An Expert Committee (1971) of the WHO defined family planning as "a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily, upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and responsible decisions by individuals and couples, in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and thus contribute effectively to the social development of a country“.
Basic Human Rights
Scope of family planning services
Health aspects of family planning:
1. Women's health: Unwanted pregnancies, Limiting the number of births and proper spacing, Timing of births
2. Foetal health
3. Child health: Child mortality, Child growth, development and nutrition, Infectious diseases
The welfare concept
Small-family norm
Eligible couples
Target couples
Couple protection rate (CPR)
meaning of small family norms: Small family norm connotes control over the number of children.
The rate of reproduction and the level of acceptance of family control methods are to a large extent influenced by what people consider as the ideal family size.
Adoption of small family norms is today not only desirable but It has become difficult to survive with a large family particularly because of rising cost of living, growing needs and necessities.
It is a fact that a small family is a happy family.
Lesser number of children is a boon not only to their parents but also to the country.
They have better chances of food, clothing and education.
almost a necessity
nature of small family norms
benefits of small family norms
barriers of small family norms
Minimum Need's Programme, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject - Community Health Nursing II, Topic - Minimum Need's Programme, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 4th year in Florence College Of Nursing
meaning of small family norms: Small family norm connotes control over the number of children.
The rate of reproduction and the level of acceptance of family control methods are to a large extent influenced by what people consider as the ideal family size.
Adoption of small family norms is today not only desirable but It has become difficult to survive with a large family particularly because of rising cost of living, growing needs and necessities.
It is a fact that a small family is a happy family.
Lesser number of children is a boon not only to their parents but also to the country.
They have better chances of food, clothing and education.
almost a necessity
nature of small family norms
benefits of small family norms
barriers of small family norms
Minimum Need's Programme, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid Haroon Rashid
Subject - Community Health Nursing II, Topic - Minimum Need's Programme, Presented By Mohammed Haroon Rashid, Basic B.Sc Nursing 4th year in Florence College Of Nursing
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Family welfare programme IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
INTRODUCTION • Family planning means planning by individual or couples to have only the children they want, when they want them, this is responsible parenthood. • Family welfare includes not only planning of birth, but they welfare of wholes family by means of total family health care. The family welfare programme has high priority in India because its success depends upon the quality of life of all citizens.
3. HISTORY OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME • It was started in the year 1951. • In 1977, the government of India redesignated the NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME as the NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME also changed the name of the ministry of health and family planning to ministry of health and family welfare.
4. Cont… • It is a reflection of the government anxiety to promote family planning through the total welfare of the family. • It is aimed at achieving a higher end i.e. to improve the quality of life of the people.
5. Cont… • India is the first country in the world that implemented the family welfare programme at government level. • Health is a part of concurrent list but centers provides 100% assistance to states for this programme.
6. Cont… • Government has concentrated on this programme in various five year plans through higher priority was accorded to it after fourth five year plan. • Due to bad effect of emergency and faulty propaganda family planning suffered major setback, during 1977-1979.
7. Cont… • It was decided in national health policy in 1983, and then net reproduction rate should be one by the year 2000. • The 7th five year plan placed more emphasis on the use of spacing methods between the birth of two children
“Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decision by individuals and couples in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and this contribute effectively to the social development of a country. “WHO (1971)
Population policy in general refers to policies intended to decrease the birth rate or growth rate.
Statement of goals, objectives and targets are inherent in the population policy.
History
National Population Policy 2000
Objectives
National Socio-Demographic Goals
Conclusion
Unit -I : Community Health IntroductionSMVDCoN ,J&K
Special field of nursing that combines the skill of nursing, public health and same phase of social assistance and function as part of the total public health program for the promotion of health, the improvement of the condition in the social & physical environment, rehabilitation of illness & Disability.
Family welfare programme IN COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
INTRODUCTION • Family planning means planning by individual or couples to have only the children they want, when they want them, this is responsible parenthood. • Family welfare includes not only planning of birth, but they welfare of wholes family by means of total family health care. The family welfare programme has high priority in India because its success depends upon the quality of life of all citizens.
