historical development of Community Health Nursing, Public Health Nursing IN India

1. Historical Development
of
Public Health Nursing
By. Kailash Nagar
Assist. Prof.
Dept. of Community Health
Dinsha Patel College of Nursing

2. Evolution of Public Health Globally:
• The history of public health is derived from
many historical ideas, trial and error, the
development of basic sciences, technology,
and epidemiology.
Early explanations for the occurrence of
disease focused on superstition, myths, and
religion. Primitive peoples believed in natural
spirits that were sometimes mischievous or
vengeful.

3. S.n
o.
Stages Focus Nursing
Orientation
Service
Emphasis
Institutional Base
(Agencies)
1. Early Home
Care (Before
mid 1800s)
Sick poor Individual Curative Lay & religious
orders
2. District
Nursing
(1860 to
1900s)
Sick poor Individual Curative;
beginning of
preventive
Voluntary; some
government
3. Public Health
Nursing
(1900 to
1970)
Needy
public
Families Curative;
preventive
prevention
Government; some
voluntary
4. Emergence of
Community
Health
Nursing
(1970-
present)
Total
community
Population Health
Promotion;
illness
prevention
Many kinds; some
independent
practice

4. Historical Development of Community Health
and Public Health Nursing
• the World
• Early Home Care Nursing (Before Mid 1800s)
• District Nursing (Mid-1800s to 1900)
• Public Health Nursing (1900 to 1970)
• Community Health Nursing (1970 to the Present)
•
In India
History of Public Health in India
• Ancient India
• Vedic Period (1400BC - 600BC)
• Post Vedic Period (600 BC- 600AD)
• Moghul Period ( 650 AD)
• During British Rule(1757 to 1947)
• After Independent of India 1947
• Development of Public Health Nursing in India

5. • The Hippocratic Corpus was an early attempt
to think about diseases, not as punishment
from the gods, but as an imbalance of man
with the environment.
• By considering the possibility that disease was
associated with environmental factors or
imbalances in diet or personal behaviours, the
Corpus also opened up the possibility of
intervening to prevent disease or treat it.

6. • Starting in 1347, Europe experienced multiple
waves of bubonic plague epidemics that lasted
until the late 1700s. The cause of the plague
was not known.
• In 1665, Hooke devised a compound
microscope and used it to examine and
describe the structure of nature on a
microscopic level, including insects, feathers,
and plants.

7. In 1754, Scurvy is due to a deficiency in vitamin
C that results in weak connective tissue and
abnormally fragile capillaries that rupture
easily, causing bleeding, anemia, edema,
jaundice, heart failure, and death.
James Lind, a Scottish naval surgeon, suspected
that citrus fruits could prevent it.

8. • John Snow (Father of Epidemiology ) was a
physician in London who spent several
decades studying cholera in a systematic way.
He is most often credited with solving an
outbreak of cholera that occurred in London
in 1854.

9. • Finally, in late 1800, Louis Pasteur was a French
biologist and chemist who made enormous
contributions to germ theory, to prevention of
food spoilage, and to the control of disease.
• He also discovered that microbes in milk could
be killed by heating to about 130 degrees
Fahrenheit, a process which is now known as
”pasteurization.”
• He discovered that some microorganisms require
oxygen (aerobic organisms), while others
reproduce in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic).

10. 10
Historical Development of Community
Health Nursing
The modern concept of community health
and welfare is one which has taken many
centuries to evolve. All ancient
civilization particularly Egypt, India and
China developed their own specific team
of medicine.

11. 11
• Egypt appeared to have been the first and the
best in the field that had a fully developed
medical system by 3000BC.
• China appeared around 450 BC.
• Indian system of medicine around 200BC

12. 12
In modern period changes in development of
medicine and public health under different stages.
• Empirical health era
• Basic science era
• Clinical science era
• Public health science era
• Political science era
(1800-1850)
(1850-1900)
(1900-1950)
(1950-1975)
(1975-2000)

13. 13
Public Health Science Era (1950-1975)
In this period preventive oriented
approach started. Now it is being called
an era of the community centered
approach.

14. 14
Political Health Science Era (1975-2000)
In this period the involvement of the
community leaders and the members of
the health program was practiced stage by
stage.

15. 15
Early Home Care Stage (before mid
1800s)
1. Focus: Sick poor
2. Nursing orientation: individuals
3. Service: curative
4. Agencies: Lay & religious orders

16. 16
District Nursing (mid 1800-1900s)
1.Focus: Sick poor
2.Nursing orientation: Individuals
3.Service: Curative/preventative
4.Agencies: Voluntary & some government

17. 17
Public Health Nursing (1900-1970)
i. Focus: needy public
ii.Nursing orientation: families
iii.Service: Curative/preventative.
Iv. Agencies: Voluntary & some voluntary

18. 18
Community Health Nursing (1970 to present)
i. Focus: total community
ii.Nursing orientation: population
iii.Service: health promotion, illness
prevention
iv.Agencies: many kinds, some independent
practice

19. 19
Development of public health in
indo-Pakistan
1946- Bhore committee-health survey
→ Health as basic human right
→ Preventive importance
→ Health care accessible
→ Community participation
→ Development of primary and secondary unit