Determination of vanadium, nickel, copper and iron as complexes of bis acetylpivalyl methane (ethylene diamine) in nigerian onshore and offshore crude oils using hplc
This document describes a study that used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the concentrations of vanadium, nickel, copper, and iron in Nigerian crude oil samples. The researchers analyzed samples from 5 oil wells, both onshore and offshore. They found that nickel generally had the highest concentration, while copper had the lowest. Concentration levels ranged from 210-1620 ppb for nickel, 975-1125 ppb for iron, 225-1060 ppb for vanadium, and 54-138 ppb for copper. The results were consistent with previous studies on metals in Nigerian crude oils. The study provides data on heavy metal concentrations that can help assess the environmental and economic impacts of Nigerian crude
Leachability of uranium from low grade uraniferous Granites, Eastern Desert, ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on leaching uranium from low-grade uraniferous granites in Egypt. Key findings include:
- Agitation leaching with sulfuric acid was used to extract uranium from a granite sample containing 150 ppm uranium.
- Under optimal conditions of 15% acid concentration, -180+63 μm particle size, 1:3 solid/liquid ratio, 55°C temperature and 120 minutes, up to 62.05% of uranium could be leached.
- Kinetics studies found the dissolution process followed a diffusion reaction model with an activation energy of 11.914 KJ/mol.
Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite EnrichmentSryahwa Publications
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine the optimal conditions for biotechnological enrichment of magnesite using Lactococcus sp. bacteria. The study tested different temperature (10-40°C), pH (5-9), particle size (200 mesh-5 mm), solid amount (2-10%), and bacterial concentration (1-5%) to determine which conditions maximize the bacteria's ability to dissolve calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in magnesite. The optimal conditions were found to be 30°C, pH 6.0, 2 mm particle size, 2% solid amount, and 1-5% bacterial concentration. Under these conditions, the bacteria reduced CaCO3 levels in magnesite from
8 leaching of trace elements in enugu coal effect of acid concentrationINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The effect of acid concentration on the trace elements composition of Enugu sub-bituminous coal from Onyeama Mine was investigated by leaching the coal using nitric acid (HNO3) of 0.5M, 1.0M, 1.5M and 2.0M concentrations. The amount of trace elements (in ppm) present in the filtrate from the leaching process were determined using Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with cathode lamps of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Optimum leaching condition of the trace metals were obtained using 2.0M HNO3 solution for 1 hour and 75µm particle size which resulted in the detection of As(1.363ppm), Cu (1.413ppm), Cr (0.764ppm), Cd (0.146), and Pb (1.942ppm). 2.0M concentration of nitric acid has proven to be very effective in the leaching of trace metals in Enugu coal. Result of the SEM analysis shows that the porosity of the coal residue was increased and this provides strong evidence that significant amounts of inorganic elements were removed. Onyeama coal, therefore, contains large proportions of silica, calcium carbonate, and dolomite, as well as some elements such as aluminum, iron, and potassium, and other trace metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper.
Kinetic Study of Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Ce(IV) – ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a kinetic study of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the Ce(IV)–vanillin redox system.
2. The effects of various reactants like Ce(IV), vanillin, H+, and reaction conditions like temperature, ionic strength, and micellar phase on the rate of polymerization and Ce(IV) consumption were examined.
3. The results show that the rate of polymerization increases with increasing concentrations of Ce(IV) and vanillin, and is dependent on [H+], while being independent of changes in [H+]. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from Arrhenius and Eyring plots.
375
Temperature (°C)
Figure 7: The effects of calcination treatment of diatomite on DME selectivity via methanol
dehydration over fresh DM and DM500 catalysts at the reaction temperature from 250 to 350°C
1. The document investigates the effects of calcination treatment of diatomite catalysts on dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from methanol.
2. Calcining diatomite at 500°C (DM500) increased its BET surface area but decreased its organic content compared to fresh diatomite (DM).
3. While calcination had little effect on methanol conversion rates, DM500 exhibited higher DME selectivity than fresh DM due
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
Leachability of uranium from low grade uraniferous Granites, Eastern Desert, ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on leaching uranium from low-grade uraniferous granites in Egypt. Key findings include:
- Agitation leaching with sulfuric acid was used to extract uranium from a granite sample containing 150 ppm uranium.
- Under optimal conditions of 15% acid concentration, -180+63 μm particle size, 1:3 solid/liquid ratio, 55°C temperature and 120 minutes, up to 62.05% of uranium could be leached.
- Kinetics studies found the dissolution process followed a diffusion reaction model with an activation energy of 11.914 KJ/mol.
Evaluation of the Optimum Conditions for Biotechnological Magnesite EnrichmentSryahwa Publications
This document summarizes a study that aimed to determine the optimal conditions for biotechnological enrichment of magnesite using Lactococcus sp. bacteria. The study tested different temperature (10-40°C), pH (5-9), particle size (200 mesh-5 mm), solid amount (2-10%), and bacterial concentration (1-5%) to determine which conditions maximize the bacteria's ability to dissolve calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in magnesite. The optimal conditions were found to be 30°C, pH 6.0, 2 mm particle size, 2% solid amount, and 1-5% bacterial concentration. Under these conditions, the bacteria reduced CaCO3 levels in magnesite from
8 leaching of trace elements in enugu coal effect of acid concentrationINFOGAIN PUBLICATION
The effect of acid concentration on the trace elements composition of Enugu sub-bituminous coal from Onyeama Mine was investigated by leaching the coal using nitric acid (HNO3) of 0.5M, 1.0M, 1.5M and 2.0M concentrations. The amount of trace elements (in ppm) present in the filtrate from the leaching process were determined using Varian AA240 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with cathode lamps of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and lead (Pb). Optimum leaching condition of the trace metals were obtained using 2.0M HNO3 solution for 1 hour and 75µm particle size which resulted in the detection of As(1.363ppm), Cu (1.413ppm), Cr (0.764ppm), Cd (0.146), and Pb (1.942ppm). 2.0M concentration of nitric acid has proven to be very effective in the leaching of trace metals in Enugu coal. Result of the SEM analysis shows that the porosity of the coal residue was increased and this provides strong evidence that significant amounts of inorganic elements were removed. Onyeama coal, therefore, contains large proportions of silica, calcium carbonate, and dolomite, as well as some elements such as aluminum, iron, and potassium, and other trace metals such as lead, chromium, cadmium, arsenic, mercury, copper.
Kinetic Study of Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate Initiated by Ce(IV) – ...IRJET Journal
1. The document describes a kinetic study of the polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by the Ce(IV)–vanillin redox system.
2. The effects of various reactants like Ce(IV), vanillin, H+, and reaction conditions like temperature, ionic strength, and micellar phase on the rate of polymerization and Ce(IV) consumption were examined.
3. The results show that the rate of polymerization increases with increasing concentrations of Ce(IV) and vanillin, and is dependent on [H+], while being independent of changes in [H+]. The activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated from Arrhenius and Eyring plots.
375
Temperature (°C)
Figure 7: The effects of calcination treatment of diatomite on DME selectivity via methanol
dehydration over fresh DM and DM500 catalysts at the reaction temperature from 250 to 350°C
1. The document investigates the effects of calcination treatment of diatomite catalysts on dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis from methanol.
2. Calcining diatomite at 500°C (DM500) increased its BET surface area but decreased its organic content compared to fresh diatomite (DM).