3. HISTORY OF FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME • It was started in the year 1951. • In 1977, the government of India redesignated the NATIONAL FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMME as the NATIONAL FAMILY WELFARE PROGRAMME also changed the name of the ministry of health and family planning to ministry of health and family welfare.
4. Cont… • It is a reflection of the government anxiety to promote family planning through the total welfare of the family. • It is aimed at achieving a higher end i.e. to improve the quality of life of the people.
5. Cont… • India is the first country in the world that implemented the family welfare programme at government level. • Health is a part of concurrent list but centers provides 100% assistance to states for this programme.
6. Cont… • Government has concentrated on this programme in various five year plans through higher priority was accorded to it after fourth five year plan. • Due to bad effect of emergency and faulty propaganda family planning suffered major setback, during 1977-1979.
7. Cont… • It was decided in national health policy in 1983, and then net reproduction rate should be one by the year 2000. • The 7th five year plan placed more emphasis on the use of spacing methods between the birth of two children
“Family planning is a way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decision by individuals and couples in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and this contribute effectively to the social development of a country. “WHO (1971)
Concept of Family planning &contraceptives .Ashikur Rahman
Its a basic concept of family planning and contraceptives.it is helpful for learning basic things of family planning.mnay more thinngs are avoided to time and limitation. Basically prepared for a class presentation on reproductive and child health .
At the Christian Alliance for Orphans annual gathering on May 1, 2015, Hope Through Healing Hands hosted a workshop entitled The Mother & Child Project: How to Prevent the Orphan Crisis. While most workshops were providing instructive guidance on the care of orphans and vulnerable children both at home and around the world, ours focused on the prevention side; that is, how can we stop the orphan crisis before it begins? How can we turn the tide over the next two decades?
Definition and components of reproductive health?
Demographic trends and fertility determinants
Family planning
Impact of reproductive patterns on child health
Impact of reproductive patterns on women health
Mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality
Relationship between Fertility and Reproductive Health.pptxAshik Mondal
This slide made by me for my educational purpose. I think it will be helpful for others students in theie academic life specially who are interested about demogphy
Organisation and Management of Eye Care Programme Service Delivery ModelsHarsh Rastogi
Eye care program management: Efficient models ensure accessibility, quality, and sustainability, promoting community engagement and optimal vision health.
Community Eye Care Programmes in India..Harsh Rastogi
Community Eye Care Programmes refer to initiatives aimed at providing comprehensive eye care services to communities, especially in underserved areas, through a combination of outreach activities, primary eye care services, and community involvement.
NPCBVI and DBCS
Rehabilitation restores normal or near-normal function after illness, injury, addiction, or imprisonment, through retraining and medical treatment.
Rehabilitation is crucial in comprehensive care, ideally starting at the moment a patient enters the healthcare system, with programs available in specialized hospital units or independent community centers.
“Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.”
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
Levels of preventions:
1. Primordial prevention
2. Primary prevention
3. Secondary prevention
4. Tertiary prevention
5. Quaternary prevention
Pathogenic microorganisms proliferate and invade bodily tissue, causing tissue harm and disease.
The invasion and multiplication of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites those are not normally present within the body.
An infection may cause no symptoms and be subclinical, or it may cause symptoms and be clinically apparent.
An infection may remain localized, or it may spread through the blood or lymphatic vessels to become systemic (body wide).
Microorganisms that live naturally in the body are not considered infections.
For example, bacteria that normally live within the mouth and intestine are not infections.
Infection prevention policies and practices are used in hospitals and other health care facilities to reduce the spread of infections.
“The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified population and the application of the study to control of health problems.”
Disaster preparedness & Management for Optometry.pptxHarsh Rastogi
Any occurrence that causes damage, ecological disruption, loss of human life, deterioration of health and health services on a scale, sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community or area.
The body of policy and administrative decisions and operational activities that pertain to various stages of a disaster at all levels.
An applied science which seeks, by systemic observation and analysis of disasters, to improve measures relating to prevention, emergency response, recovery and mitigation.
Encompasses all aspects of planning for, and responding to disasters, including both pre and post disaster activities.
