My presentation Covers Insertion of Foreign gene into host plant from any other plant or organism to make plant resistance against insect pests attack or to increase plant productivity/shelf life is known as "Genetically Modified Plants" My presentation included 1. Methods to make GM crops A. Direct Gene Methods B. Vector Mediated Methods C. Intact plant Methods A. Direct Methods: i. Physical Methods ii. Chemical Methods Physical Methods: i. Micro-injection ii. Particle bombardment iii. Gene Gun Method iv. Laser Micro-Beam v. Electroporation Chemical Methods: i. Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA ii. Liposome Encapsulation iii. Silicon Carbide Fiber B. Vector Mediated Methods: i. Bacteria ii. Viruses C. Intact Plant i. Macro-Injection ii. Pollen Tube Pathway 2. Why Need to make GM Crops Increase Shelf Life, Productivity, make Resistance against insect pests etc 3. Risks/Side Effects of GM Crops 4. Released Varieties of GM Crops Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Papaya, Oil seeds 5. Resistance against Insect Diversity Mosaic Viruses, Bollworms, Ringspot Vrius etc 6. Questions 

2. PRESENTER SUPERVISOR
MUHAMMAD SAJID
ASLAM
2009-AG-2138
DR. M. ALTAF SABRI
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR2nd
Semester
M.Sc (Hons) Entomology

3. Development
of
Genetically
Modified
Crops For
Resistance
against
Insect
SEMINAR-720

4. CONTENTS
 Introduction to GM Crops
 Biological Requirements to Make GM Crops
 Methods to Make GM Crops
 Need of GM Crops
 GM Crops Released
 Traits of Different GM Crops
 Bt Cotton Varieties, Production
 Risks/ Side Effects
 References

5. GENETIC MODIFICATION OF PLANTS
Transfer and stable integration of
the genes (Desired) into the genome
of a plant, from other plants or
organisms.
BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS TO
MAKE GM CROPS
 Host
Plant/Cells
 Genes
(Desired)
 Vector
Suitable
 Method to introduce
Foreign Gene
 Procedure to select and
Regenerate Transgenic
Plant

6. METHODS TO INSERT GENE(S)
IN PLANT
Physical
Chemical
Direct Gene
Transfer (DGT)
Biological
Vector
Medicated
Intact Plant

7. Direct Gene
Transfer
Physical
 Electro-poration
 Micro-injection
 Gene Gun Method
 Particle
Bombardment
 Laser Micro-beam
Chemical
 Physico-chemical Uptake of
DNA
 Liposome Encapsulation
 Silicon Carbide Fiber

8. Vector
Mediated
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens /
rhizogenes
Viral
DNA/RNA viral
Intact Plant
Pollen tube
Pathway
Electro-poration in
Tissue/Embryo
Macro-Injection

9. • CREATION OF PORES IN
PROTOPLAST MEMBRANE BY
ELECTRICAL IMPULSES, TO
INCREASE PLASMA MEMBRANE
PERMEABILITY AND UPTAKE OF
DNA, CONTAINED IN THE
SURROUNDING SOLUTION.
• SUCCESSFULLY USED FOR
OBTAINING TRANSGENIC
TOBACCO, MAIZE AND

12. PARTICLE
BOMBARDMENT

13. LASER MICRO-BEAM

14. liposomes are small lipids bags, in which large number
of plasmids are encapsulated. these liposome enters
the cell (protoplast) by the process of endo-cytosis and
lipase activity release in cytoplasm, for the integration
of host genome.
not commonly use.
Delivery of DNA in plant cell cytoplasm and nucleus by vortexing
of suspension culture cells in a medium containing Silicon Carbide
Fibers and Plasmid DNA.
Simple and inexpensive method.
Silicon Carbide Fiber
Liposome
Encapsulation
Plant cell protoplasts treated with PEG (Poly Ethylene
Glycol), allowing uptake of DNA from the surrounding
solution.
Successfully used for obtaining transgenic Maize, Rice,
Strawberry, Brassica, etc.
Physico-chemical
Uptake of DNA

16. Transferring Gene from Agrobaterium to
Plant Cell

17. Macro-
Injection
Pollen Tube
PathwayIntact Plant
Methods

18. WHY GM CROPS
Need of Genetically Modified Crops
to
 Improve Shelf Life
 Improve Nutrition
 Resistance Against
 Herbicides
 Pathogens
 Stress

19. Calgene
Quality &
Shelf Life
1995
Freedom
II
Squesh
Viral
Resistanc
e
Asgrow
Calgene
Oil
Characteristi
cs
Canola Laurical 1994
Tomato
Flavr
Savr
1994
Monsanto
Insect
Resistance
Cotton
Potato
Maiz
Bollguard
Newleaf
Yeildguard
1996-97
COMPAN
Y
TRAIT CROP GM CROP
RELEASE
DATE
Agro-
evo
Monsant
o
Herbicid
e
Resistanc
e
Canola
Innovato
r
Ready
1995-96
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1997. 48:297–326
Copyright © 1997 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved, Plant Transformation 298-320
Referenc
e