3. While calcination had little effect on methanol conversion rates, DM500 exhibited higher DME selectivity than fresh DM due
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst | Crimson PublishersDanesBlake
Phenol was selectively nitrated in liquid phase to produce ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid (30%) at room temperature in presence of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. Initially Al(NO3) and NH4HCO3 were reacted to prepare Al (OH)3 which on successive calcinations at 550 ᴼC for 5h produce γ-alumina. The γ-alumina was characterized by BET, XRD, SEM and NH3-TPD analysis. The XRD profile confirmed the crystalline structure of the solid acid catalyst γ-alumina. The NH3-TPD analysis showed the development of lewis acidity on the surface of hydrochloric acid treated γ-alumina. The effects of various parameters such as concentration of reactants, types of catalyst, weight of the catalyst, solvent, temperature and time of reaction have been studied. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Toxicity immobilization of refinery sludge containing heavy metals via vitrif...eSAT Journals
Abstract Heavy metals are known to be toxic to human and the environment. Despite the growing of petrochemical and refinery industries, the world is facing problems with the heavy metals contamination from the sludge by the industries. Many methods have been applied to address these issues from the refinery sludge. In this study, stabilization and solidification of refinery sludge containing heavy metals using vitrification method was utilized to solve this problem. The ashing temperature of 550oC was selected in preparing the ash of the dried sludge prior to the vitrification process at 1110oC to 1400oC. After vitrification, all samples were morphologically, thermally and toxically analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure. The sludge contained high amount of iron and aluminum, followed by some amount of magnesium, gold, arsenic and zinc with some traces of nickel and lead. Results showed that at maximum vitrified temperature of 1400oC, no magnesium, nickel and lead were detected in the sludge and only some traces of other heavy metals with less than 1 ppm. The vitrification method exhibits excellent output in immobilizing the transition metals leading to a reduction in environmental pollution caused by petrochemical and refinery sludge containing heavy metals. Index Terms: Vitrification, Heavy metals contamination, Refinery sludge, Toxicity, Leaching analysis
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
- Phenol was selectively nitrated to ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid over gamma-alumina catalyst in liquid phase at room temperature.
- Gamma-alumina was prepared using a controlled precipitation method and characterized using various techniques which showed it had suitable properties for nitration.
- Parameters like concentration of reactants, weight of catalyst, solvent, temperature and time were varied to determine their effect on the reaction. Kinetics of the reaction were also studied.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of an atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing using Indonesian natural zeolite. The zeolite was treated with HCl to increase acidity and then loaded with nickel and molybdenum metals via impregnation. Characterization showed the metals did not block pores or degrade crystallinity and increased acidity. Testing on model compounds like nickel porphyrin, thiophene and pyridine showed the catalyst effectively removed metals and sulfur at temperatures of 360-390°C. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition but could be regenerated through burning off the coke.
This document describes the development of a solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC) method to analyze the compounds released from Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) leaves and track this dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic environments. The researchers optimized the SPME extraction conditions using standards representative of compounds likely present in River Red Gum leaf leachate. They then applied the optimized method to analyze artificial DOC solutions prepared from River Red Gum leaf leachate to demonstrate the potential of the method for fingerprinting and tracing natural DOC sources in rivers.
This document summarizes an investigation into the effects of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs), pH, and temperature on the reduction of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) to its less toxic form CrIII. Key findings include:
1) The optimal conditions for the reduction reaction were pH 4 and 45°C temperature.
2) Reaction kinetics followed pseudo-first order behavior, indicating a linear decrease in CrVI over time.
3) PdNPs catalyzed the reaction, decreasing the activation energy by 20±10 kJ/mol and increasing the rate constant over an order of magnitude.
4) Under optimal conditions, a 26% reduction of CrVI was achieved.
Parameters Analysis of the Assisted Combustion of Residual Biodiesel Glycerol drboon
The document analyzes parameters of assisted combustion of residual biodiesel glycerol. It describes an experimental setup used to combust glycerol with LPG assistance. Various combustion parameters were measured including O2, CO, CO2, NOx, temperature, efficiency, and excess air. Results show that as glycerol mass flow increased, O2 and excess air decreased while CO, CO2, temperature, and combustion efficiency increased. The study evaluated using raw glycerol as an energy supplement to reduce LPG consumption during combustion.
The document summarizes research on directly determining bismuth, indium, and lead in sea water samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction and chemical modifiers. Molybdenum-containing chemical modifiers combined with tartaric acid were found to increase the maximum pyrolysis temperatures for the analytes, allowing more of the sea water matrix to be removed without loss of analyte. The combination of molybdenum, palladium, and tartaric acid or molybdenum, platinum, and tartaric acid produced the best results, yielding recoveries of 94-103% for spiked analytes in synthetic and real sea water, compared to 49-61% without
This document investigates the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs with carboxyl content (MWCNT-COOH) to absorb lead and cadmium ions from wastewater. Experiments were conducted with different initial metal ion concentrations to determine absorption rates and capacities. MWCNT-COOH showed higher absorption rates and capacities than plain MWCNTs. Absorption increased with higher initial metal ion concentrations. Data was analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to determine the best model for describing absorption. The Langmuir model showed better fit for the absorption of metal ions by MWCNTs.
A green synthesis of isatoic anhydrides from isatins with urea–hydrogen perox...fer18400
The document describes a green synthesis method for producing isatoic anhydrides from isatins using urea-hydrogen peroxide complex and ultrasound irradiation. Four reaction procedures were tested using urea-hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The procedures used either acetic anhydride/acetic acid or formic acid as solvents. Ultrasound irradiation was found to dramatically reduce reaction times from 2-24 hours down to 20-135 minutes. The method provides isatoic anhydrides in good yields and with high purity under mild conditions. Combining formic acid and ultrasound yielded the best results for most isatins tested.
This document describes a method for discriminating between inorganic and organic mercury species using cloud point extraction with polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG alone forms a cloud at a high temperature, but adding sodium sulfate lowers the cloud point to 35°C. Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) is fully extracted into the PEG-rich phase at low pH, while organic mercury (CH3Hg+) shows no extraction. The method provides selective extraction and preconcentration of Hg2+ from water samples containing up to 200 mg/L inorganic mercury. Spectrophotometric detection using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol allows quantification of Hg2+ in the range of 10-100 mg/L with good
Using Tunisian Phosphate Rock and Her Converted Hydroxyapatite for Lead Remov...IJERA Editor
Natural and synthesis apatites represent a cost effective soil amendment, which can be used for in situ reduction of lead bioavailability and mobility. In our previous work, we selected Tunisian Phosphate Rock (TPR) and Hydroxyapatite (CaHAp) as promising minerals for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. X-ray powder diffraction patterns (DRX), Infra Red (IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize TPR and CaHAp. CaHAp was prepared from TPR and employed for the removal of Pb2+ ions at different concentrations from aqueous solution to determine the adsorption properties of CaHAp and compare them with those of a TPR. The kinetic data obtained indicated that the adsorption performances of the adsorbents depended both on their specific surface area and crystallinity. Complexation of lead ion on the adsorbent surface favoured the dissolution of hydroxyapatites characterized by a Ca/Pb molar ratio of 1.69. The maximum adsorption capacity of CaHAp for Pb2+ ions at 25 °C was 1.806 mmol /g relative to 1.035 mmol /g for TPR at the same temperature. The higher capacity of CaHAp was explained in terms of its porosity and crystallinity. The Pb2+ ions sorption results could be modelled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The simulations of adsorption isotherms of Pb2+ on CaHAp allow us to conclude that there is a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir model. On TPR, we show a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir and Freundlich model.