Role & responsibilities of mid level healthcare providersHarsh Rastogi
Role & responsibilities of mid level healthcare providers
Mid-level health providers (MLHPs) are health workers trained at a higher education institution for at least 2-3 years.
MLHP is a health provider who:
Who is trained, authorized and regulated to work autonomously,
Who receives pre-service training at a higher education institution for at least 2-3 years, and
Whose scope of practice includes (but is not restricted to) being able to diagnose, manage and treat illness, disease and impairments (including perform surgery, where appropriately trained), prescribe medicines, as well as engage in preventive and promotive care.
A stoma is an opening that is created to allow stool or urine to pass out of the body.
INDICATIONS FOR OSTOMY
SITES OF STOMA
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE STOMA POUCH
STEPS TO CHANGE POUCH
IRRIGATION
COMPLICATIONS
NURSING MANAGEMENT
The term Women Empowerment refers to the increasing of the spiritual , social, political or economic strength of all women.
It is frequently seen that the empowered in their capacities develop confidence.
Empowerment of women is conceivably the sum of total of the points listed below or parallel capabilities:
Having the power of making decisions for self.
Having access to resources and information for proper decision making.
Need & importance of women empowerment
Definition
Women empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, social or economic strength of women.
It often involves the empowered developing confidence in their own capacities.
Women empowerment refers to women invest with power, especially legal power or official authority.
Principles
Social Empowerment of Women
Research article on Violence Against Women
Population explosion is the phenomenon of the size of a population tending to a very large number in a finite interval of time is called population explosion i.e., rapid increase in population for a long time may be termed as "population explosion".
Birth rate is much higher than the death rate for long time may lead to population explosion.
The literal meaning of population is "the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region".
The main factors affecting the population change are the birth rate, death rate and migration.
Migration is the number of people moving in (immigration) or out (emigration) of a country, place or locality.
The population change is calculated by the formula:
Population change = (Births + Immigration) - (Deaths + Emigration)
Population explosion or overpopulation refers to a condition where an organism's numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat.
Every sixth person on globe today is every Indian.
India adds about 10 lakh persons to its population every fortnight.
India adds one Australia every eight months.
By 2045 or earlier, India would overtake china as the world's most populous country.
49% of the increase in India's population is from four states Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, UP.
Population growth, variation among nationsHarsh Rastogi
Group of individuals of species occupying a definite geographic area at a given time.
The population will continue to grow till equilibrium is achieved, i.e.
Number of births = Number of deaths
Population growing by 90 million/year.
Of which 93 % in developing countries .
Spread of public health programmes in developing countries.
Rise in food production after World War II.
Every second 4-5 children are born and 2 people die.
Nearly 2.5 persons get added every second.
Demography as the statistical study of human population with regard to their size & structure, their composition by sex, age, marital status and ethnic origin, and the changes to these population, like changes in their birth rates, death rates and immigration.
Demography is the branch of social size, structure, which deals with the study of size, structure and distribution of populations, along with the spatial and temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing and death.
In demography the following three elements of population are given special attention:
Change in the size of population (increase or decrease)
Structure of population (on the basis of sex or age groups)
Geographical distribution of population (on the basis of state or territory).
“Referral system is defined as a system of transferring cases which are beyond the technical competence of one infrastructure to a higher level infrastructure/institution having technical competency and all other resources to provide desired health services.”
Geriatric nursing is the specialty that concerns itself with the provision of nursing services to geriatric or aged individuals.
Aging can be defined as the time-related deterioration of the physiological functions necessary for survival and fertility.
Aging process is the process of growing old or developing the appearance and characteristics of old age.
The theories of aging are classified into -
Biologic theories
Psychosocial theories
Developmental theories
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a chronic, potentially life-threatening condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your immune system, HIV interferes with your body's ability to fight infection and disease.
The National AIDS Control Programme (NACP), launched in 1992, is being implemented as a comprehensive programme for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in India. Over time, the focus has shifted from raising awareness to behavior change, from a national response to a more decentralized response and to increasing involvement of NGOs and networks of PLHIV.
