This document provides a brief overview of the history and evolution of medicine in India, including various medical systems that developed over time such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, and Allopathy. It discusses the development of modern nursing through the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean War and the establishment of nursing councils and training programs in India in the late 19th and 20th centuries. The stages of illness and its effects on individuals and families are also summarized.
Community medicine has evolved from ancient practices that attributed disease to supernatural causes. Over time, scientific understanding developed, beginning with early civilizations in places like India, China, Egypt, and Greece. Major advances included germ theory and recognition that disease has environmental and social causes. This led to the rise of public health efforts and preventive medicine in the 19th century. Community medicine aims to address health problems facing entire populations and ensure equal access to healthcare for all.
Development of COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING in IndiaHarsh Rastogi
Community health nursing in India has evolved significantly over time from ancient practices to modern approaches. Historically, concepts of health, medicine, and nursing have been practiced in India since at least 5000 BC in the Vedic period. Over many centuries, systems like Ayurveda developed and hospitals, medical education, and basic public health practices were established. However, it was not until the early 20th century that formal training programs for community health nurses began in India. Major developments in the 1900s included establishing nursing schools, health programs targeting diseases, and committees to review and advance primary healthcare. The field has progressed to emphasize community-centered, participatory models aimed at promoting health for all.
This document provides an overview of the history of mental health and psychiatric nursing. It discusses how mentally ill patients were initially persecuted and segregated from society. It then outlines the humanitarian period where more asylums were established to provide care, though nursing was still not mentioned. The beginning of the scientific attitude saw the development of classifying mental illnesses. Key figures like Pinel in France and Tuke in England removed chains from patients and advocated for more humane treatment. The document also briefly discusses the development of psychiatric nursing in other countries like France where Pinel removed chains from patients.
History and development of cnh 03 130303112246-phpapp01kamaljeetbehera
This document provides a history of the development of community health nursing in India. It discusses how community health nursing aims to meet the health and nursing needs of entire communities, with a focus on primary prevention. The document traces the history from ancient practices in India dating back to 5000 BC that emphasized public health, sanitation and hospitals. It outlines key developments over time, including the establishment of various health programs and organizations in India from the 1900s onward that worked to improve public health and access to healthcare.
The document provides information on community health nursing concepts. It defines key terms like community, community health, and community health nursing. It describes the changing concepts of health from biomedical to holistic. It also discusses the spectrum of health and illness, determinants of health, and social determinants of health. The document aims to provide basic knowledge in community health nursing.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of definitions of nursing. It discusses how nursing has been defined as an art, science, and profession. Key figures who contributed definitions are mentioned, including Florence Nightingale, Virginia Henderson, the Canadian Nurses Association, and the American Nurses Association. The definitions emphasize that nursing involves caring for individuals, families and communities to promote and maintain health as well as treat illness and injury. Nursing aims to help people achieve independence. The document also briefly outlines the history of health care and nursing in ancient civilizations including Babylon, Egypt, Hebrew, China, India, Greece and Rome. Nursing roles evolved from family caregiving to also being provided in early hospitals and monasteries.
The document provides a history of health care and nursing from ancient civilizations to the present. It discusses how nursing evolved from the first mothers caring for the sick to a more organized profession. Key events and figures mentioned include Florence Nightingale establishing modern nursing in the 19th century, the influence of religious orders on medieval nursing care, and Clara Barton founding the American Red Cross in the late 19th century. The definitions of nursing, patient, and nurse are also presented.
History and development of Community Health Nursing in IndiaAjay Magar
Community health nursing has a long history in India dating back to ancient times. Efforts were made as early as the Indus Valley civilization to develop sanitation programs and provide health care. Over time, community health nursing evolved from a focus on treating illness to promoting health and preventing disease at the community level. Major developments included the establishment of primary health centers and training of auxiliary nurse midwives in the 20th century. Community health nursing aims to meet the health needs of entire communities through a holistic approach.
Community medicine has evolved from ancient practices that attributed disease to supernatural causes. Over time, scientific understanding developed, beginning with early civilizations in places like India, China, Egypt, and Greece. Major advances included germ theory and recognition that disease has environmental and social causes. This led to the rise of public health efforts and preventive medicine in the 19th century. Community medicine aims to address health problems facing entire populations and ensure equal access to healthcare for all.