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw ...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel
(Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw Materials for Coliquefaction with Low Rank Coal by Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak*, Siti Nur Ain Mohd Hassan, Ali H Jawad and Khudzir Ismail in Annals of Chemical Science Research
This document presents the results of experiments on a new method for removing nitrates from drinking water. The method involves incorporating nitrate ions into calcium aluminium storage crystals. A series of batch experiments were conducted with drinking water from wells in Spain and Germany containing 164-230 mg/L of nitrates. The best results achieved a 41% nitrate reduction from 164 mg/L in a single step, and a 67% reduction from 230 mg/L using multiple treatment steps. Varying experimental conditions like magnesium chloride concentration, pH, and removing carbonate ions affected the nitrate removal efficiency. The results demonstrate the potential of this storage crystal method for reducing high nitrate levels in groundwater.
This document describes a method for determining the concentration of vanadium(V) in sediment samples. The method involves leaching vanadium(V) compounds from sediment samples using sodium carbonate solution, followed by analysis using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). The method was validated on certified reference materials PACS-2 and MESS-3, which are marine sediments with known total vanadium content. Approximately 19% of the total vanadium in PACS-2 and 5% in MESS-3 was found to be in the vanadium(V) form. Validation experiments showed quantitative recovery of vanadium(V) spikes added to the samples. The method provides an accurate means of determining vanadium(V)
This document describes the design, synthesis, and evaluation of benzimidazolo/tetrazolo quinazoline compounds. Specifically, it details the reaction of anthranilic acid with primary amides to form quinazolinones, which were then treated with phosphorus oxychloride and phosphorus pentachloride to form chloroquinazolines. These compounds then reacted with o-phenylenediamine or sodium azide to form the target benzimidazolo or tetrazolo quinazolines. The compounds were evaluated for their antihyperglycemic activity in sucrose-loaded rat models, with the benzimidazolo quinazolines showing better but still low activity
1) The Radox catalyst was significantly more effective than chlorine dioxide at reducing malodorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from poultry rendering waste gas. Samples treated with Radox had 42% more carbon dioxide and 69% lower aldehydes compared to untreated or chlorine dioxide treated samples.
2) Gas chromatography-olfactometry identified five aldehydes responsible for over half of odor intensity in untreated samples. The Radox catalyst converted these malodorous aldehydes to less odorous organic acids.
3) Fifteen air samples were analyzed and grouped. Samples treated with just Radox or Radox plus chlorine dioxide had similar VOC profiles and lower VOC levels compared to untreated or chlor
The document discusses a geoforensic chemical analysis of 7 oil samples from the Madison Group in the Canadian Williston Basin. Biomarker and hydrocarbon analyses show the samples generally conform to a Lodgepole (carbonate) source rock origin. Some differences were observed between samples, with 2 Midale samples potentially showing minor Bakken shale contributions. Frobisher samples exhibited signs of in-situ biodegradation or washing. Detailed analysis can provide insights into origin variations, maturity differences, and post-formation alteration between samples.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Their activity was measured for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Among the catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards producing phthalic anhydride under the experimental conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts, including metal content, surface area,
The document proposes using minimum/maximum autocorrelation factors (MAF) and multigaussian kriging to jointly estimate total and soluble copper grades while reproducing their inequality relationship. It describes transforming the grade variables into Gaussian variables, using MAF to create uncorrelated factors, performing variogram analysis on the factors, and then using multigaussian kriging to estimate the factors at target locations. The estimated factors are then back-transformed into estimates of the original grade variables that satisfy the inequality constraint. The approach is demonstrated on a dataset of total and soluble copper grades from drillhole samples.
The document describes three methods for estimating the composition of organic compounds:
1. Duma's method estimates nitrogen content by heating the compound with excess copper oxide, which oxidizes other elements to gases leaving free nitrogen gas.
2. Kjeldahl's method is a simpler method that involves heating the compound with sulfuric acid and catalysts to estimate nitrogen in fertilizers and foods.
3. The Carius method uses nitric acid and silver nitrate to estimate halogen elements by forming precipitates of silver halides that are measured.
The document provides an overview of the Kjeldahl method for determining nitrogen content. It discusses the history of the method developed by Johan Kjeldahl in 1883. For over 130 years it has been an internationally accepted standard for determining nitrogen in various samples. The document outlines the typical procedures for Kjeldahl analysis including sample preparation, digestion, distillation, and titration. It also discusses parameters that affect the analysis and provides references for further information.
Studies on Nitration of Phenol over Solid Acid Catalyst by Lipika Das, Koushi...crimsonpublisherspps
- Phenol was selectively nitrated to ortho-nitrophenol using dilute nitric acid over gamma-alumina catalyst in liquid phase at room temperature.
- Gamma-alumina was prepared using a controlled precipitation method and characterized using various techniques which showed it had suitable properties for nitration.
- Parameters like concentration of reactants, weight of catalyst, solvent, temperature and time were varied to determine their effect on the reaction. Kinetics of the reaction were also studied.
This document summarizes research on the catalytic wet peroxide oxidation of olive oil mill wastewater over zeolite-based catalysts. The researchers prepared a Cu/13X catalyst by ion exchange and tested its activity and stability for reducing phenolic compounds in wastewater. Characterization showed the ion exchange did not affect zeolite structure but a post-treatment calcination at 1273K decreased surface area and increased copper oxide particles. Testing showed the catalyst reduced total phenols in wastewater by over 80% and TOC by 20% with low copper leaching. The research aims to develop an effective treatment to reduce toxicity of olive oil wastewater before conventional biological processing.
Synthesis and Characterization of Atmospheric Residue Hydrodemetalization (Ar...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of an atmospheric residue hydrodemetalization (ARDHM) catalyst for crude oil processing using Indonesian natural zeolite. The zeolite was treated with HCl to increase acidity and then loaded with nickel and molybdenum metals via impregnation. Characterization showed the metals did not block pores or degrade crystallinity and increased acidity. Testing on model compounds like nickel porphyrin, thiophene and pyridine showed the catalyst effectively removed metals and sulfur at temperatures of 360-390°C. The spent catalyst was deactivated by coke deposition but could be regenerated through burning off the coke.
This document describes the development of a solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME-GC) method to analyze the compounds released from Eucalyptus camaldulensis (River Red Gum) leaves and track this dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic environments. The researchers optimized the SPME extraction conditions using standards representative of compounds likely present in River Red Gum leaf leachate. They then applied the optimized method to analyze artificial DOC solutions prepared from River Red Gum leaf leachate to demonstrate the potential of the method for fingerprinting and tracing natural DOC sources in rivers.
This document summarizes an investigation into the effects of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs), pH, and temperature on the reduction of hexavalent chromium (CrVI) to its less toxic form CrIII. Key findings include:
1) The optimal conditions for the reduction reaction were pH 4 and 45°C temperature.
2) Reaction kinetics followed pseudo-first order behavior, indicating a linear decrease in CrVI over time.
3) PdNPs catalyzed the reaction, decreasing the activation energy by 20±10 kJ/mol and increasing the rate constant over an order of magnitude.
4) Under optimal conditions, a 26% reduction of CrVI was achieved.
Parameters Analysis of the Assisted Combustion of Residual Biodiesel Glycerol drboon
The document analyzes parameters of assisted combustion of residual biodiesel glycerol. It describes an experimental setup used to combust glycerol with LPG assistance. Various combustion parameters were measured including O2, CO, CO2, NOx, temperature, efficiency, and excess air. Results show that as glycerol mass flow increased, O2 and excess air decreased while CO, CO2, temperature, and combustion efficiency increased. The study evaluated using raw glycerol as an energy supplement to reduce LPG consumption during combustion.