Community Action: A 360° Approach to Understand and Prevent Violence against ...Harsh Rastogi
Violence Against Women (VAW) is a public health concern. It affects the physical, mental, sexual, and reproductive health of women. Despite rising levels of education and pro-women laws across India, VAW is a major concern in the state of Punjab. The aim of the study outlines the design and implementation of a community-developed VAW intervention. A 360° approach was used to view the complex interplay between individual, interpersonal, community, and societal factors associated with VAW. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were used to identify community perceptions on VAW in the Fatehgarh Sahib District of Punjab. A community-based intervention named JAGO was designed and developed among a population of about 20,000 in 25 villages of Punjab. Operational meetings, IEC campaign, street plays, photography, gender sensitization workshops, painting competition, home visits, and village-level celebrations and pledge presentation ceremonies were also conducted.
“Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.”
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
"Primary Health Care is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals & acceptable to them, through their full participation & at a cost the community & country can afford”.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
2. •An Expert Committee (1971) of the
WHO defined family planning as "a
way of thinking and living that is
adopted voluntarily, upon the basis
of knowledge, attitudes and
responsible decisions by individuals
and couples, in order to promote
the health and welfare of the family
group and thus contribute
effectively to the social
development of a country“.
Definition
3. Another Expert Committee defined and described family
planning as follows:
"Family planning refers to practices that help individuals or
couples to attain certain objectives:
a) To avoid unwanted births;
b) To bring about wanted births
c) To regulate the intervals between pregnancies
d) To control the time at which births occur in relation to
the ages of the parent;
e) To determine the number of children in the family.
Cont…
4. •The United Nations Conference on Human Rights at
Teheran in 1968 recognized family planning as a basic
human right.
•The Bucharest Conference on the World Population held
in August 1974 endorsed the same view and stated in its
Plan of Action' that "all couples and individuals have the
basic human right to decide freely and responsibly the
number and spacing of their children and to have the
information, education, and means to do so".
Basic Human Rights
5. Cont…
•The World Conference of the International Women's Year
in 1975 also declared "the right of women to decide freely
and responsibly on the number and spacing of their
children and to have access to the information and means
to enable them to exercise that right".
•Thus during the past few decades, family planning has
emerged from whispers in private quarters to the focus of
international concern as a basic human right, and a
component of family health and social welfare.
6. Scope of family planning
services
•Family planning is not synonymous with birth control; it
is more than mere birth control.
•A WHO Expert Committee (1970) has stated that family
planning includes in its purview:
1) Proper spacing and limitation of births,
2) Advice on sterility,
3) Education for parenthood,
4) Sex education,
5) Screening for pathological conditions related to the
reproductive system (e.g., Cervical cancer),
6) Genetic counselling.
7) Premarital consultation and examination,
8. 8) Carrying out pregnancy tests,
9) Marriage Counselling,
10)The preparation of couples for the arrival of their first
child,
11)Providing services for unmarried mothers,
12)Teaching home economics and nutrition, and
13)Providing adoption services.
•These activities vary from country to country according to
national objectives and policies with regard to family
planning.
•This is the modern concept of family planning.
Cont…
9.
10. Health aspects of family
planning
•Family planning and health have a two-way relationship.
•The principal health outcomes of family planning were
listed and discussed by a WHO Scientific Group on the
Health Aspects of Family Planning.
•These can be summarized under the following headings:
a) Women's health
b) Foetal health
c) Child health
12. •Women's health: Maternal mortality, morbidity of women
of child bearing age, nutritional status (weight changes,
haemoglobin level, etc.) Preventable complications of
pregnancy and abortion.
•Foetal health: Foetal mortality (early and late foetal
death); abnormal development.
•Infant and child health: Neonatal, infant and pre-school
mortality. Health of the infant at birth (birth weight),
vulnerability to diseases.
Cont…
13. a) Women's health
•Pregnancy can mean serious problems for many women.
•It may damage the mother's health or even endanger her
life.
•In developing countries, the risk of dying as a result of
pregnancy is much greater than in developed countries.
•The risk increases as the mother grows older and after she
has had 3 or 4 children.