Development of COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING in IndiaHarsh Rastogi
Community health nursing in India has evolved significantly over time from ancient practices to modern approaches. Historically, concepts of health, medicine, and nursing have been practiced in India since at least 5000 BC in the Vedic period. Over many centuries, systems like Ayurveda developed and hospitals, medical education, and basic public health practices were established. However, it was not until the early 20th century that formal training programs for community health nurses began in India. Major developments in the 1900s included establishing nursing schools, health programs targeting diseases, and committees to review and advance primary healthcare. The field has progressed to emphasize community-centered, participatory models aimed at promoting health for all.
This document provides an overview of the history of mental health and psychiatric nursing. It discusses how mentally ill patients were initially persecuted and segregated from society. It then outlines the humanitarian period where more asylums were established to provide care, though nursing was still not mentioned. The beginning of the scientific attitude saw the development of classifying mental illnesses. Key figures like Pinel in France and Tuke in England removed chains from patients and advocated for more humane treatment. The document also briefly discusses the development of psychiatric nursing in other countries like France where Pinel removed chains from patients.
History and development of cnh 03 130303112246-phpapp01kamaljeetbehera
This document provides a history of the development of community health nursing in India. It discusses how community health nursing aims to meet the health and nursing needs of entire communities, with a focus on primary prevention. The document traces the history from ancient practices in India dating back to 5000 BC that emphasized public health, sanitation and hospitals. It outlines key developments over time, including the establishment of various health programs and organizations in India from the 1900s onward that worked to improve public health and access to healthcare.
The document provides information on community health nursing concepts. It defines key terms like community, community health, and community health nursing. It describes the changing concepts of health from biomedical to holistic. It also discusses the spectrum of health and illness, determinants of health, and social determinants of health. The document aims to provide basic knowledge in community health nursing.
This document provides an overview of the history and evolution of definitions of nursing. It discusses how nursing has been defined as an art, science, and profession. Key figures who contributed definitions are mentioned, including Florence Nightingale, Virginia Henderson, the Canadian Nurses Association, and the American Nurses Association. The definitions emphasize that nursing involves caring for individuals, families and communities to promote and maintain health as well as treat illness and injury. Nursing aims to help people achieve independence. The document also briefly outlines the history of health care and nursing in ancient civilizations including Babylon, Egypt, Hebrew, China, India, Greece and Rome. Nursing roles evolved from family caregiving to also being provided in early hospitals and monasteries.
The document provides a history of health care and nursing from ancient civilizations to the present. It discusses how nursing evolved from the first mothers caring for the sick to a more organized profession. Key events and figures mentioned include Florence Nightingale establishing modern nursing in the 19th century, the influence of religious orders on medieval nursing care, and Clara Barton founding the American Red Cross in the late 19th century. The definitions of nursing, patient, and nurse are also presented.
History and development of Community Health Nursing in IndiaAjay Magar
Community health nursing has a long history in India dating back to ancient times. Efforts were made as early as the Indus Valley civilization to develop sanitation programs and provide health care. Over time, community health nursing evolved from a focus on treating illness to promoting health and preventing disease at the community level. Major developments included the establishment of primary health centers and training of auxiliary nurse midwives in the 20th century. Community health nursing aims to meet the health needs of entire communities through a holistic approach.
What is Health?
Acc. to WHO 1948, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is Disease?
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.
What is “Germ theory of Disease”?
The germ theory states that many diseases are caused by the growth and reproduction of specific microorganisms within a host body.
This document provides an overview of community medicine and public health concepts. It discusses the differences between clinical and preventive medicine, defining community medicine as focusing on the community as a whole rather than individual patients. Public health is described as organized community efforts to promote population health through activities like disease prevention, health education, and sanitation efforts. The document then reviews the history and evolution of medicine and public health from ancient times to the modern era.
Community medicine focuses on health promotion and disease prevention at the community level through organized social action. It evolved from clinical medicine to address health issues facing entire populations. Key concepts include viewing health as an equilibrium between individuals and their environment, the importance of both preventive and curative approaches to medicine, and addressing social determinants of health. The field was influenced by developments in epidemiology, public health infrastructure, and the germ theory of disease.
DEFINITION “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”. -WHO (1948)
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
BIOMEDICAL: - Absence of disease. Person free from disease is considered as healthy
ECOLOGICAL: - Dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment = health. Maladjustment of humans to environment = disease
PSYCHOLOGICAL: - Development of social sciences revealed that health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors.
HOLISTIC: - Synthesis of all other concepts. Sound mind in a sound body, in a sound family, in sound environment
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
• PHYSICAL
• MENTAL
• SOCIAL
• SPIRITUAL
• EMOTIONAL
• VOCATIONAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
This document discusses the history and development of nursing as a profession. It begins by defining nursing as both an art and a science that requires extensive education. Nursing aims to care for individuals, families, and communities so they can attain or maintain health. The document then covers the history of nursing in different time periods and civilizations from prehistoric times through the contemporary period. It describes how nursing transitioned from being performed intuitively by women with no formal training to becoming a licensed profession through the establishment of nursing education programs.