The document summarizes research on directly determining bismuth, indium, and lead in sea water samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry with Zeeman background correction and chemical modifiers. Molybdenum-containing chemical modifiers combined with tartaric acid were found to increase the maximum pyrolysis temperatures for the analytes, allowing more of the sea water matrix to be removed without loss of analyte. The combination of molybdenum, palladium, and tartaric acid or molybdenum, platinum, and tartaric acid produced the best results, yielding recoveries of 94-103% for spiked analytes in synthetic and real sea water, compared to 49-61% without
This document investigates the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNTs with carboxyl content (MWCNT-COOH) to absorb lead and cadmium ions from wastewater. Experiments were conducted with different initial metal ion concentrations to determine absorption rates and capacities. MWCNT-COOH showed higher absorption rates and capacities than plain MWCNTs. Absorption increased with higher initial metal ion concentrations. Data was analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to determine the best model for describing absorption. The Langmuir model showed better fit for the absorption of metal ions by MWCNTs.
A green synthesis of isatoic anhydrides from isatins with urea–hydrogen perox...fer18400
The document describes a green synthesis method for producing isatoic anhydrides from isatins using urea-hydrogen peroxide complex and ultrasound irradiation. Four reaction procedures were tested using urea-hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The procedures used either acetic anhydride/acetic acid or formic acid as solvents. Ultrasound irradiation was found to dramatically reduce reaction times from 2-24 hours down to 20-135 minutes. The method provides isatoic anhydrides in good yields and with high purity under mild conditions. Combining formic acid and ultrasound yielded the best results for most isatins tested.
This document describes a method for discriminating between inorganic and organic mercury species using cloud point extraction with polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG alone forms a cloud at a high temperature, but adding sodium sulfate lowers the cloud point to 35°C. Inorganic mercury (Hg2+) is fully extracted into the PEG-rich phase at low pH, while organic mercury (CH3Hg+) shows no extraction. The method provides selective extraction and preconcentration of Hg2+ from water samples containing up to 200 mg/L inorganic mercury. Spectrophotometric detection using 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-napthol allows quantification of Hg2+ in the range of 10-100 mg/L with good
Using Tunisian Phosphate Rock and Her Converted Hydroxyapatite for Lead Remov...IJERA Editor
Natural and synthesis apatites represent a cost effective soil amendment, which can be used for in situ reduction of lead bioavailability and mobility. In our previous work, we selected Tunisian Phosphate Rock (TPR) and Hydroxyapatite (CaHAp) as promising minerals for the removal of lead from aqueous solutions. X-ray powder diffraction patterns (DRX), Infra Red (IR), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to characterize TPR and CaHAp. CaHAp was prepared from TPR and employed for the removal of Pb2+ ions at different concentrations from aqueous solution to determine the adsorption properties of CaHAp and compare them with those of a TPR. The kinetic data obtained indicated that the adsorption performances of the adsorbents depended both on their specific surface area and crystallinity. Complexation of lead ion on the adsorbent surface favoured the dissolution of hydroxyapatites characterized by a Ca/Pb molar ratio of 1.69. The maximum adsorption capacity of CaHAp for Pb2+ ions at 25 °C was 1.806 mmol /g relative to 1.035 mmol /g for TPR at the same temperature. The higher capacity of CaHAp was explained in terms of its porosity and crystallinity. The Pb2+ ions sorption results could be modelled by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The simulations of adsorption isotherms of Pb2+ on CaHAp allow us to conclude that there is a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir model. On TPR, we show a good correlation between the experimental data and the Langmuir and Freundlich model.
Preparation of γ-Al2O3 and Prioritization of Affecting Factors on the Crystal...A Behzadmehr
In this work, boehmite sol was prepared by a previously applied and validated method; hydrolysis of aluminum chloride hexa-hydrate. In order to obtain precise results, the effect of pH after adding precipitating agent, aging time, peptizing temperature and ultrasonic vibration time on the crystallite size of final precipitate were investigated in a narrow range. The preparation conditions applied in the production step of nanocrystalline boehmite affected on the desired alumina phase. Experiments were set based on the statistical design of experiments (Taguchi method). Furthermore the influence of calcination on crystallization and phase transformation of the precipitate was investigated using X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) techniques. To evaluate the results, the obtained data were statistically analyzed. Considering the statisti cal analysis of experiments, the pH after adding precipitating agent is the major parameter affecting crystallite size. In contrast, aging time has the smallest effect on the crystallite size. In addition, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the samples revealed that the particle size of the powders was well distributed in the nano-size range. Taguchi prediction on the crystallite size was 2.096±0.139 nm (with confidence interval of 95%) which confirmed by a verification experiment (2.064 nm).
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel (Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw ...CrimsonPublishersACSR
Characterization of Rubber Seed Shell and Kernel
(Hevea brasiliensis) as Raw Materials for Coliquefaction with Low Rank Coal by Mohd Azlan Mohd Ishak*, Siti Nur Ain Mohd Hassan, Ali H Jawad and Khudzir Ismail in Annals of Chemical Science Research
This document presents the results of experiments on a new method for removing nitrates from drinking water. The method involves incorporating nitrate ions into calcium aluminium storage crystals. A series of batch experiments were conducted with drinking water from wells in Spain and Germany containing 164-230 mg/L of nitrates. The best results achieved a 41% nitrate reduction from 164 mg/L in a single step, and a 67% reduction from 230 mg/L using multiple treatment steps. Varying experimental conditions like magnesium chloride concentration, pH, and removing carbonate ions affected the nitrate removal efficiency. The results demonstrate the potential of this storage crystal method for reducing high nitrate levels in groundwater.
This document describes a method for determining the concentration of vanadium(V) in sediment samples. The method involves leaching vanadium(V) compounds from sediment samples using sodium carbonate solution, followed by analysis using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET-AAS). The method was validated on certified reference materials PACS-2 and MESS-3, which are marine sediments with known total vanadium content. Approximately 19% of the total vanadium in PACS-2 and 5% in MESS-3 was found to be in the vanadium(V) form. Validation experiments showed quantitative recovery of vanadium(V) spikes added to the samples. The method provides an accurate means of determining vanadium(V)
This document describes the design, synthesis, and evaluation of benzimidazolo/tetrazolo quinazoline compounds. Specifically, it details the reaction of anthranilic acid with primary amides to form quinazolinones, which were then treated with phosphorus oxychloride and phosphorus pentachloride to form chloroquinazolines. These compounds then reacted with o-phenylenediamine or sodium azide to form the target benzimidazolo or tetrazolo quinazolines. The compounds were evaluated for their antihyperglycemic activity in sucrose-loaded rat models, with the benzimidazolo quinazolines showing better but still low activity
1) The Radox catalyst was significantly more effective than chlorine dioxide at reducing malodorous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from poultry rendering waste gas. Samples treated with Radox had 42% more carbon dioxide and 69% lower aldehydes compared to untreated or chlorine dioxide treated samples.
2) Gas chromatography-olfactometry identified five aldehydes responsible for over half of odor intensity in untreated samples. The Radox catalyst converted these malodorous aldehydes to less odorous organic acids.
