Application of Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement through Transgenesis
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This document discusses genetic engineering and transgenic crops. It defines genetic engineering as using technologies to modify genomes and transfer genes within and between species. Transgenesis is introducing a transgene from one organism into another to produce a transgenic organism with a new trait. Common transgenic crops mentioned include golden rice, Bt brinjal, Bt cotton, GM tomato, Bt corn, GM potato, and omega-3 canola. Methods for creating transgenic crops include Agrobacterium transformation and gene gun delivery. Transgenic crops offer benefits like biotic/abiotic stress resistance and improved nutrition, but also pose challenges like gene flow and potential health effects that require further research.
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Application of Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement through Transgenesis
Genetic engineering techniques like transgenesis allow for direct manipulation of crop genes to develop improved varieties. The process involves isolating a gene of interest, cloning it, designing it for plant transformation, and inserting it into a crop plant using methods like Agrobacterium or particle bombardment. This allows transfer of beneficial traits like pest/disease resistance, abiotic stress tolerance, and higher yields to address challenges like increasing food demand. Genetic diversity is important for crop adaptation to future environments, so conservation efforts are needed to preserve this diversity.
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2) Cryopreservation at ultra-low temperatures in liquid nitrogen is an important ex-situ technique that can preserve germplasm long-term without subculturing. It involves preculturing plant materials, treating with cryoprotectants, and either slow-freezing or vitrification prior to storage in liquid nitrogen.
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Dev Hingra discusses techniques for improving plant characteristics in breeding programs. Genetic variation is created through crosses between plants and new varieties are selected and tested. Classical breeding techniques include self-pollination and cross-pollination to produce new varieties. Modern techniques use molecular biology and genetic modification to insert desirable traits. Genetic modification can produce desired traits faster than classical breeding. Future plant breeding will integrate both classical and new techniques like molecular markers to improve efficiency and effectiveness in crop improvement.
transgenic plants
This review article summarizes the types, benefits, and public concerns regarding transgenic plants. Transgenic plants are plants that have been genetically modified using genetic engineering techniques to introduce new traits. The two main methods for creating transgenic plants are the biolistic method, which uses particles to insert DNA, and the Agrobacterium tumefaciens method, which uses a soil bacteria to transfer DNA. Transgenic plants can be engineered for traits like herbicide resistance, insect resistance, drought tolerance, and the production of vaccines or industrial proteins. While transgenic plants offer benefits like increased yields and disease resistance, some public concerns exist regarding their potential impacts on human health and the environment.
Genetic engineering oral
Genetic engineering alters the genes of organisms to produce beneficial effects for humans. It has improved crop yields and introduced traits like disease resistance. Scientists have genetically engineered microorganisms to help clean pollution from soil and water. While genetic engineering offers advantages, there are also risks like unintentionally creating allergenic foods or superweeds. However, countries extensively test new genetically engineered products and regulate their environmental release to minimize risks. Religious perspectives differ on whether genetic engineering constitutes "playing God", but many argue it can be conducted safely and for the benefit of humanity if properly managed and researched.
Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering alters the genes of organisms to produce beneficial effects for humans. It has improved crop yields and introduced traits like disease resistance. Scientists have genetically engineered microorganisms to help clean pollution from soil and water. While genetic engineering provides benefits, there are also risks like unintentionally creating allergenic foods or plants becoming invasive "superweeds". However, regulations aim to minimize these risks and the technology could help nutrition and public health when used carefully.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Applications of Biotechnology
Biotechnology and its applications
Introduction:
Biotechnology is the broad area of biology, involving living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or "any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for specific use“.
Depending on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of molecular biology, bio-engineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, molecular engineering, etc.
The wide concept of "biotech" or "biotechnology" encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes, going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of the plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. Modern usage also includes genetic engineering as well as cell and tissue culture technologies.
Its Applications:
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas,
Food Industry
Health and Medicine
Agriculture
Industrial And Environmental
GMO PPT.ppt
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms. It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology. It describes different types of genetic modifications such as transgenic, cisgenic/intragenic, RNAi, and subgenic modifications. It provides examples of genetic engineering techniques like CRISPR. It also lists common traits that are engineered into crops, including herbicide tolerance, insect tolerance, improved nutrition, and disease resistance. Finally, it shows where in the world GMOs are commonly grown and gives examples of commercialized and non-commercialized GE crops in the US.
1-what-is-a-gmo.ppt
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms. It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology. It describes different types of genetic modifications including transgenic, cisgenic/intragenic, RNAi, and subgenic modifications. It provides examples of common crop traits resulting from genetic engineering, such as herbicide tolerance, insect tolerance, improved nutrition, and disease resistance. The document also shows where in the world GMO crops are commonly grown and lists some GMO crops that have been commercialized or approved for use in the United States.