This document provides an overview of medical anthropology and its applications to health care. It discusses how medical anthropology addresses the interfaces between medicine, culture, and health behavior. It describes how cultural systems models examine the influence of culture on health through infrastructure, social structure, and ideological superstructure. These include factors like environment, social relationships, individual behavior, health services, and beliefs. The document emphasizes that understanding a community's cultural values and engaging community members are important for effective health programs and assessing health needs. Medical anthropology aims to incorporate cultural perspectives to improve health care delivery and public health programs.
Evolution of public health- Dr Subraham PanySubraham Pany
This document provides a summary of the history and evolution of public health and medicine across various civilizations and eras. It discusses early concepts of health and disease from ancient cultures like India, China, Egypt, Greece, and Mesopotamia. It then covers developments in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, including the emergence of germ theory and advances during the Industrial Revolution that led to the fields of public health and preventive medicine. The document also introduces several important historical figures who contributed to the understanding and practice of medicine.
Lecture 1-Intro to health psychology.pptxAyesha Yaqoob
The document discusses the history and development of health psychology from ancient to modern times. It covers:
- Ancient beliefs that illness was caused by demons or punishment
- Hippocrates introduced the idea that disease has natural causes
- The germ theory established microorganisms as the cause of many diseases
- The biopsychosocial model recognizes biological, psychological, and social influences on health
- Health psychology applies psychological principles to health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment.
Nursing is both an art and a science that uses knowledge and skills to promote wellness and provide care for people in health and illness. Historically, nursing roles developed from mothers caring for family to more formal roles in religious orders and hospitals. Florence Nightingale established nursing as a respected profession through establishing standards of care and the first nursing school. Modern nursing focuses on health promotion, illness prevention, and caring for individuals, families, and communities across all settings through various roles including caregiver, communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, and researcher.
This document discusses the importance of culture in health and healthcare. It begins with an introduction to anthropology and definitions of culture. It then explores how culture shapes views of health, illness, and healers. Various cultural practices that impact health are described, such as hot-cold beliefs, susto, and female genital mutilation. The PEN-3 model for developing culturally-competent health interventions is introduced. Case studies demonstrate how understanding cultural contexts can improve care. The document recommends training healthcare workers in cultural competence and centering culture in approaches to well-being.
1. The document discusses different worldviews on health, illness, healthcare, and wellness from Western, Eastern, African, and South Asian perspectives.
2. In the Western view, health is seen through a biomedical lens focused on the human body. Illness is viewed as the result of natural phenomena. Healthcare involves evidence-based treatment using modern medicine. Wellness encompasses proper physical functioning of the body's systems.
3. The Eastern perspective views health holistically as a balance of body, mind, and spirit. Illness results from imbalances that can be treated by restoring balance. Healthcare considers individual diagnosis and restoring chi (energy) through natural remedies. Wellness requires harmony within oneself and with one
The document discusses biology and human health. It begins by defining health and noting that biology has demonstrated its utility in human welfare through advances like antibiotics and vaccines. It then summarizes 3 chapters on human health and disease. Chapter 8 discusses common human diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths and introduces concepts of immunity and infectious disease transmission. It provides examples like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria and ringworm. It emphasizes the importance of hygiene in disease prevention and control.
WHO definition: The world Health Organization (WHO) described health in1948, ...hosamELMANNA
this presentation cover the following items
Define health
Describe the different concepts and perspectives
of Health.
Describe determinants of health.
Define globalization & list its advantages and
disadvantages on health population.
Describe the different models of disease
causation theories
Traditionally, those considered in society to have a disability have been stigmatised, often kept out of view. Despite considerable efforts by the disability rights movement over the last decades, there are still many stereotypes in existence concerning the disabled, stereotypes which are also classed, raced and gendered in different ways. Disability has been described as ‘fluid’ and, contrary to general opinion, may not be a permanent state. With the increasing medicalisation of society, conditions that may not have been considered disabilities in the past – for example certain learning disabilities – may now lead to early labelling. There are differences of opinion as to whether these are liberating or debilitating labels. As more and more people are living with a disability of some kind, this class will consider what living with disability in everyday life can be understood sociologically and politically.