3) Fifteen air samples were analyzed and grouped. Samples treated with just Radox or Radox plus chlorine dioxide had similar VOC profiles and lower VOC levels compared to untreated or chlor
The document discusses a geoforensic chemical analysis of 7 oil samples from the Madison Group in the Canadian Williston Basin. Biomarker and hydrocarbon analyses show the samples generally conform to a Lodgepole (carbonate) source rock origin. Some differences were observed between samples, with 2 Midale samples potentially showing minor Bakken shale contributions. Frobisher samples exhibited signs of in-situ biodegradation or washing. Detailed analysis can provide insights into origin variations, maturity differences, and post-formation alteration between samples.
V mn-mcm-41 catalyst for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylenesunitha81
This document describes a study investigating V and Mn incorporated mesoporous molecular sieves for the vapor phase oxidation of o-xylene. Mesoporous monometallic V-MCM-41, Mn-MCM-41, and bimetallic V-Mn-MCM-41 molecular sieves were synthesized and characterized. Their activity was measured for the gas phase oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride. Among the catalysts, V-MCM-41 with Si/V = 50 exhibited the highest activity and selectivity towards producing phthalic anhydride under the experimental conditions. The physico-chemical properties of the catalysts, including metal content, surface area,
The document proposes using minimum/maximum autocorrelation factors (MAF) and multigaussian kriging to jointly estimate total and soluble copper grades while reproducing their inequality relationship. It describes transforming the grade variables into Gaussian variables, using MAF to create uncorrelated factors, performing variogram analysis on the factors, and then using multigaussian kriging to estimate the factors at target locations. The estimated factors are then back-transformed into estimates of the original grade variables that satisfy the inequality constraint. The approach is demonstrated on a dataset of total and soluble copper grades from drillhole samples.
The document describes three methods for estimating the composition of organic compounds:
1. Duma's method estimates nitrogen content by heating the compound with excess copper oxide, which oxidizes other elements to gases leaving free nitrogen gas.
2. Kjeldahl's method is a simpler method that involves heating the compound with sulfuric acid and catalysts to estimate nitrogen in fertilizers and foods.
3. The Carius method uses nitric acid and silver nitrate to estimate halogen elements by forming precipitates of silver halides that are measured.
The document provides an overview of the Kjeldahl method for determining nitrogen content. It discusses the history of the method developed by Johan Kjeldahl in 1883. For over 130 years it has been an internationally accepted standard for determining nitrogen in various samples. The document outlines the typical procedures for Kjeldahl analysis including sample preparation, digestion, distillation, and titration. It also discusses parameters that affect the analysis and provides references for further information.
The document discusses the working of a light dependent resistor (LDR) and designing a circuit to demonstrate its varying resistance. It begins by introducing LDRs and explaining that their resistivity decreases when light is absorbed. It then describes building a circuit using an LDR, resistor, battery, LED, and breadboard. The circuit works by changing the LDR's resistance based on light intensity, which controls current flow through the LED. Finally, applications of LDRs include light sensors for street lamps, alarms, and automatic controls that require detecting light levels.
This document provides an overview of voltammetry and potentiometry techniques. It discusses the history and development of voltammetry, which involves measuring current as a function of applied potential. Common types of voltammetry include linear sweep, cyclic, and stripping voltammetry. The document also describes the basic components of a voltammetry system, including the working, reference, and counter electrodes. Finally, it provides a brief introduction to potentiometry and its applications in titration and measuring concentration, activity, and pH.
Automatic Light Control using LDR and PIR SensorZiauddin Ridoy
The main purpose of designing this project is to prevent loss of current unnecessarily during day time.
During night the bulb will automatically glow .
COMPONENTS REQUIRED :
RELAY
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)
PASSIVE INFRARED SENSOR (PIR)
RESISTOR (1k ohm)
DIODE
TRANSISTOR (BC547)
BATTERY (POWER SOURCE)
An LDR, or light dependent resistor, is a light-sensitive device whose resistivity decreases with increasing intensity of light. It is made from semiconductor materials with a high resistance. When light photons having greater energy than the material's band gap fall on the device, electrons in the valence band are excited to the conduction band, increasing the number of charge carriers and reducing resistance. LDRs are classified as intrinsic, made of pure semiconductors, or extrinsic, made with impurity dopants that decrease the required photon energy. An LDR can be used in a circuit with a transistor so that light turning the LDR on will activate the transistor and power an LED.
Electrochemical methods are analytical techniques that use measurements of potential, charge, or current to determine an analyte's concentration or characterize its reactivity. There are several types of electrochemical methods including potentiometry, voltammetry, coulometry, conductometry, and dielectrometry. Potentiometry measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes and relates the potential to analyte concentrations. Voltammetry applies a constant or varying potential at an electrode and measures the resulting current. Coulometry completely converts an analyte from one oxidation state to another by applying current or potential and measuring the total current passed. Potentiometric titration uses two electrodes to measure the potential across a solution during a titration rather than using
The document provides an overview of copper, including its history of use dating back to 5000 BC, its excellent properties as an electrical and thermal conductor, and its many applications in manufacturing and construction due to its workability and corrosion resistance when alloyed with other metals like zinc, tin, aluminum, and silicon. Common alloys of copper include brasses, bronzes, copper-nickels, and high copper alloys that are used in applications like wiring, plumbing, bearings, and more.
The document discusses the light dependent resistor (LDR), also known as a photoresistor. It describes how an LDR's resistance decreases with increasing light intensity due to the photoconductive effect. LDRs are made of semiconductor materials and can detect light levels and wavelengths. Their resistance ranges from megohms in the dark to kilohms in light. Common uses of LDRs include light sensors, audio compressors, and automatic street/emergency lights.
Many of the people have a phobia of darkness, so to assist them in such situation, we have explained a simple circuit. It will automatically turn on street light in the way of LEDs or bulb coupled with relay. Working this circuit is very much easy and also the power consumed by the circuit is very low because of the very few components used in the circuit.
The document acknowledges those who helped and supported the author during their internship and project work at Britannia Industries LTD. The author thanks their manager for providing the opportunity, two other officials for guidance and encouragement, and staff members at Britannia for their help during the project. The author also thanks the director of their institute for allowing them to undertake the project.
This document describes the Kjeldahl method for determining nitrogen content. It involves three main steps: 1) Digestion breaks down organic compounds to liberate nitrogen as ammonium sulfate. 2) Distillation converts ammonium ions to gaseous ammonia. 3) Titration determines the total nitrogen amount by titrating with a standard sodium hydroxide solution. The method is demonstrated through a sample problem calculating the percentage of urea in a sample based on its nitrogen content.
Biology investigatory project on mitiosisPradeep Singh
The document describes an experiment to observe and count the stages of mitosis in onion root tip cells. The student hypothesized that prophase would have the most cells since it is the longest phase. Root tips were treated with acid, sliced, stained, and viewed under a microscope. Over 1000 cells were counted and grouped by phase. The results showed interphase had the most cells at 61.28%, suggesting it is the longest phase, taking 14 hours 42 minutes. Prophase was second longest at 20.10% of cells and 4 hours 49 minutes. The experiment provided data to analyze time spent in each mitotic phase.
Chemistry Investigatory Project Class 12Self-employed
This document is a student's chemistry investigatory project report on studying the setting of cement mixtures over time. It includes an introduction on cement, the aim to study how cement mixtures with sand, fly ash, and time affect strength. The procedures take cement mixtures and tests their strength after 3, 7, and 30 days by attempting to break slabs. The results found that strength increased with longer setting time and mixtures with fly ash and limestone showed lower required weights to break after each time period compared to a sand-only mixture.
