The document discusses the history and evolution of public health in India. It describes how public health efforts began before colonial times focused on Ayurveda. During colonial rule, efforts focused on British civilians and the military through sanitation and disease control. After independence, public health became hospital-based following recommendations of the Bhore Committee. However, public health legislation and services remain neglected while the focus is on medical care. As a result, epidemiological data and planning are lacking for effective public health action.
Am sharing this slide which i have presented in CMC as a 20 minutes of class presentation . This includes All the acts legislation and actions taken by Britishers for Indian health system. Starting from Quarantine act to Drugs regulation act.
“Sarvé bhavantu sukhinaḥ, sarvé santu nirāmayāḥ, Sarvé bhadrāṇi pashyantu, mā kashchid_duḥkha-bhāg-bhavét”. The meaning of this Sanskrit Sloka is “All should/must be happy, be healthy, see good; may no one have sorrow. Mahatma Gandhi also says, “It is health which is real wealth, and not pieces of gold and silver”. Without robust health nobody can do anything. WHO emphasized on “Health for all” in this 21st Century in Geneva Conference in 1998. Government of India also committed to the goal of ‘Health for All’. WHO defined “health” as "State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". There are strong linkages between population, health and development. India’s health challenges are not only huge in magnitude due to its large population but they are complex due to its diversity and the chronic poverty and inequality. There are extreme inter-state variations, caused by not only the cultural diversity but because -the states are at different stages of demographic transition, epidemiological transition and socio economic development. Along with the old problems like persistence of communicable diseases and high maternal mortality in some parts, there is an urgent need to address the emerging issues like the threat of non-communicable diseases, HIV (AIDS) and health problems of the growing aged population. Accelerating demographic transition is not only necessary for the population stabilization but it is closely related to health goals. Despite substantial improvements in some health indicators in the past decade, India contributes disproportionately to the global burden of disease, with health indicators that compare unfavorably with other middle-income countries and India's regional neighbours. Large health disparities between states, between rural and urban populations, and across social classes persist. A large proportion of the population is impoverished because of high out-of-pocket health-care expenditures and suffers the adverse consequences of poor quality of health care. The obligation of the Government of India is to ensure the highest possible health status to its population and access to quality health care has been recognized by a number of its key policy documents. This paper attempts to study the over view of health care in India.
Key words: Health Care, National Health Policy, Access, Affordability, Equity, Urban Vs Rural-------------
Am sharing this slide which i have presented in CMC as a 20 minutes of class presentation . This includes All the acts legislation and actions taken by Britishers for Indian health system. Starting from Quarantine act to Drugs regulation act.
“Sarvé bhavantu sukhinaḥ, sarvé santu nirāmayāḥ, Sarvé bhadrāṇi pashyantu, mā kashchid_duḥkha-bhāg-bhavét”. The meaning of this Sanskrit Sloka is “All should/must be happy, be healthy, see good; may no one have sorrow. Mahatma Gandhi also says, “It is health which is real wealth, and not pieces of gold and silver”. Without robust health nobody can do anything. WHO emphasized on “Health for all” in this 21st Century in Geneva Conference in 1998. Government of India also committed to the goal of ‘Health for All’. WHO defined “health” as "State of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". There are strong linkages between population, health and development. India’s health challenges are not only huge in magnitude due to its large population but they are complex due to its diversity and the chronic poverty and inequality. There are extreme inter-state variations, caused by not only the cultural diversity but because -the states are at different stages of demographic transition, epidemiological transition and socio economic development. Along with the old problems like persistence of communicable diseases and high maternal mortality in some parts, there is an urgent need to address the emerging issues like the threat of non-communicable diseases, HIV (AIDS) and health problems of the growing aged population. Accelerating demographic transition is not only necessary for the population stabilization but it is closely related to health goals. Despite substantial improvements in some health indicators in the past decade, India contributes disproportionately to the global burden of disease, with health indicators that compare unfavorably with other middle-income countries and India's regional neighbours. Large health disparities between states, between rural and urban populations, and across social classes persist. A large proportion of the population is impoverished because of high out-of-pocket health-care expenditures and suffers the adverse consequences of poor quality of health care. The obligation of the Government of India is to ensure the highest possible health status to its population and access to quality health care has been recognized by a number of its key policy documents. This paper attempts to study the over view of health care in India.