This document discusses various determinants of health including biological, environmental, socio-economic, behavioral, health services, aging, and gender related factors. It explains how each of these intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence an individual's health status. The key message is that health is determined by many interrelated factors, some within and some outside of a person's control, and improving health requires consideration of all the determinants.
The Right to Culturally Sensitive Health Services for Refugees and IDPs, Jana...LIDC
Janaka Jayawickrama, of the University of Northumbria, spoke about the right to culturally sensitive health services for refugees and internally displaced peoples. He stressed that the right to health pledged in international documents, as well as rights to basic sanitation, safe water, housing, food and nutrition, refer to concepts which are understood differently between cultures, and that universal provision may therefore not be as straightforward as it seems.
This document provides guidance on selecting and using personal protective equipment (PPE) in healthcare settings. It outlines the goal of improving safety through appropriate PPE use and describes common types of PPE like gloves, gowns, masks, and respirators. The key recommendations are to follow standard and transmission-based precautions by using PPE based on the anticipated level of exposure, to properly don and remove PPE to avoid contamination, and to always perform hand hygiene when done.
Physical activity and exercise are important for heart health. Sedentary lifestyles that involve little physical activity can increase risks for diseases like cardiovascular disease. The document discusses how urbanization and technology have reduced physical activity in daily life. It provides epidemiological data on increasing rates of obesity and overweight individuals in India due to changing lifestyles. The document outlines the importance of diet, exercise, avoiding smoking and maintaining a healthy lifestyle to prevent lifestyle diseases and advocates a multidisciplinary approach to address health risks.
HIV attacks and destroys CD4 cells of the immune system, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. In India in 2017, there were over 2 million people living with HIV, with 88,000 newly infected and 69,000 AIDS-related deaths. HIV is transmitted via blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. While antiretroviral treatment can suppress HIV and prevent progression to AIDS, there is currently no cure.
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What is Health?
Acc. to WHO 1948, Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What is Disease?
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury.
What is “Germ theory of Disease”?
The germ theory states that many diseases are caused by the growth and reproduction of specific microorganisms within a host body.
This document provides an overview of community medicine and public health concepts. It discusses the differences between clinical and preventive medicine, defining community medicine as focusing on the community as a whole rather than individual patients. Public health is described as organized community efforts to promote population health through activities like disease prevention, health education, and sanitation efforts. The document then reviews the history and evolution of medicine and public health from ancient times to the modern era.
Community medicine focuses on health promotion and disease prevention at the community level through organized social action. It evolved from clinical medicine to address health issues facing entire populations. Key concepts include viewing health as an equilibrium between individuals and their environment, the importance of both preventive and curative approaches to medicine, and addressing social determinants of health. The field was influenced by developments in epidemiology, public health infrastructure, and the germ theory of disease.
DEFINITION “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”. -WHO (1948)
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
BIOMEDICAL: - Absence of disease. Person free from disease is considered as healthy
ECOLOGICAL: - Dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment = health. Maladjustment of humans to environment = disease
PSYCHOLOGICAL: - Development of social sciences revealed that health is influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic and political factors.
HOLISTIC: - Synthesis of all other concepts. Sound mind in a sound body, in a sound family, in sound environment
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
• PHYSICAL
• MENTAL
• SOCIAL
• SPIRITUAL
• EMOTIONAL
• VOCATIONAL
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
This document discusses the history and development of nursing as a profession. It begins by defining nursing as both an art and a science that requires extensive education. Nursing aims to care for individuals, families, and communities so they can attain or maintain health. The document then covers the history of nursing in different time periods and civilizations from prehistoric times through the contemporary period. It describes how nursing transitioned from being performed intuitively by women with no formal training to becoming a licensed profession through the establishment of nursing education programs.
This document provides an overview of medical anthropology and its applications to health care. It discusses how medical anthropology addresses the interfaces between medicine, culture, and health behavior. It describes how cultural systems models examine the influence of culture on health through infrastructure, social structure, and ideological superstructure. These include factors like environment, social relationships, individual behavior, health services, and beliefs. The document emphasizes that understanding a community's cultural values and engaging community members are important for effective health programs and assessing health needs. Medical anthropology aims to incorporate cultural perspectives to improve health care delivery and public health programs.
Evolution of public health- Dr Subraham PanySubraham Pany
This document provides a summary of the history and evolution of public health and medicine across various civilizations and eras. It discusses early concepts of health and disease from ancient cultures like India, China, Egypt, Greece, and Mesopotamia. It then covers developments in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance period, including the emergence of germ theory and advances during the Industrial Revolution that led to the fields of public health and preventive medicine. The document also introduces several important historical figures who contributed to the understanding and practice of medicine.