1-what-is-a-gmo.ppt
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms. It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology. It describes different types of genetic modifications such as transgenic, cisgenic/intragenic, RNAi, and subgenic modifications. It provides examples of commonly modified traits in crops like herbicide tolerance, insect tolerance, improved nutrition, and disease resistance. It also lists some crops that have been genetically engineered and commercialized in the US as well as some that have been approved but not yet commercialized.
what-is-a-gmo.ppt
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms. It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology. It describes different types of genetic modifications such as transgenic, cisgenic/intragenic, RNAi, and subgenic modifications. It provides examples of commonly modified traits in crops like herbicide tolerance, insect tolerance, improved nutrition, and disease resistance. It also lists some crops that have been genetically engineered and commercialized in the US as well as some that have been approved but not yet commercialized.
1-what-is-a-gmo. ppt
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and genetically engineered organisms. It defines GMOs as organisms whose genetic material has been altered through genetic engineering or biotechnology. It describes different types of genetic modifications including transgenic, cisgenic/intragenic, RNAi, and subgenic modifications. It provides examples of common crop traits resulting from genetic engineering, such as herbicide tolerance, insect tolerance, improved nutrition, and disease resistance. The document also shows where in the world GMO crops are commonly grown and lists some GMO crops that have been commercialized or approved for use in the United States.
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This document summarizes the in silico characterization of three enzymes - protease, cellulase, and pectinase - from different organisms using computational tools. The enzymes analyzed were protease from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, cellulase from Mahella australiensis, and pectinase from Bacillus halodurans. Various computational tools were used to analyze the physicochemical properties, isoelectric point, primary structure, secondary structure, and presence of transmembrane helices for each enzyme. The results showed that the molecular weights ranged from 38306 to 51745 Da, the isoelectric points were acidic, random coils dominated the secondary structure, and only cellulase had predicted transmembrane regions.
“Microbial Biomass” A Renewable Energy For The Future
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Salmonella and E.coli infection
Salmonella and E. coli are bacteria that can cause foodborne illness. Salmonella lives in raw poultry and meat and causes symptoms like diarrhea. E. coli normally lives in the intestines but some strains like E. coli O157:H7 produce toxins that can cause hemorrhagic colitis. Both bacteria are transmitted through contaminated food or water and can be prevented by proper hygiene and food handling. Diagnosis involves testing stool samples for the bacteria. Treatment focuses on hydration, with antibiotics sometimes used for severe cases of salmonella.
Salmonella and E.coli infection
All of information are taken from Internet, Book or from Journals.
Please use only in educational purposes .
Food biotechnology in bangladesh
Bangladesh has a growing population and needs to increase food production to ensure food security. Food biotechnology can help increase crop yields and develop stress-tolerant varieties to combat climate change impacts. Several universities and research institutes in Bangladesh are conducting research on crop biotechnology, including developing golden rice with higher vitamin A and Bt brinjal resistant to fruit and shoot borer using genetic engineering. Genome sequencing projects on jute and a fungus pathogen have been completed. While genetically modified crops may increase productivity and nutrition, issues like cross contamination and increased pesticide use need addressing.
Immunological Abnormalities in Liver Carcinoma
1) Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a poor prognosis and limited treatment options. While immune therapies show promise, the response of HCC has been unsatisfactory due to its immunosuppressive microenvironment.
2) Dendritic cells activate T cells to target cancer cells, but in HCC various immune cells and cytokines like regulatory T cells and TGF-β promote immune suppression.
3) Future therapies aim to modulate this microenvironment through vaccines, adoptive cell transfer, immune checkpoint blockade, and other approaches to achieve effective anti-tumor immunity against HCC.
Rotating biological contactor
Rotating Biological Contactors (RBCs) are fixed film, aerobic biological wastewater treatment systems that use rotating discs to reduce organic matter. RBCs grow microorganisms on the discs that break down organic pollutants. The objectives of RBC wastewater treatment are to manage industrial and domestic wastewater discharge to reduce water pollution threats without harming human health or the environment. RBCs have advantages like low space and energy requirements with reliable liquid/solid separation and low sludge production.
Genetically Modified crop
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops. It begins by defining genetic modification and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It then provides background on the development of GM crops, listing important dates and events from 1980 to present. It also lists some of the major GM crops grown globally including soybean, maize, cotton, canola, and sugar beet. The document then discusses the area of GM crops grown by country, with the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, and Canada among the top growers. It also outlines some of the traits that have been genetically modified in crops, including insect and virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and vitamin fortification. Finally, it describes the general process used to develop GM crops,
Plasmid as a Cloning Vector
Plasmids are commonly used as cloning vectors. They are circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently of the bacterial chromosome. Many plasmid cloning vectors were constructed from bacterial plasmids and contain an origin of replication, selectable marker like antibiotic resistance, and a multiple cloning site to insert DNA fragments. Successful clones can be identified by techniques like blue-white screening where expression of a gene like lacZ allows colonies to be screened blue or white.