•Family planning by intervening in the reproductive cycle of
women, helps them to control the number, interval and
timing of pregnancies and births, and thereby reduces
maternal mortality and morbidity and improves health.
14. •The health impact of family planning occurs primarily
through:
i. The avoidance of unwanted pregnancies;
ii. Limiting the number of births and proper spacing, and
iii. Timing the births, particularly the first and last, in
relation to the age of the mother.
•It is estimated that guaranteeing access to family planning
alone could reduce the number of maternal deaths by 25
per cent, and child mortality by 20 per cent.
Cont…
15. •The essential aim of family
planning is to prevent the unwanted
pregnancies.
•An unwanted pregnancy may lead
to an induced abortion.
•From the point of view of health,
abortion outside the medical setting
(criminal abortion) is one of the
most dangerous consequence of
unwanted pregnancy.
i. Unwanted
pregnancies:
16. •Particular mention must be
made of the unmarried
mother who faces
significantly higher health
risks.
•There is also evidence of
higher incidence of mental
disturbances among
mothers who have had
unwanted pregnancies.
Cont…
17. •Repeated pregnancies
increase the risk of maternal
mortality and morbidity.
•These risks rise with each
pregnancy beyond the third,
and increase significantly
with each pregnancy beyond
the fifth.
ii. Limiting the
number of births
and proper
spacing:
18. •The incidence of rupture of the
uterus and uterine atony
increases with parity as does the
incidence of toxaemia,
eclampsia and placenta previa.
•Anaemia is a common problem
in mothers with many children
and the rate of still-births tends
to increase significantly with
high parity.
Cont…
19. •The somatic consequences
of repeated pregnancies
may also be exemplified in
the clear association
between the incidence of
cancer of the cervix and
high parity.
•Family planning is the only
way to limit the size and
control the interval between
births with a view to
improving the health of the
mother.
Cont…
20. •Generally mothers face greater risk
of dying below the age of 20 and
above the age of 30-35.
•In many countries, complications of
pregnancy and delivery show the
same pattern of risk, with the
highest rate below 20 and over 35
years of age.
iii. Timing of births:
21. (b) Foetal Health
•A number of congenital anomalies (e.g., Down's
syndrome) are associated with advancing maternal age.
•Such congenital anomalies can be avoided by timing
the births in relation to the mother's age.
•Further, the "quality" of population can be improved
only by avoiding completely unwanted births.
•In the present state of our knowledge, it is very
difficult to weigh the overall genetic effects of family
planning.
22. (c) Child health
•Issues relating to family planning are highly relevant to
paediatrics.
•It would seem that family size and birth spacing. if
practised by all, will yield substantial child health benefits.
•These are:
a) Child mortality
b) Child growth, development and nutrition
c) Infectious diseases
23. •It is well known that child
mortality increases when
pregnancies occur in rapid
succession.
•A birth interval of 2 to 3
years is considered
desirable to reduce child
mortality Family planning
is, therefore, an important
means of ensuring the
survival of all children in a
family.
a) Child
mortality
24. •Birth spacing and family size are important factors in child
growth and development.
•The child is likely to receive his full share of love and care,
including nutrition he needs, when the family size is small
and births are properly spaced.
•Family planning, in other words, is effective prevention
against malnutrition.
b) Child growth, development and
nutrition:
25. Children living in large-
sized families have an
increase in infection,
especially infectious
gastroenteritis,
respiratory and skin
infections.
c) Infectious
diseases:
26. •Family planning is
associated with numerous
misconceptions - one of
them is its strong association
in the minds of people with
sterilization. Others equate it
with birth control.
•The recognition of its
welfare concept came only a
decade and half after its
inception, when it was
named Family Welfare
Programme.
The welfare
concept
27. •The concept of welfare is
very comprehensive and is
basically related to quality
of life.
•The Family Welfare
Programme aims at
achieving a higher end -
that is, to improve the
quality of life of the
people.
Cont…
28. •Small differences in the family size
will make big differences in the
birth rate.
•The difference of only one child per
family over a decade will have a
tremendous impact on the
population growth.