Lecture 1-Intro to health psychology.pptxAyesha Yaqoob
The document discusses the history and development of health psychology from ancient to modern times. It covers:
- Ancient beliefs that illness was caused by demons or punishment
- Hippocrates introduced the idea that disease has natural causes
- The germ theory established microorganisms as the cause of many diseases
- The biopsychosocial model recognizes biological, psychological, and social influences on health
- Health psychology applies psychological principles to health promotion, disease prevention, and treatment.
Nursing is both an art and a science that uses knowledge and skills to promote wellness and provide care for people in health and illness. Historically, nursing roles developed from mothers caring for family to more formal roles in religious orders and hospitals. Florence Nightingale established nursing as a respected profession through establishing standards of care and the first nursing school. Modern nursing focuses on health promotion, illness prevention, and caring for individuals, families, and communities across all settings through various roles including caregiver, communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, and researcher.
This document discusses the importance of culture in health and healthcare. It begins with an introduction to anthropology and definitions of culture. It then explores how culture shapes views of health, illness, and healers. Various cultural practices that impact health are described, such as hot-cold beliefs, susto, and female genital mutilation. The PEN-3 model for developing culturally-competent health interventions is introduced. Case studies demonstrate how understanding cultural contexts can improve care. The document recommends training healthcare workers in cultural competence and centering culture in approaches to well-being.
1. The document discusses different worldviews on health, illness, healthcare, and wellness from Western, Eastern, African, and South Asian perspectives.
2. In the Western view, health is seen through a biomedical lens focused on the human body. Illness is viewed as the result of natural phenomena. Healthcare involves evidence-based treatment using modern medicine. Wellness encompasses proper physical functioning of the body's systems.
3. The Eastern perspective views health holistically as a balance of body, mind, and spirit. Illness results from imbalances that can be treated by restoring balance. Healthcare considers individual diagnosis and restoring chi (energy) through natural remedies. Wellness requires harmony within oneself and with one
The document discusses biology and human health. It begins by defining health and noting that biology has demonstrated its utility in human welfare through advances like antibiotics and vaccines. It then summarizes 3 chapters on human health and disease. Chapter 8 discusses common human diseases caused by bacteria, viruses, protozoa and helminths and introduces concepts of immunity and infectious disease transmission. It provides examples like typhoid, pneumonia, malaria and ringworm. It emphasizes the importance of hygiene in disease prevention and control.
WHO definition: The world Health Organization (WHO) described health in1948, ...hosamELMANNA
this presentation cover the following items
Define health
Describe the different concepts and perspectives
of Health.
Describe determinants of health.
Define globalization & list its advantages and
disadvantages on health population.
Describe the different models of disease
causation theories
Traditionally, those considered in society to have a disability have been stigmatised, often kept out of view. Despite considerable efforts by the disability rights movement over the last decades, there are still many stereotypes in existence concerning the disabled, stereotypes which are also classed, raced and gendered in different ways. Disability has been described as ‘fluid’ and, contrary to general opinion, may not be a permanent state. With the increasing medicalisation of society, conditions that may not have been considered disabilities in the past – for example certain learning disabilities – may now lead to early labelling. There are differences of opinion as to whether these are liberating or debilitating labels. As more and more people are living with a disability of some kind, this class will consider what living with disability in everyday life can be understood sociologically and politically.
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Monitoring Progress: Recommends tracking food intake and exercise, regular health check-ups, and provides tips for achieving balance, such as getting sufficient sleep, managing stress, and staying socially active.
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Feeding plate for a newborn with Cleft Palate.pptxSatvikaPrasad
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2. Brief historyof evolution of modern medicine & surgery
HOMEOPATHY
NATUROPATHY
UNANI
SIDDHA
YOGA
AYURVEDA
AYUSH
ALLOPATHY
3. Briefhistoryof evolution of modernmedicine& surgery
Indian medicine is ancient. Its earliest concepts are set out
in the sacred writings called the Vedas. According to a
later writer , the system of medicine called Ayurveda was
received by a certain Dhanvantari from Brahma and
Dhanvantari was defined as the god if medicine .
The period of vedic medicine lasted until about 800 BC.
The vedas are rich in magical practices for the treatment
of diseases and in charms for the expulsion of the demons
traditionally supposed to cause diseases. The chief
condition mentioned are fever, cough, constipation,
diarrhea, dropsy, abscesses, seizures, tumors and skin
diseases ( including leprosy).