Key words: Health Care, National Health Policy, Access, Affordability, Equity, Urban Vs Rural-------------
This presentation contains :-
1. Introduction to primary health care
2. alma-ata conference
3. Definition of primary health care
4. Elements of primary health care
5. Principal of primary health care
6.Role of nurse in primary health care
This presentation contains :-
1. Introduction to primary health care
2. alma-ata conference
3. Definition of primary health care
4. Elements of primary health care
5. Principal of primary health care
6.Role of nurse in primary health care
This presentation describe the Health care system in Pakistan.
In this presentation complete information our health system in Pakistan. The advantage and disadvantage are clearly define in presentation.
https://dogblaze.com/
THE ROLE OF PUBLIC HEALTH SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF INDIANSShalvi Shankar
Public Health helps achieve the discovery, test and dissemination of health threat and problems. India is a nation that comprises many languages, religions, life styles and food habits which accounts one sixth of the world’s population occupying less than 3% of the world’s area
This presentation deals with Primary Health Care in India. It describes in detail concept & characteristics of PHC. It focuses on structure, service delivery & challanges in front of Primary Health Care in India.
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
Background: Pharmacy developed as a profession over several decades with the advent of apothecaries and was formalized as a profession and regulated in India beginning 1948 with the Pharmacy Act. Public health, existent for centuries was only formalized in India in 1987 through the Model Public Health act. Clinical pharmacy through structured and formalized PharmD education is fairly new to 21st century India. Clinical pharmacists play a very important role in promoting public health through various initiatives – health education, health communication, medication review, medication adherence to name a few. There is however, little recognition for clinical pharmacists as public health professionals even in developed countries where public health and pharmacy systems have co-existed for decades. In India, as both fields emerge, it is important to find synergies and open up pathways for collaboration and cooperation to ensure a stronger pool of public health field clinicians, researchers and professionals.
This session will focus on identifying the roles of public health pharmacists with focus on areas of convergence and models for collaboration and cooperation between public health and pharmacy professionals.
Session aim: Discuss strategies to enhance capacity of pharmacists to advance public health outcomes.
Session objectives: At the end of this session, participants will be able to:
• Explain how pharmacists can play pivotal roles in disease prevention and health promotion
• Identify key interdisciplinary approaches where pharmacists can help achieve optimal public health outcomes
• Discuss strategies to integrate public health practice into pharmacological training and pharmaceutical care.
Content: Throughout the world, pharmacy as a profession is evolving. In recent years, several entities involved in pharmacy education have identified public health as a major area for improvement and expansion within the core pharmacy education. Pharmacists have been identified as key healthcare professionals in achieving health goals as mentioned in Healthy People 2020. In order to successfully integrate pharmacists as public health professionals, there is a need to introduce the principles and concepts of public health early on in pharmacy education. It is equally important to create and develop opportunities for practicing pharmacists and demonstrate the impact of pharmacists toward improving the population’s health. In this session, targeted interventions to outcomes assessment, differences and similarities will be discussed with implications for effectively advancing the capacity of pharmacists to achieve public health outcomes.
References
1. Policy Statement: The Role of the Pharmacist in Public Health. Policy Number 200614. American Public Health Association. November 8, 2006.
2. Capper, SA, Sands, CD. The Vital Relationship Between Public Health and Pharmacy. The International Journal of Pharmacy Education. Fall 2006, Issue 2.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
life history(public health in india)
1.
2.
3. Health and Public Health
Public Health in India
Before the Colonial period
During the Colonial period
After the colonial period
Essential Public Health Functions
Mortality transition in India
4. TheWorld Health Organisation defines
Health (of an individual) as the state of
complete physical mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
World Health Organisation, however, does
not define Public Health.
5. Death, on the planet Earth, is inevitable.
A large number of deaths are premature.
A substantial proportion of deaths can be
avoided.
Public Health is related to preventing
premature and unavoidable deaths.