20. Bt PAPAYA
Bt POTATO
Cotton
(BollGuard)
RICE (TT51)
MAIZE
(Yeild Guard)
SWEET POTATOS
Resistance to Bollworms
Papaya Ring-sopt Virus
More Starch Production
More Beta-Carotene (Source of
Vit. A)
Corn Borers (ECB, MSB)
Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Bt Crop
Name
GM Traits
http://en.wikipedi
a.org/wiki/Geneti
cally_modified_cro
ps#Regulation
Referenc
e

21. 4th Largest Producer over World
13th Ranked in World by
Production/Acre
 40,000 kg seed (Bt Varieties)
 IR-FH-901
 IR-NIBGE
 IR-CIM-448
 IR-CIM-443
 8,000 Acres
 Punjab Areas:
Bahawalpur, Multan, Muzaffer
Garh
 Increase yield 23-28
Maunds/acre
2012: FAOSTAT
Lint Production 22,15,000
Tonnes
Seed Production 1,29,555
Tonnes
Reference: Pakkissan

22. 2011
3.4
-
2012
7,00,00
0
2.8
6,50,00
0
8
81
YEAR
82
3.22.6
FARME
RS
%age
Planted
Area
Total
Area
Area
Inc. (%)
2012 wasThird year of bt cotton
commercialization
*Area in Million Hectare
Reference
(International Service for the Acquisition of
Agri.BiotecApplication

23. PUNJAB SEED COUNCIL
Punjab Seed Council (PSC) approved 39 Varieties of
different crops
15- Bt Cotton 1- of
each
6- Rice
Sugarcane
2- Wheat
Tomato
2- Gram
Potato
3- Citrus
Turnip
4- Peach
3- Flowers
1. FH-118
2. FH-142
3. VH-259
4. BH-178
5. CIM-599
6. CIM-602
7. IR-NIAB-824
8. IUB-222
9. CEMB-33
10.SAIBAN-201
11.SITARA 11M
12.TARZAN-2
13.A-555
14.KZ-188
15. CA-
12
Bt
Cotton
Crops Referen
ce
Report by:
The Nation
Newspaper
12-Dec-
2013

24. Rank Country 2009 2010 2011
1 China 6,377,000 5,970,000 6,588,950
2 India 4,083,400 5,683,000 5,984,000
3 United States 2,653,520 3,941,700 3,412,550
4 Pakistan 2,111,400 1,869,000 2,312,000
5 Brazil 956,189 973,449 1,673,337
6 Uzbekistan 1,128,200 1,136,120 983,400
7 Turkey 638,250 816,705 954,600
8 Australia 329,000 386,800 843,572
9 Turkmenistan 220,100 330,000 330,000
10 Argentina 135,000 230,000 295,000
— World 19,848,921 22,714,154 24,941,738
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization
Top 10 Cotton Producing Countries
(in metric tonnes)

25.  Soil Sterility and Pollution
 Food Allergy
 Increase Body Toxicity
 Negative Reproductive
Effects
RISKS OF GM
CROPS
 Negative Effects To
Digestive System
 Loss of Natural Variety
(Genes)
 Loss of Natural Enemies
(Due to Absence of their
host)

26. Introduction to GM Crops
Biological Requirements
Methods to Make GM Crops
Direct Method
Vector Mediated
Need of GM Crops
Improve Quality
Increase Resistance
GM Crops Released
Traits of Different GM Crops
Risks/ Side Effects
References

27.  Bidney D, Scelonge C, Martich J, Burrus M, Sims L, et al. 1992. Microprojectile bombardment of
plant tissues increases transformation frequency by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Mol. Biol.
18:301–13
 Birch RG, Bower R. 1994. Principles of gene transfer using particle bombardment. In Particle
Bombardment Technology for Gene Transfer, ed. N-S Yang, P Christou, pp. 3–37. New York:
Oxford Univ. Press
 Birch RG, Bower R, Elliott AR, Potier BAM, Franks T, et al. 1996. Expression of foreign genes in
sugarcane. In Proc. Int.
 Soc. Sugarcane Technol. Congr.,Cartegena, Sept. 1995, 22nd, ed. JH Cock,T Brekelbaum, 2:368–
73. Cali, Colombia: Tecnicana
 Birch RG, Franks T. 1991. Development and optimization of microprojectile systems for plant
genetic transformation. Aust.J. Plant Physiol. 18:453–69
 Bourque JE. 1995. Antisense strategies for genetic manipulations in plants. Plant Sci.105:125–49
 Bowen B. 1993. Markers for plant genetransfer. See Ref. 90, 1:89–123
 Bower R, Birch RG. 1992. Transgenic sugarcane plants via microprojectile bombardment.Plant J.
2:409–16
 Bower R, Elliott AR, Potier BAM, Birch RG. 1996. High-efficiency, microprojectile-mediated
cotrans formation of sugarcane, using visible or selectable markers.Mol. Breed. 2:239–49
 Buising CM, Benbow RM. 1994. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants generated by
microprojectile bombardment: Effect of petunia transformation booster sequence. Mol. Gen.
Genet. 243:71–81
References