4. Cont…
At that time , the Hindus were prohibited by their religion from
cutting the dead body , their knowledge of anatomy was
limited. The Hindus believed that the body contained three
elementary substances, microcosmic representatives of the
three divines universal forces , which they called spirit (air),
phlegm and bile.
The spirit has its seat below the navel, the phlegm about the
heart and the bile between the heart and the navel. The seven
primary constituents of body are blood, flesh, fat, bone ,
marrow , chyle and semen are produced by the action of
elementary substances .
5. Cont…
In Surgery, ancient Hindu medicine reached its zenith. It has been
said that Hindus knew all ancient operations were grouped broadly
such as excision of tumours, incision of abscesses punctures of
collection of fluid in the abdomen , extraction of foreign body and
stitching of wound.
The instruments used are sharp and blunt. The sharp instruments
included knives of various pattern , scissors and needles. And the
blunt instruments are forceps, specula, tubes, hooks and probes.
6. brief history
A brief description of chronological events related to
development of health and medicine in India is given below -
3000 BC: Health was given high priority in daily life and
this concept of health included physical, mental, social and
spiritual well-being.
2000 BC : Rigveda marks the beginning of Indian system
medicines. Medicines was considered part of Vedas. Good
health implies and ideal balance between tridoshic factors
that are wind bile and phelgm(vata, pita and kapha)
7. Cont…
1000 BC : Atharvaveda mentions the twin aims of
medical sciences as health and longevity and curative
treatment. Hygiene and dietetics are considered
important in treatment.
600 BC : A treatise by kashyapa mainly dealing with
Pediatrics.
100 BC : Charaka Samhita , the first classical
exposition of Indian system medicines deals with all
branches of medicines , anatomy, physiology, etiology,
prognosis , pathology and treatment.
8. Cont…
500 – 600 AD: Vagbhata wrote Astanga Hridaya (8 limbs
and heart ). The 8 limbs are therapeutics, surgery, ear, nose
and throat(ENT), mental and superstitious diseases,
infantile diseases and treatment, toxicology, arresting
physical and mental decay and rejuvenation or regaining
lost virility potency.
1300 – 1600 AD: It contains the list of diseases and their
symptoms and complete list of drugs including many not
mentioned in earlier works. It includes etiology and
treatment of syphilis, a disease brought into India by
Portuguese seamen.
9. Important Events
1871 : Basic program for combined general nursing and midwifery
formulated.
1874 – 1885 : Christian Mission Hospitals began training of Indian
nurses only Christian girls have opted training.
1926 : A nursing council constituted in Madras ( now Chennai ).
1949 : The Indian Nursing Council was constituted.
1951 : Training program of 2 years for Auxillary Nurse Midwife
(ANM) program started at Punjab .
1971 : College of nursing started at Bangalore , Karnataka.
10. Nursing in India
In India the first person to improve the medical care was King
Ashoka.
The first important thing was to prevent diseases. Hygiene
practice were adopted , people must wear clean clothes, should
keep their nails short and cut. The women after delivery should
live in rooms, which are clean and well ventilated.
The era of modern nursing begin with the work of FLORENCE
NIGHTINGALE in the Crimean War (1854 – 1856). She was
born on May 12, 1820. She was the daughter of wealthy
English parents. She felt that God had called her to full fill
‘Mission of Mercy’. She observed the life of poor and tried to
relieve the sick.
11. Cont…
She was born in Florence Italy, on May 12, 1820, and was named
after her birthplace, died on August 13, 1910, London, England.
During the Crimean War, Nightingale was put in charge of nursing
British and allied soldiers in Turkey. She spent many hours in the
wards and during nights provide care to the wounded laid on the
ground, established her image as the “Lady with the Lamp”.
Every year May 12 is celebrated as International Nurses day to
remember her birth and recognize the important role of nurses in
providing health care .
13. Concept of health, wellness, disease and illness
Health
“health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
wellbeing and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity”.
the state of being free from illness or injury.
health is a state that allows the individual to adequately cope
with all demands of daily life.
14. Cont…
Wellness
An integrated method of functioning which is oriented toward
maximizing the potential of which the individual is capable
within the environment where he is functioning.
High level wellness is a method of functioning oriented towards
maximizing individual potential within the environment.
High level wellness Involves-
Progression toward a higher level of functioning, integration
of the whole being and an open-ended future within the
challenge of full potential.
18. CAUSE OF DISEASE
A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an
organism.
It is a medical condition affecting the signs and symptoms .
Disease may be caused by :-
Mechanical cause: trauma and extreme temperature.