7. If the disease condition is avoided, the
probability or the chance of death or
disability can be reduced.
Public Health is therefore described as the
science and art of preventing diseases,
prolonging life and promoting health (of
individuals) through organised efforts and
informed choices.
8. Public Health deals with the group of people
rather than individuals.
Dimensions of public health
Health promotion
Disease prevention
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment
Disability limitation
Rehabilitation
9. The Indian approach to health is enshrined in
the concepts and principles of Ayurveda
which means the ‘science of life’.
Ayurveda is one of the oldest system of
health care in theWorld.
Ayurveda deals with both preventive and
curative aspects of health.
Health defined byWHO is very similar to
concepts of Ayurveda.
10. The western approach of avoiding diseases,
death and disability, traditionally focused on
personal hygiene and public sanitation during
the 19th Century.
This approach, combined with better food
availability, paid rich dividend in the
developed countries in reducing morbidity
and mortality.
11. Epidemiology
Measurement of disease conditions in relation to
the population at risk.
Statistics
Collection, presentation, analysis and
interpretation of epidemiological data.
Health Services
Services directed towards meeting the health
needs of the people.
12. Little is known about public health activities
before the colonial period.
Main stream system of health care was
Ayurveda.
Home-based care appeared to be the
dominant feature.
There appeared little organised efforts or
institutional care to treat diseases and
prevent deaths.
13. Evolution of public health system during the
colonial period followed the same path that
was followed in Britain.
Public health efforts were focused largely on
protecting British civilians and army
cantonments.
Sanitation was given the top priority.
Focus was also on early detection and control
of contagious diseases – cholera and plague.
14. Training and research Institutions in public
health.
Public health legislation.
Sanitary departments
Ascertaining local sanitary conditions.
Vital registration.
Monitoring disease trends.
Vaccination programmes.
Technical advice on control of epidemics.
15. Restriction of public health efforts to British
civilians and military established was a major
constraint.
Majority of Indian masses remained deprived
of the dividends of these efforts.
At the time of Independence only 3 per cent
households in India had toilets.
Water, drainage and waste disposal services
were utterly lacking.
16. Although, public health efforts were
restricted to British civilian and military
establishment, they had impact on Indian
masses.
Mortality spikes were sharply reduced.
Mortality from cholera and plague was sharply
reduced.
Diseases like malaria and gastro-enteritis
continued to take heavy toll.
17. Evolution of public health care system in
Independent India was shaped by two
important factors:
The Report of First Health Survey and
Development Committee (Bhore Committee)
constituted during the colonial rule.
Emergence of modern medical technology for the
prevention and control of diseases, especially
communicable diseases.
18. Appointed in 1943.
Recommended comprehensive remodeling of
health services.
Integration of preventive and curative health
services at all levels.
Hospital-based health care system.
Development of primary health centres in two
stages.
Training in Preventive and Social Medicine.
19. The short-term plan
A PHC for every 40000 population.
PHC to be manned by 2 doctors, 4 PHN, 4
Midwife, 1 Nurse, and others.
The long-term plan
A primary health unit for every 10-20 thousand
population with 75 beds.
Secondary unit with 650 bedded hospital.
District unit with 2500 bedded hospital.
20. Mass production of antibiotics.
Availability of vaccines for diseases having
high mortality and disability rates
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Measles
Poliomyelitis
21. The recommendations of Bhore Committee
and the availability of preventive and curative
medical technology resulted in the evolution
of hospital-based public health system.
The public health arrangements created
during the colonial period were replaced by
hospitals and health centres.
Public health services were merged with the
medical services.
22. Bhore Committees recommendations were
accepted only partially.
One primary health centre for every 30 thousand
population.
Only 6 beds in each primary health centre.
Only one doctor.
Truncated paramedical staff.
The situation has remained largely
unchanged.
23. Since Bhore Committee, numerous
committees were constituted to evolve the
public health system.
Some of the recommendations of these
committees were adopted; some were not by
the government.
All committees retained the core of the
model recommended by the Bhore
Committee.
24. Mudalliar Committee(1962)
Strengthen PHCs before establishing new ones.
▪ PHC should provide preventive, promotive and curative
services.
