or False for the following questions
• 1. Even complex human traits are determined by a
single gene
• 2. People’s divorce risks are about 50% attributable
to genetic factors
• 3. Adoptees’ traits bear more similar to their
adoptive parents than to their biological parents
• 4. Two different children in the same family are on
average as different from one another as are pairs of
children selected from the general population
3. Nature vs. Nurture Quiz cont
• 5. If after a worldwide catastrophe only
Icelanders and Kenyans survived, the human
species would soon be just as mixed and
diverse as it is now
• 6. A child who hears English spoken with one
accent at home and another in the
neighborhood or at school adopts the
accent of their peers, not their parents
• 7. Compared with Westerners, people in
Japan exhibit greater concern for social
harmony and loyalty
4. Nature vs. Nurture Quiz cont
• 8. Seven weeks after conception, males and
females remain anatomically identical
• 9. Even when families discourage gender
typing, children still organize themselves into
“boy worlds” and “girl worlds”
5. Heredity vs. Environment
• Heredity- characteristics obtained directly
from the genes
• Environment- person’s surroundings (which
influence a person’s characteristics)
6. Genetics
• Every human cell
contains 46
chromosomes (23 pairs).
• Made up of
deoxyribonucleic acid-
DNA.
• Made up of Genes.
• Made up of nucleotides.
7. Twins
• Best way to really study
genetics because they
come from the same
zygote.
• Bouchard Study
• .69 Correlational
coefficient for IQ tests
of identical twins raised
apart.
• .88 raised together.
8. Chromosomal Abnormalities
• Gender comes from
23rd pair of
chromosomes…men
have XY…woman have
XX.
• Turner’s syndrome is
single X.
• Klinefelter’s syndrome
is extra X…XXY
• Down syndrome….extra
chromosome on 21st
pair.
9. Nature Versus Nurture
While going through
this unit what should
always be in the
back of your head….
Are you who you are
because of:
• The way you were
born- Nature.
• The way you were
raised- Nurture.
10. Research Methods
Cross-Sectional Studies Longitudinal Studies
• Participants of • One group of people
different ages studied studied over a period of
at the same time. time.
12. Prenatal Development
• Conception begins
with the drop of an
egg and the release
of about 200 million
sperm.
• The sperm seeks out
the egg and
attempts to
penetrate the eggs
surface.
13. • Once the sperm penetrates the egg- we have
a fertilized egg called……..
The Zygote
The first stage of
prenatal development.
Lasts about two weeks
and consists of rapid
cell division.
14. Zygotes
• Less than half of all
zygotes survive first
two weeks.
• About 10 days after
conception, the zygote
will attach itself to the
uterine wall.
• The outer part of the
zygote becomes the
placenta (which filters
nutrients).
15. After two weeks, the zygote develops
into an…. Embryo
• Lasts about 6 weeks.
• Heart begins to beat
and the organs begin
to develop.
16. Fetus
• By nine weeks we have a…
• The fetus by about the
6th month, the stomach
and other organs have
formed enough to survive
outside of mother.
• At this time the baby can
hear (and recognize)
sounds and respond to
light.
17. Teratogens
• Chemical agents that
can harm the prenatal
environment.
• Alcohol (FAS)
• Other STDs can harm
the baby…..
• HIV
• Herpes
• Genital Warts
23. Maturation
• Physical growth,
regardless of the
environment.
• Although the timing
of our growth may
be different, the
sequence is almost
always the same.
24. Puberty
• The period of
sexual
maturation,
during which a
person becomes
capable of
reproducing.
31. Life Expectancy
• Life Expectancy
keeps increasing-
now about 75.
• Women outlive men
by about 4 years.
• But more men are
conceived 126 to
100. Then 105 to
100 by birth. In
other words, men die
easier.
32. Death • Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s
Stages of Death/Grief.
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G_Z3lmidmrY
33. Social Development
• Up until about a year,
infants do not mind
strange people (maybe
because everyone is
strange to them).
• At about a year,
infants develop
stranger anxiety.
• Why do you think it
starts at about a
year?
34. Attachment
• The most important
social construct an
infant must develop is
attachment (a bond
with a caregiver).
• Lorenz discovered
that some animals
form attachment
through imprinting.
35. Attachment
• Harry Harlow and
his monkeys.
• Harry showed that
monkeys needed
touch to form
attachment.