Biological cause: genetics defect, infection, alteration in immune
system
Normative cause: normative causes are physiological but involve a
body mind interactions, here manifestations occur in response to
psychological disturbance.
Nutritional causes: malnutrition and over nutrition.
Environmental causes: toxic chemicals, cigarette smoking, pollutants
and infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria.
19. cont…
Illness
It is the deviation from wellness. It is alteration in health.
Illness may be acute, chronic or terminal illness.
Acute illness- it is a type of illness resulting from exposure to
cause. Acute illness may terminate to death or full recovery.
Myocardial Infarction, gas poisoning, head injury.
Chronic illness- it is long lasting illness usually interfere with
patient’s routine daily activities.
Diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism.
Terminal illness- it is a type of illness that is expected to result
in death.
Advanced cancer.
20. Stages of illness
Illness is body response to a disease.
It varies from person to person.
Some people become panic to illness and some take it very
casually.
The stages of illness are mentioned below:-
1. Experiencing symptoms: As the body is exposed to
pathogens/external stimuli, some physiological changes will
occur.
2. Assuming the sick role: at this stage, symptoms persists,
person starts assuming himself as sick. He starts discussing
this with his close family members and colleagues.
.
21. Cont…
3. Seeking medical care: In this stage, person consults the doctor
for his illness.
4. Assuming a dependent role: As the symptoms persist and
person starts taking treatment, he perceives himself as a
dependent.
5. Achieving recovery and rehabilitation: This is the last stage
of illness. Recover phase stints as the body starts responding to
treatment. It will be completed at home and at the hospital
settings.
22. EFFECTS OF ILLNESS
Illness leaves a great impact on human life, whether it is a patient
or family members.
Effect of illness vary depending upon the type of illness, severity
of illness and prognosis.
The effect of illness on patients and his family members
separately are:
Effect of illness on individual
As discussed earlier, individuals respond differently to the
illness. Some person respond it and some take it seriously.
Person who take it seriously ,experience a lot of changes in his
behaviour.
In chronic illness, person have feeling of helplessness,
powerlessness and sorrowness.
23. Cont…
Effect of illness on family
Family members of patients with chronic illness experience
stress, role strain, powerlessness and grieve because of
decreased socialization, lost income and increased medical
expenses.
They may be exhausted in doing their new roles along with
routine activities.
Effect of illness on elderly person
When an elderly person is ill, a son or a daughter often assumes
the role of parent to the elderly person, providing housing,
meals and assistance with daily needs over a prolonged time.
This role reversal may be only temporary and may end when
the illness ends or it may become permanent.
24. Cont…
Effect of illness on elderly person
When the sick person is a parent, the degree to which the
family experiences change is related to the responsibilities.
e.g. When a father is sick for a long time, his roles are
usually taken over by the mother.
Effect of illness in children
A child is dependent on parents for so many daily needs , both
sick children and their families may need to make fewer role
adjustments than sick adults and their families.
25. THEORIES OF ILLNESS
Supernatural theory of disease
In the early past, the disease was thought to be caused due to
either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons and
the movements of the planets.
As germs cannot be seen through naked eyes, they had no
knowledge about this. They believed that disease is caused due
to deeds of individuals.
These supernatural beliefs are perpetuated by ignorance,
illiteracy and poverty.
26. Cont…
Ecological theory
According to this theory, disease occurs when there is
imbalance in human and its environment.
Hippocrates is the first epidemiologist who advise to search the
environment for the cause of disease.
It is the first scientific approach or reasoning regarding disease
causation.
27. Cont…
Pasteur’s germtheory
Germ theory believed that microbes (germs)were found to be
the cause for many known diseases.
Pasteur, Henle and Koch discovered the microorganisms in the
patient’s secretions/excretions.
Henle and Koch have postulated that each disease is caused by
a germ, and that germ can again be isolated from that sick
animal.
Though these postulates are true to some extent for infectious
disease, they cannot explain the etiology of all diseases,
particularly non-infectious diseases.
28. Cont…
Multifactorial causation theory
Interaction between the agent, host and environment causes
infections.
Pettenkoffer stated that agent, host and environmental factor will
act and interact synergistically and act as joint independent
partners in causing the disease.
Pettenkoffer contradicted the unifactorial theory of disease
causation and emphasized that disease is multifactorial in
causation.
This theory of web of causation explains both the infectious and
non-infectious diseases.
29. Illness as human experience
Human behavior has the potential capacity to foster health &
to prevent illness.
Health professionals are confronted in wellness and illness
care settings.