The document provides an introduction to ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which is a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antibody or antigen in a sample. It describes the basic principles and steps of the ELISA process, which involves detecting antibodies or antigens using an enzyme-labeled secondary antibody and color changing reaction. Key aspects covered include antigen-antibody binding, use of enzyme labels, substrate conversion, and quantitative/qualitative applications of ELISA for detecting various molecules.
This document appears to be a student project report on investigating the relationship between input/output voltage and number of turns in the primary and secondary coils of a transformer. It includes sections on introduction, theory, apparatus, procedure, observations, conclusion, and bibliography. The key points are that the output voltage of a transformer depends on the ratio of turns in the secondary coil to the primary coil, and that there are losses between the input and output resulting in the transformer's efficiency being less than 100%.
This document is a biology project on immunity submitted by Rahul Tripathi of class XII to his teacher Mr. Vikas Dixit. It contains an introduction, table of contents, chapters on the immune system including the fluid system, granulocytes, agranulocytes, lymphocytes, defense mechanisms, types of immunity like innate and adaptive immunity, and a conclusion thanking the teacher. The project aims to explain the key concepts of the immune system through chapters on its various components and functions to build understanding of how the body resists diseases.
Similar to Determination of vanadium, nickel, copper and iron as complexes of bis acetylpivalyl methane (ethylene diamine) in nigerian onshore and offshore crude oils using hplc
Determination of saturated hydrocarbon from nigerian crude oil from selected ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a comparative study of saturated hydrocarbons isolated from crude oil samples from selected Nigerian oil wells. The samples were separated using SARA separation and column chromatography methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified the saturated hydrocarbon fractions present in each sample. Sample D contained the highest number and variety of saturated hydrocarbons, while Sample E contained the lowest. In general, the results show that saturated hydrocarbons are present in the samples, with varying compositions across the different crude oil sources.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the ability of essential oil from Thymus Capitatus to inhibit corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. The essential oil was extracted from Thymus Capitatus plants found in Morocco. Gas chromatography analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the essential oil reduced the corrosion current density and increased the charge transfer resistance, indicating it acts as an effective corrosion inhibitor by forming a protective film on the steel surface.
The document summarizes a research article that studied the essential oil of Thymus Capitatus from North-East Morocco as a natural corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in hydrochloric acid solution. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis identified the major components of the essential oil. Electrochemical tests including polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and weight loss measurements found that the essential oil inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid. Inhibition efficiency increased with increasing concentration of the essential oil and decreased with increasing temperature. The essential oil forms a protective film on the steel surface to inhibit corrosion.
Aluminum doped sba 15 silica as acid catalyst for the methanolysis of sunflow...Solange Quintella
The document summarizes research on using aluminum-doped SBA-15 silica materials as solid acid catalysts for the methanolysis (biodiesel production) of sunflower oil. Different Si/Al molar ratios were tested after post-synthesis alumination of SBA-15 silica. The catalyst with a Si/Al ratio of 20 achieved 96% biodiesel yield using only 10% catalyst at 200°C over 4 hours and showed good stability and recyclability. The catalysts were able to simultaneously catalyze transesterification of triglycerides and esterification of free fatty acids, even with 9% free fatty acids present.
Abstract— The water quality was studied for selected samples from groundwater and network water-supply. The values of NH3, NO3-, pH, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, Pb, Cd, Fe3+ and Mn2+ were estimated. Ammonia values ranged between 0.07-0.7 ppm. Nitrate values ranged between 2.4 and 0.35 ppm. The TDS was between 645 ppm and 480 ppm. For Fe3+ and Mn2+ the values are below the limits of WHO except for well 9; and manganese in wells 6-10. Several wells showed values of Cd above the Saudi STD. The network water-supply in Tabuk city was investigated. The TDS values for these samples were between 500-600 ppm. The hardness values exceed the Saudi STD limit. When ammonia was tested, only one sample showed high value. Chloride level was below 158 ppm, but sulfate values for most samples were 128-222 ppm. For iron only one sample (well no. 9) was above the permissible limit.
Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Applic...IOSR Journals
This document describes the synthesis of eco-friendly acid dye metal complexes and their application on wool fabrics. Specifically, it details the synthesis of substituted pyrazolone metal complex acid dyes from 2-amino-5-bromo benzoic acid that have high yields of 85%. It then discusses dyeing wool fabrics with these complexes and evaluating properties like exhaustion from the dye-bath, fixation of dye on the fabric, color yield, and light and washing fastness. The dye complexes showed excellent color yield and fastness properties. Antibacterial testing also showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Determination of some trace elements, Arsenic,Selenium, Chromium,and Zinc in several samples of fish of Bangladesh has been determined by neutron activation analysis. The results obtained are compared with those published elsewhere.
Determination of Arsenic, Chromium,Selenium and Zinc in fish samples of Bangladesh has been described and compared with the results published elsewhere.
Determination of several elements, Arsenic,Selenium, Chromium and Zinc in some fish samples of Bangladesh has been determined by neutron activation analysis. The results obtained are compared with those published elsewhere.
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
This document summarizes a study on the use of a SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as a recoverable nano-catalyst for the solvent-free synthesis of oximes from various carbonyl compounds. The nano composite was synthesized using a sol-gel method and characterized. It was found to efficiently promote the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding oximes within 10-15 minutes at 70-80°C. This protocol provides advantages such as short reaction times, high yields, applicability to various functional groups, and ability to selectively convert one carbonyl group in compounds containing multiple carbonyl groups. The nano composite could be recovered and reused multiple times without loss of activity.
Crude Oil Fractions in the Environment: A Comparative Study of Agbada Communi...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
Design, Synthesis and Structural Inspection of Some Novel Di- And Tri-Azometh...CrimsonPublishersACSR
The document describes the design, synthesis, and characterization of novel di- and tri-azomethene compounds as chemosensors for detecting various metal ions. Two ligands, DAPH and NBA, were synthesized via condensation reactions and characterized using techniques such as FT-IR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The ligands were tested for their ability to detect metal ions like Cr3+, Fe2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Mn2+, VO2+, and Pd2+ through changes in UV-visible absorption spectra upon complexation. DAPH showed color changes with different metals, while NBA showed color changes with Fe2+ and Pd2+.
This document describes a study that used the organic reagent 4-[N-(5-methyl isoxazol-3-yl)benzene sulfonamide azo]-1- Naphthol to extract cerium(III) ions (Ce3+) from an aqueous solution through solvent extraction. Extraction experiments determined the optimal conditions were a pH of 9, a shaking time of 10 minutes, and a Ce3+ ion concentration of 100 micrograms in the aqueous phase. Organic solvent studies showed chloroform gave the highest distribution ratio values for Ce3+ extraction, though dielectric constant did not linearly correlate with extraction among solvents tested. Stoichiometric studies indicated the extracted ion pair complex had a probable 1:
This paper describes the study of the coating powder leaching from computer monitors scraps with the
view to obtain a liquor which can be treated by hydrometallurgical techniques to purify the metals studied.
The technological development observed in recent years has stimulated the application of rare earth
(RE) elements. TV tubes and computer monitors present as coating a powder containing some rare earth
elements, mainly europium and yttrium. The recovery of the RE elements from electronics scraps is extremely
important as the economic and environmental issues are concerned. The results of this study indicated
the technical viability of the recovery of the metals. After the leaching process optimization, the
europium and yttrium recovery was over 97% and a liquor containing 16.5 g/L Y, 0.55 g/L Eu, 59.0 g/L
Zn, 0.20 g/L Fe, 131 g/L SO2
4 , 0.20 g/L Ca and 2.50 g/L Al was obtained.