• http://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=hsA5S
ec6dAI
36. Attachment
• Critical Periods: the
optimal period shortly
after birth when an
organism’s exposure to
certain stimuli or
experiences produce
proper development.
• Those who are deprived of
touch have trouble forming
attachment when they are
older.
37. Types of Attachment
• Mary Ainsworth’s
Strange Situation.
• Three types of
attachment:
1. Secure
2. Avoidant
3. Anxious/ambivalent
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SHP_NikTkao
38. Parenting Styles
Authoritarian Parents
• Have strict rules and expectations.
• Very demanding, but not responsive.
• Don't express much warmth or nurturing.
• Utilize punishments with little or no explanation
• Don't give children choices or options.
Children of Authoritarian Parents
• Tend to associate obedience and success with
love.
• Some children display more aggressive behavior
outside the home.
• Others may act fearful or overly shy around
others.
• Often have lower self-esteem.
• Have difficulty in social situations.
39. Parenting Styles
Permissive Parents Children of Permissive Parents
• Lack self-discipline
• Have few rules or standards of behavior
• When there are rules, they are often very inconsistent
• Sometimes have poor social skills
• Are usually very nurturing and loving towards their kids
• Often seem more like a friend, rather than a parent. • May be self-involved and
• May use bribery such as toys, gifts and food as a means
demanding
to get child to behave
• May feel insecure due to the lack
of boundaries and guidance
40. Parenting Styles
Authoritative Parents
• Listen to their children
Children of Authoritative
Parent
• Encourage independence • Tend to have a happier dispositions
• Place limits, consequences and • Have good emotional control and
expectations on their children's regulation
behavior
• Develop good social skills
• Express warmth and nurturance • Are self-confident about their abilities to
learn new skills
• Allow children to express opinions
• Encourage children to discuss options
• Administer fair and consistent
discipline
41. Stage Theorists
• These psychologists
believe that we
travel from stage to
stage throughout
our lifetimes.
42. Sigmund Freud
• We all have a libido
(sexual drive).
• Our libido travels to
different areas of our
body throughout our
development.
• If we become
preoccupied with any one
area, Freud said we have
become fixated on it.
• Together Freud called
these stages our
Psychosexual Stages of
Development.
43. Oral Stage
• Seek pleasure
through out mouths.
• Babies put
everything in their
mouths (0-2).
• People fixated in
this stage tend to
overeat, smoke or
have a childhood
dependence on
things.
44. Anal Stage
• Develops during
toilet training (2-4).
• Libido is focused on
controlling waste and
expelling waste.
• A person fixated
may become overly
controlling
(retentive) or out of Click to see a classic example of anal
retentive and anal expulsive behaviors.
control (expulsive).
45. Phallic Stage
• Children first
recognize their
gender (4-7).
• Causes conflict in
families with the
Oedipus and Electra
Complexes.
• Fixation can cause
later problems in
relationships.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA35ys91QJU
46. Latency Stage
• Libido is hidden
(7-11).
• Cooties stage.
• Freud believed
that fixation in
this stage could
lead to sexual
issues.
47. Genital Stage
• Libido is focused on
their genitals (12-
death).
• Freud thought
fixation in this stage
is normal.
48. Erik Erikson
• A neo-Freudian
• Worked with Anna
Freud
• Thought our personality
was influenced by our
experiences with others.
• Stages of Psychosocial
Development.
• Each stage centers on a
social conflict.
49. Trust v. Mistrust
• Can a baby trust the
world to fulfill its
needs?
• The trust or
mistrust they
develop can carry on
with the child for
the rest of their
lives.
50. Autonomy V. Shame & Doubt
• Toddlers begin to
control their bodies
(toilet training).
• Control Temper
Tantrums
• Big word is “NO”
• Can they learn
control or will they
doubt themselves?
51. Initiative V. Guilt
• Word turns from
“NO” to “WHY?”
• Want to understand
the world and ask
questions.
• Is there curiosity
encouraged or
scolded?
52. Industry v. Inferiority
• School begins
• We are for the first
time evaluated by a
formal system and our
peers.
• Do we feel good or bad
about our
accomplishments?
• Can lead to us feeling
bad about ourselves for
the rest of our
lives…inferiority
complex.
53. Identity v. Role Confusion
• In our teenage years
we try out different
roles.
• Who am I?
• What group do I fit
in with?
• If I do not find
myself I may
develop an identity
crisis.