Strengthen sub-divisional and district hospitals.
Creation of All India Health Services.
Chaddha Committee (1963)
Malaria worker to function as multipurpose
worker.
25. Mukherjee Committee (1965)
Separate staff for family planning programme.
Malaria activities to be de-linked from family
planning activities.
JungalwalaCommittee (1967)
A unified approach for all problems instead of a
segmented approach for different problems.
Medical care and public health programmes to be
put under charge of a single administrator.
26. Kartar Singh Committee
Concept of MPW(M) and MPW(F).
One PHC to catre 50 thousand population.
Each PHC should have 16 SHC (3-3.5 thousand
population).
Shrivastav Committee
Creation of bonds of paraprofessional and
semiprofessional health workers from within the
community itself.
Development of a “Referral Services Complex.”
27. Bajaj Committee
Formulation of National Medical & Health Education
Policy.
Formulation of National Health Manpower Policy.
Educational Commission for Health Sciences.
Health Science Universities in various states.
Health manpower cells.
Vocationalisation of education at 10+2 levels as
regards health related fields.
Realistic health manpower survey.
28. A population based normative approach is
adopted for establishing hospitals and health
centres
SHC – One for every 5000 (3000 in hilly/tribal
areas) population.
PHC – One for every 30000 population (20000 in
difficult areas) with 4-6 indoor/observation beds.
CHC – One for every 80-120 thousand population
with 30 beds.
29. The norms are for government institutions
and are for the rural areas only.
For the urban areas, no norms have been
defined.
Nearly all government civil and district
hospitals and most of the CHCs are located in
the urban areas.
No information is available about the private
health system.
30. Institution Reference Number
SHC 2007 145272 More than 6 SHC for each PHC,
on average
PHC 2007 22370 More than 5 PHC for every CHC,
on average
CHC 2007 4045
Rural hospitals 2007 6298
Beds in rural
hospitals
2007 142396 About 23 beds per rural hospital
Urban hospitals 2007 2774
Beds in urban
hospitals
2007 324206 About 117 beds per urban
hospital
31. One fall out of the hospital-based public
health approach was the neglect of public
health legislation.
A Model Public HealthAct was drafted in
1950 by the Government of India.
It was revised in 1987.
This Act is yet to be adopted by any of the
constituent state of the country.
32. The hospital-based public health system led
to the medicalisation of the system.
The focus has been on medical services.
Public health services have largely been
neglected.
Poor public health services result in high cost
of illness, debility and death.
The main sufferer are the people, especially
the poor and deprived.
33. The epidemiological and statistical
dimensions of public health have been
grossly neglected.
Lack of epidemiological and statistical
database affected public health planning.
In the absence of necessary information,
planning reduced to a normative, mechanical
exercise, often out of context to people’s
needs.
34. The problem gets complicated because of
social, economic, cultural and environmental
diversity that leaves normative planning
virtually redundant.
Decentralisation of the health system could
not succeed because of the lack of
epidemiological and statistical information
necessary for planning for public health
services.
35. Public health in India is ‘hospitalised.’
Health planning is concerned more with the
health of the health care delivery system
(hospitals and health centres) then the health
of the people.
The remedy was sought in terms of specific
National health and disease control
programmes.
There are numerous such programmes.
36. Reproductive and child health programme.
National tuberculosis control programme.
National malaria control programme.
National blindness control programme.
National water born disease control
programme.
National leprosy eradication programme.
National iodine deficiency control
programme.
37. All National disease control programmes are
implemented through the existing
government hospitals and health centres.
Over the years, a campaign approach has
been evolved to implement many of the
national health and disease control
programme.
Successful campaigns have often been
followed by unsuccessful maintenance.
38. Focus on medical services.
Neglect of public health services.
No modern public health regulation.
Lack of systematic planning.
Poor sustainability of public health efforts.
Absence of epidemiological and statistical
skills at district and below district level.
No micro-level planning, no public health
action.
39.
40. 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Health situation
Epidemiological surveillance
Health promotion
Regulation
Participation
Policy and planning
Evaluation
Human resources
Quality
Research
Management capacity
Emergencies and Distasters