Asphaltene solvency and stability of water in oil emulsion a case study of tw...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the effect of asphaltene solvency on the stability of water-in-oil emulsions using two Nigerian crude oil samples. Crude A from Okoro oil well formed a very stable emulsion that did not resolve any water over 24 hours, while Crude B from Okpoho oil well resolved 55% of water over 24 hours. Solvency was modified by adding n-heptane, toluene, or a blend, and emulsion stability generally increased with higher aromatic solvent content. The results showed that emulsion stability is related to asphaltene content and resin/asphaltene ratio, with higher stability associated with higher asphaltene content and lower
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity of New Complexes of So...IOSR Journals
Complexes of some lanthanide picrates (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+ and Dy3+) with benzo-18-crown-6 and 221-cryptand were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, and UV-Visible. Spectrophotometric methods, thermal analysis (TGA & DTG), melting point, magnetic susceptibility and molar conductance. Also an in-vitro study on gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella and pseudomonas aeruginosa) was performed and the results were compared to those of the broad spectrum antibiotic Chloramphinicol. The benzo-18-crown-6 complexes have the general formula of [Ln.L.(Pic)2]Pic.nH2O , where; (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+) , (L = Benzo-18-crown-6) , (Pic = Picrate anion) , (n = 1-2). In these complexes two picrate anions are coordinated to the metal ion through the phenolic oxygen and oxygen of the ortho nitro group, thus, the metal ions in these complexes have a coordination number of (10). The complexes of 221-cryptand have the general formula of [Ln.L.(Pic)]Pic2.nH2O where; (Ln3+ = Pr3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+), (L = 221-cryptand), (Pic = Picrate anion), (n = 1,2 or 7). In these complexes one picrate anion is coordinated to the metal ion, also through the phenolic oxygen and the oxygen from the ortho nitro group, thus the metal ions in the cryptand complexes have a coordination number of (9).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Synthesis and characterization of new derivatives of thiazole with liquid cry...Alexander Decker
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of new derivatives of thiazole with liquid crystalline properties. Two series of Schiff bases containing thiazole moiety were synthesized with different length alkoxy spacers. All compounds displayed nematic liquid crystalline mesophase as determined by polarized optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The liquid crystalline behavior was found to depend on the structural properties, particularly the length of the alkoxy spacers.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
This document summarizes a study investigating the adsorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell for removing methylene blue dye from aqueous solution. The palm kernel shell was carbonized and activated to produce porous activated carbon. Testing showed the activated carbon had a surface area of 127 m2/g and micropore volume of 0.11 cm3/g. Adsorption experiments were conducted with methylene blue solutions and found that 94-80% of the dye was adsorbed within 10 minutes, with maximum adsorption reached at 50 minutes. Equilibrium adsorption data fit well to the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 3.22 mg/g predicted by the model
Similar to Determination of vanadium, nickel, copper and iron as complexes of bis acetylpivalyl methane (ethylene diamine) in nigerian onshore and offshore crude oils using hplc (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
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Determination of vanadium, nickel, copper and iron as complexes of bis acetylpivalyl methane (ethylene diamine) in nigerian onshore and offshore crude oils using hplc
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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Determination of Vanadium, Nickel, Copper and Iron as
Complexes of Bis-Acetylpivalyl Methane (Ethylene Diamine) in
Nigerian onshore and offshore Crude Oils Using HPLC
I. Muhammad1
* P.O. Ikeh2
* B.B. Usman2
* B.G. Dan Shehu3
* K. Salawu1
* D. A. Mikailu1
1. Department of Chemistry, Zamfara State College of Education Maru
PMB 1002, Maru, Zamfara State, Nigeria.
2. Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University Sokoto.
3. Sokoto Energy Research Centre, Usmanu Dan Fodiyo University Sokoto.
* E-mail of the corresponding author. Ishkak2001@Yahoo.Com
Abstract
Higher performance liquid chromatographic determination of vanadium, nickel, copper and iron was conducted
from Nigerian Crude oil samples obtained from Nigerian Petroleum Development Company (NPDC). The
procedure was based on complexation of the analytes with bis (acetyl pivalyl methane) ethylenediamine
(H2APM2en) followed by solvent extraction and HPLC separation on a reverse phase, C18, 5µm column. The
complexes were eluted with methanol : acetonitrile : water (60:20:20) at a flow rate of 1cm3
/min. and uv
detection at 260nm.The results show that nickel had the highest concentration while copper had the least
concentration. The concentration levels of these elements in the crude oil samples range from 210 – 1620 ppb for
Ni, 975 – 1125ppb for Fe, 225 – 1060ppb for V, and 54 – 138ppb for Cu. The pattern of occurrence for each
element agreed with earlier studies using Niger Delta oils. The results indicate that trace metal data compliment
well with the organic geochemical data and trace metals are useful in oil classification. It was obvious from this
study that Nigerian crude have low metal content. However, despite the low concentrations, they could still pose
an intrinsic health hazard considering their cumulative effect in the environment.
Keywords: key words, Crude oil, Heavy metals, HPLC
1. Introduction
Crude oil is a naturally occurring, flammable liquid found in rock formations in the Earth consisting of a
complex mixture of hydrocarbons of various molecular weights, and other organic compounds. The
hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cyclo alkanes and various aromatic hydrocarbons while other
organic compounds contain nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, and trace amounts of metals such as iron, nickel, copper
and vanadium. The exact molecular composition varies widely from formation to formation but the proportions
of chemical element vary over fairly narrow limit as follows: Carbon (83-87%), Hydrogen (10-14%), and
Nitrogen (0.1-2%), Sulphur (0.5-6%), Oxygen (0.1-1.5%), Metals (<1000ppm) (Speight, 1999).
The determination of metals content in crude oil is an important part of any crude oil quality program. Even
though the oil is typically desalted prior to distillation, small amounts (<1ppm) of some elements (i.e. Pb, As, Ni,
V, Hg, and Cu) remaining in the oil can rapidly deactivate some refinery catalysts or end up product. Therefore,
the determination of the metals concentration in crude oil before and after processes such as desalting is of value
to refinery operation (Nadkarni, 1991).
Crude petroleum oils contain vanadium, nickel, iron and copper as organically bound metals mostly as
metalloporphyrins and metallo non-porphyrins (Gondal et al., 2006). Their determination is of considerable
importance, because the metal complexes may poison and foul catalysts or cause undesirable side reactions in
refinery operations, such as fluid cracking and hydrodesulphurization. A number of analytical methods have
been used for the determination of metal ions in crude petroleum oils, including Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry (AAS), (Duyck et al.,2007), inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES)
(Al-swaiden,1996), radioisotope x-ray Fluorescence (Alvarez et al., 1990), neutron activation (Adeyemo et al.,
2006), and liquid chromatography (khuhawar et al.,1998).
This study is aimed at using high performance liquid chromatography, in the determination of metals in crude oil.
This will give a simple and quickest way of assessing the Nigerian crude oils, impact in the environment and
economic potentiality. The objectives of the research are:-
(i) To identify the heavy metals (Fe, Ni, V, and Cu) in the crude oil samples obtained
(ii) To quantify the identified elements
(iii) To compare the parameters in terms of heavy metals concentration.
The work will be limited to the determination of vanadium, nickel, iron, and copper in Nigerian crude oils due to
their abundant and adverse effects in refinery operations.