It is important for nurses to be aware of certain behavior
patterns that both well and ill people commonly experience.
30. Cont…
Health behavior
The activities undertaken by healthy individuals who believe
they are well to prevent or detect disease is called health
behavior.
It is directed towards an individual’s health. It includes-eating
well-balanced diet, adequate rest and daily exercise.
Health behavior directed toward detecting illness include seeking
routine screening of vision and hearing, pap smears, physical
examination, chest x-ray studies and prenatal and postnatal care.
31. Cont…
Illness Behavior
It has three components-
First person must perceive themselves to be ill. This perception
is influenced by familiarity of symptoms or knowledge that
illness is present.
Second, person should evaluate the degree or threat to self that
the illness presents.
The last component is the action taken. This action may consist
of self-treatment or seeking assistance or advice from others
perceived to be able to provide the necessary assistance.
The study of illness behavior is important and it is also increase
the accuracy of history taking.
32.
33. Review of Nursingprocess and Nursingcare plan
Nursing process
It is defined as a systematic problem solving approach for
giving comprehensive nursing care.
It can also defined as an orderly , systemic way of indentifying
the client’s problems, making plans to solve them, initiating the
plan or assigning other to implement it and evaluating the
extent to which the plan was effective in resolving the problems
identified.
34. Characteristics of Nursing Process
It is systematic and orderly.
It is dynamic.
It is interpersonal.
It is outcome oriented.
Provides encouragement to nurses to work together to help
clients to use their strength to meet all human needs.
This process is universally applicable in all nursing situations.
36. 1. ASSESSMENT
It is a deliberate, systematic and logical collection of subjective and
objective data that are helpful to identify and define problems of
the client, before the nurse proceeds to plan the care.
PURPOSE OF ASSESSMENT
Gather data about the client.
Use the data for diagnosis, identifying outcomes, planning and
implementing care.
ASSESSMENT SKILLS
Observation
Interviewing
Physical Examination
37. Types of datacollectionin assessment
OBJECTIVE DATA: It is the collection of medical data that is
measurable and substantiated.
This subset of data can be collected using five senses in a clinical
setting.
Observation is the main component of acquiring objective data.
SUBJECTIVE DATA :
It is defined as the anything patient says about the reason for
their doctor’s visit.
The phrase ‘signs and symptoms’ are used to describe patient’s
health problems.
The signs refer to the objective data and are based on what nurse
sees.
The symptoms refer to the subjective data and based on what
patients say they feel.
38. 2. NURSINGDIAGNOSIS(“what is the problem”)
This is the second step of nursing process .
The nurse will analyse all the gathered information and
diagnose the client’s needs.
Diagnosing involves analyzing data, identifying health
problems, risks and strength and formulating diagnostic
statements about a patient potential or actual health problems.
More than one diagnosis is sometimes made for a single
patient.
39. 3.PLANNING(“Howto manage the problem”)
It is the third step of nursing process.
It provides the direction for nursing intervention.
The planning phase is where goals and outcomes are formulated
that directly impact patient care based on evidence based practice
(EBP).
TYPES OF PLANNING
Initial Planning:
It is done by the nurse who conducts the admission assessment.
Ongoing Planning:
It is done by all the nurses who work with the client.
Discharge Planning:
It is the process of anticipating and planning for needs after discharge.
40. 4. IMPLEMENTATION: (Putting the plan into action)
The implementation of the nursing process is when the nurse
put the treatment plan into effect.
It involves action or doing and the actual carrying out of
nursing intervention outlined in the plan of care.
It should be specific to patient and focus on achievable
outcomes.
Process of Implementing:
Reassessing the client
Determining the nurse’s need for assistance
Implementing the nursing interventions
Supervising the delegated care
Documenting nursing activities
41. 5. EVALUATION (“Did the plan work”)
It is the fifth step of nursing process.
This final phase of nursing process is vital to a positive
patient outcome.
Whenever a healthcare provider implement care , they must
reassess or evaluate to ensure the desired outcome has been
met.
STEPS IN EVALUATION
Collecting data
Comparing collected data with desired outcomes
Analysing client’s response relating to nursing activities
Identifying factors that contribute to success or failure
Continuing , modifying or terminating the nursing care plan
Planning for future nursing care.
42. NCP ON fever
1. Vital signs are
collected-
temperature,
pulse, respiration.
2. Cold sponging is
provided with
cotton towel.
3. Extra blanket is
given to the
patient.
4. Healthy diet-
khichdi, Dalia,
fruits and salad is
given to the
patient.
5. Acetaminophen is
given to the
patient.