Plasmid as a Cloning Vector
Plasmids are circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of the bacterial chromosome and are used as cloning vectors. Cloning vectors are DNA molecules that can carry foreign genetic material into a host cell. Plasmids have features like cloning sites, selectable markers, and reporter genes that make them useful for cloning. Common types of cloning vectors include plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes. Plasmids are advantageous as cloning vectors because they are small, can replicate independently of the host, and often confer antibiotic resistance, allowing for selection of transformed cells.
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Application of Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement through Transgenesis
- 1. Presented by: Group-06 Faculty of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100. Application of Genetic Engineering in Crop Improvement through Transgenesis
- 2. What is Genetic Engineering? It is a set of technologies used to change the genetic makeup of cells, including the transfer of genes within and across species boundaries to produce improved or novel organisms.
- 3. The process of introducing a gene (Transgene) From one organism into the genome of another organism With the aim of the resulting transgenic organism that will express the gene and exhibit some new property or characteristic -is known as transgenesis. What is Transgenesis?
- 4. What is Transgenic Crop? A transgenic crop is a genetically modified organism (GMO). Transgenic indicates that a transfer of genes has occurred using recombinant DNA technology. Generally a transgenic crop contains one or more genes that have been inserted artificially either from an related plant or from different species altogether.
- 5. Common Transgenic Crops Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_rice Figure 1: Golden rice
- 6. Common Transgenic Crops Source: https://www.sathguru.com/International-Development/bari-set- to-release-three-bt-brinjal-varieties-this-year/ Figure 2: Bt Brinjal
- 7. Common Transgenic Crops Source: https://www.indoasiancommodities.com/2016/10/05/bt-cotton- in-india-the-debate-on-gm/ Figure 3: Bt cotton
- 8. Common Transgenic Crops Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PH9srMPtdU8 Figure 4: GMO tomato
- 9. Common Transgenic Crops Source: https://sites.google.com/site/gss12m44/Bt-corn Figure 5: Bt corn
- 10. Common Transgenic Crops Source: https://www.ecowatch.com/gmo-potatoes-2075786727.html Figure 6: GM potato
- 11. Common Transgenic Crops Source: https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2018/02/28/ Figure 7: Nuseed’s omega-3 canola
- 12. How are Transgenic Crops Made? Figure 8: Agrobacterium mediated Transgenesis Process overview. Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0974694313003289#sec17
- 13. 1. Biological method • Agrobacterium mediated transformation • Viral vectors 2. Mechanical method • Electrophoration • Microinjection • Microprojectiles 3. Chemical method • Heat shock • Calcium phosphate • Nanoparticles • Polyethylene glycol Gene Transfer Method
- 14. Application Resistance against the biotic stress. Resistance against the abiotic stress. Herbicide resistance. Molecular pharming. Improved agricultural traits. Improvement in vitamin content.
- 15. Application (Cont.) Improvement in nutritional quality. Production of edible vaccines. Production of hybrid seed by using sterility-fertility restoration system. Improvement of fruit quality by delayed ripening and bruise resistance. Development of seedless fruit.
- 16. Some Initiatives in Bangladesh BRRI developed vitamin A-enriched Golden Rice. BARI developed fruit and shoot borer resistant Bt brinjal. The Hawii University has shown interest for bilateral co- operation with Bangladesh in providing papaya conferred with resistance against papaya ringspot virus (PRSV)
- 17. Tolerance to cold, frost, or drought. Easier to grow in a constantly changing environment. Insect and disease resistance. Herbicides and pesticides resistance. Safe consuming and saving money on chemicals. More appealing to the buyer’s eye. Why Do We Use Transgenic Crops?
- 18. Lowers fertility and complete infertility. Transgene flow. Linked to risk of cancer and tumors. Allergic reactions. Gene mutation. Antibiotic resistance. Loss of nutrition. Environmental Damage. Gene pollution cannot be cleaned up. Ethical Controversy. What are the Challenges?
- 19. Future Prospect Plants can be ideal protein factories. Plant-based petroleum for fuel. Alternatives to rubber, nicotine-free tobacco. Caffeine-free coffee. Biodegradable plastics. Stress-tolerant plants. Better resistance and minimized side effects.
- 20. Conclusion There is a huge scope of biotechnologist for developing many species of crops with the desired characteristics to ensure food security and consistent food supply.
- 21. Thank You