58. Cognitive Development
• It was thought that
kids were just stupid
versions of adults.
• Then came along
Jean Piaget
• Kids learn
differently than
adults
59. Right now in your head,
Schemas picture a model.
• Children view the
world through
schemas (as do adults
for the most part). These 3
• Schemas are ways we probably fit into
interpret the world your concept
around us. (schema) of a
model.
• It is basically what
you picture in your But does this
head when you think one?
of anything.
60. If I teach my 3 year
Assimilation
that an animal with 4
legs and a tail is a
dog….
• Incorporating new
experiences into
existing schemas.
What schema would you assimilate this
into?
Or this?
What
would he
call this?
61. Assimilation in High School
• When you first meet
somebody, you will
assimilate them into
a schema that you
already have.
If you see two guys dressed like this,
what schema would you assimilate them
into?
•Would you always be right?
62. Accommodation
• Changing an
existing
schema to
adopt to new
information.
If I tell someone from the mid-west to picture their
schema of the Bronx they may talk about the ghetto areas.
But if I showed them other areas of the Bronx, they would be forced to
accommodate (change) their schema to incorporate their new information.
63. Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Stage
• Experience the
world through our
senses.
• Do NOT have object
permanence.
• 0-2
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=cSGWh2CWJnA
64. Preoperational Stage
http://www.youtube.
• 2-7
com/watch?v=OinqF • Have object
gsIbh0 permanence
• Begin to use language to
represent objects and
ideas
• Egocentric: cannot look
at the world through
anyone’s eyes but their
own.
• Do NOT understand
concepts of
conservation.
65. Conservation
• Conservation refers
to the idea that a
quantity remains the
same despite
changes in
appearance and is
part of logical
thinking.
67. Formal Operational Stage
• Abstract reasoning
• What would the world
• Manipulate objects
look like with no light?
in our minds without
• Picture god seeing them
• What way do you best • Hypothesis testing
learn?
• Trial and Error
• Metacognition
• Not every adult gets
to this stage
68. Criticisms of Piaget
• Some say he
underestimates the
abilities of children.
• Information-
Processing Model says
children to not learn in
stages but rather a
gradual continuous
growth.
• Studies show that our
attention span grows
gradually over time.
69. Types of Intelligence
Crystallized Intelligence Fluid Intelligence
• Accumulated knowledge. • Ability to solve
• Increases with age. problems quickly and
think abstractly.
• Peaks in the 20’s and
then decreases over
time.
72. Pre-conventional Morality
• Morality based on
rewards and
punishments.
• If you are rewarded
then it is OK.
• If you are punished,
the act must be
wrong.
73. Conventional Morality
• Look at morality
based on how others
see you.
• If your peers , or
society, thinks it is
wrong, then so do
you.
75. Criticisms of Kohlberg
• Carol Gilligan pointed
Heinz Example of Morality
out that Kohlberg
only tested boys.
• Boys tend to have
more absolute value
of morality.
• Girls tend top look
at situational
factors.
76. Gender Development
• Biology (neuroscience)
perspective: Corpus
Callosum larger in
woman.
• Psychodynamic
perspective:
Competition for
opposite sex parent.
• Social-Cognitive
Perspective : Gender
Schema Theory
• Behavioral Perspective:
Social Learning Theory
77. Evolutionary Psychology
• Evolutionary Psychology- the study of the
evolution of behavior and the mind, using the
principles of natural selection
• Natural Selection- the principle that, among
the range of inherited trait variations, those
that lead to increase reproduction and survival
will most likely be passed on to succeeding
generations
78. Evolutionary Psychology
• World wide, men preferred attractive
physical features suggesting youth and
health and women preferred resources and
social status
79. Individualism vs. Collectivism
• Individualism- giving priority to one’s own goals
over group goals and defining one’s identity in
terms of personal attributes rather than group
identifications
• Collectivism- giving priority to the goals of one’s
group (often one’s extended family or work group)
and defining one’s identity accordingly
• Western cultures (America/Europe) tend to be more
individualist than Eastern cultures (Asia/Africa)
80. Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism
Concept Individualism Collectivism
Self Independent Interdependent
(identity from individual traits) identity from belonging)
Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in
uniqueness
What matters Me--personal achievement and We-group goals and solidarity;
fulfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and
relationships
Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality
Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks
(self-based) (duty-based)
Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring;
confrontation acceptable harmony valued
Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social
behaviors and attitudes and roles