Small-family norm
29. •The objective of the Family
Welfare Programme in India
is that people should adopt
the "small family norm" to
stabilize the country's
population at the level of
some 1,533 million by the
year 2050 AD.
•Symbolized by the inverted
red triangle, the programme
initially adopted the model
of the 3-child family.
Cont…
30. •In the 1970s, the slogan was
the famous Do Ya Teen Bas.
•In view of the seriousness of
the situation, the 1980s
campaign has advocated the
2-child norm.
•The current emphasis is on
three themes: "Sons or
Daughters - two will do":
"Second child after 3 years",
and "Universal
Immunization".
Cont…
31. Cont…
•A significant achievement of the Family Welfare
Programme in India has been the decline in the fertility
rate from 6.4 in the 1950s to 2.3 in 2015.
•The national target was to achieve a Net Reproduction
Rate of '1' by the year 2006, which is equivalent to
attaining approximately the 2-child norm.
•All efforts are being made through mass communication
that the concept of small family norm is accepted, adopted
and woven into lifestyle of the people.
32. •An "eligible couple" refers
to a currently married
couple wherein the wife is in
the reproductive age, which
is generally assumed to lie
between the ages of 15 and
45, There will be at least 150
to 180 such couples per 1000
population in India.
•These couples are in need of
family planning services.
About 20 per cent of eligible
couples are found in the age
group 15-24 years.
Eligible couples
33. •On an average 2.5 million
couples are joining the
reproductive group every year.
•The "Eligible Couple Register"
is a basic document for
organizing family planning
work.
•It is regularly updated each
functionary of the family
planning programme for the
area falling within his
jurisdiction.
Cont…
34. •In order to pin-point the couples
who are a priority group within the
broad definition of "eligible
couples", the term "target couple"
was coined.
•Hitherto, the term target couple
was applied to couples who have
had 2-3 living children, and family
planning was largely directed to
such couples.
Target couples
35. •The definition of a target
couple has been gradually
enlarged to include
families with one child or
even newly married
couples with a view to
develop acceptance of the
idea of family planning
from the earliest possible
stage.
•In effect, the term target
couple has lost its original
meaning. The term
eligible couple is now
more widely used and has
come to stay.
Cont…
36. Couple protection rate (CPR)
• Couple protection rate (CPR) is an indicator of the
prevalence of contraceptive practice in the community.
• It is defined as the per cent of eligible couples effectively
protected against childbirth by one or the other
approved methods of family planning, viz. sterilization,
IUD, condom or oral pills.
• Sterilization accounts for over 60 per cent of effectively
protected couples.
• Demographers are of the view that the demographic
goal of NRR=1 can be achieved only if the CPR exceeds
60 per cent.
37.
38. • Couple protection rate is based on the observation that
50 to 60 per cent of births in a year are of birth order 3
or more.
• Thus attaining a 60 per cent CPR will be equivalent to
cutting off almost all third or higher order births, leaving
2 or less surviving children per couple.
• Therefore, the previous National Population Policy was
to attain a CPR of 42 per cent by 1990 (end of Seventh
Five Year Plan), and 60 per cent by the year 2000.
• In short CPR is a dominant factor in the reduction of net
reproduction rate.
Cont…
39. Couple protection rate (CPR)
•During 2014-2015, the total number of family planning
acceptors by different methods was as follows.
Family planning methods Family planning acceptors
Sterilization 4.03 million
Vasectomy 0.07 million
Tubectomy 3.95 million
IUD insertion 5.28 million
Condom users 13.81 million
Oral pill users 5.6 million
40. •However about 45.28 per cent
eligible couples are still
unprotected against conception.
•Currently about 54.8 per cent
of eligible couples in the
reproductive age group 15-44
years were effectively protected
against conception by one or
the other family planning
method.
Cont…
41. •A state-wise break-up of the figures reported indicates
that while some states notably Punjab, Gujarat,
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Haryana and Tamil Nadu etc. are
forging ahead to cover more than half of their fertility
level population by contraception, the other states like
Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Rajasthan, West Bengal,
Jammu and Kashmir etc. are lagging behind with low
contraceptive acceptance levels.
Cont…