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2.0 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
The apparatus used in this research work are the normal routine laboratory apparatus which include Weighing
balance, Hot plate, PH meter, Microsorb C-18 column, Rheodyne 7125 injector, Hitachi D2500
chromatographic integrator. Prominence HPLC apparatus.
2.2 Reagents
All the reagents were of purity and HPLC grade, they include Concentrated nitric acid, Concentrated sulphuric
acid, Perchloric acid, Methanol, Sodium Acetic acid, Acetonitrile, Bis(acetylpivalylmethane) ethylenediimine.
Sodium hydride, Ethyl acetate,Chlororoform, ethylenediamine, Diethyl ether.
2.3 Methods
2.3.1 Samples Collection
Nigerian crude oil samples from onshore and offshore wells were collected from Nigerian Petroleum
Development Company (NPDC) Benin City. The crude oil samples were obtained from five different oil wells
namely: Okkoro (onshore), Oredo (onshore), Oziengbe (onshore), Okkono (offshore) and Okpoho
(offshore).The samples were labeled as A for Okkoro, B for Oredo, C for Oziengbe, D for Okkono, and E for
okpoho.
2.3.2 Preparation of Reagents
1M Sodium Acetate-Acetic Acid Buffer (pH 6)
Sodium acetate (9.82g) was dissolved in 90cm3
of distilled water. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 6.0
with 2M acetic acid and the volume was made up to 100cm3
with distilled water (Sambrook et al., 2006).
1 %W/V (H2APM2en) Solution in Methanol
Bis (acetylpivalylmethane) ethylenediimine (1 gram) was dissolved in 100cm3
of methanol (Lanjwani et al.,
1996).
Standard Solution
An aliquot of solution (1- 5cm3
) containing 0.5 - 2.0ppm of vanadium, nickel, iron and 0.05 - 0.02ppm copper
was prepared. Further dilution was performed to prepare the standard solution for calibration curves. These are
equivalent to 500 – 2000ppb for vanadium, nickel, iron and 50 – 200ppb for copper respectively. (Lanjwani et
al., 1996).
2.3.3 Analysis of Standard Solution
The standard solutions 5cm3
containing vanadium, nickel, iron and copper was transferred to a well-stoppered
test tube and sulphur dioxide was passed for 1min. 2cm3
of 1M Sodium acetate-acetic acid buffer pH 6 was
added and the contents were heated gently to near dryness.5cm3
of bis (acetylpivalyl methane) solution (1% w/v
in methanol) was added and the contents were heated for 15-20 min. During heating the volume of the solution
was reduced to about 1 cm3
. 2cm3
each of Water and chloroform were added and the contents were shaken well.
The layers were allowed to separate and exactly 1 cm3
of the chloroform layer was transferred to a sample vial.
The solvent was evaporated and the residue dissolved in 1cm3
methanol. 5µl of the methanolic solution was
injected onto a Microsorb C- 18, 5 µm column (150 x 4.6 mm id.) and complexes were eluted with methanol:
acetonitrile: water in the ratio of (60:20:20) at a flow rate of 1cm3
min-1
. Detection was achieved using a UV
monitor fixed at 260 nm (Lanjwani et al., 1996).
2.3.4 Analysis of the Crude Oil Samples
10g of the crude oil samples were transferred to a beaker and 40cm3
sulphuric acid (98%) was added. The
contents were heated on a hotplate until white fumes of sulfur trioxide was evolved. The mixture was allowed to
partially cool, 40cm3
of nitric acid (65%) was added slowly and the contents were heated gently. 20cm3
Perchloric acid (72%) was added drop wise to maintain vigorous oxidation with excessive evolution of brown
fumes of nitrogen oxides. The clear solution was heated to near dryness. The residue was dissolved in water and
the volume was adjusted to 25cm3
. 12 cm3
aliquot of the solution was taken; the pH was adjusted to 6 using
2cm3
1M sodium acetate- acetic acid buffer. The contents were heated gently to near dryness. 5cm3
of bis (acetyl
pivalyl -methane) solution (1% w/v in methanol) was added and the contents were heated for 15-20 min. During
Water heating the volume of the solution was reduced to about 1 cm3
. 2cm3
each of Water and chloroform were
added and the contents were shaken well. The layers were allowed to separate and exactly 1 cm3
of the
chloroform layer was transferred to a sample vial. The solvent was evaporated and the residue dissolved in 1cm3
methanol. 5µl of the methanolic solution was injected onto a Microsorb C- 18, 5 µm column (150 x 4.6 mm
id.) and complexes were eluted with methanol: acetonitrile: water in the ratio of (60:20:20) at a flow rate of 1
cm3
min-1
. Detection was achieved using a UV monitor fixed at 260 nm (Lanjwani et al., 1996).
2.3.5 Linear Calibration Curves
Linear calibrations graphs were prepared by by plotting the average peak area against concentration of each
metal ions in (ng) as shown in fig. 1-4 below, and fig. 5 represent the typical chromatogram of the sample and
standard used for the analysis. The peak areas were obtained from the chromatogram as shown in fig.5. finally
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the concentration of the metal ions in the samples were evaluated from the calibration curves.
Fig.1 Fig.2
Fig.3 Fig.4
Fig.5: HPLC chromatogram of a typical sample used for this analysis containing S= solvent, 1= reagent, 2 =
oxo-vanadium (iv) (1060ng/ml), 3= iron (ii) (1130ng/ml), 4= nickel (ii) (1442ng/ml), 5= copper (ii) (64ng/ml)
with peak areas of 5.03, 2.86, 6.33, and 0.91 cm2
respectively. Eluent: methanol, acetonitrile and water. Flow
rate: 1ml/mint. Detection: UV at 260nm.
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3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Results
Table 1: Concentration of heavy metals in the crude oil samples analyzed.
CRUDE OIL
SAMPLES
Metal Concentration (ppb)
Fe Cu Ni V
A
B
C
D
E
975±2.8 133±0.8 1400±4.1 300±0.8
1125±4.1 63±0.81 1550±6.5 1060±5.7
1025±8.9 54±3.3 1620±5.7 655±7.1
1050±5.7 60±1.6 1450±9.8 490±6.5
1055±4.1 138±1.6 210±8.9 225±8.9
AVERAGE 1046±5.1 89.6±1.6 1246±7.0 546±5.8
Key: Results were presented as mean ± standard deviation of triplicate analysis. A = Okkoro, B = Oredo, C =
Oziengbe, D = Okkono, and E = Okpoho.
Table 2: Comparisons Of Trace Metals Data Obtained From The Present Study And Trace Metals Data Obtained
From other studies.
STUDY Cu Fe Ni V
Present study ranges
(ppb). 54 – 138 975 – 1125 210 – 1620 225 -1060
Akinlua et al., 2007
(ppb). 3.31 – 19.4 11.4 – 1241 26.3 -144.1 11.2 –29.2
Nwanchukwu et al.,
1995(ppb). 540 -42307 6 – 25073 351 -11282 9– 1832
Olu OluWole et al.,
(1993) (ppb). 1860 – 18900 3400 – 9540 540 – 5030 540 – 1195
Udoetal.,1992 (ppb). 30 – 70 60 – 360 4400-6900 3700-40000
Ndiokwere,1983 (ppb). ND ND 2200-5600 100– 642
Olajire and Oderinde
1995(ppb). 50 – 54000 43000 -11000 5000-11000 14000 – 99000
Key: ND ---------- Not detected
3.2 Discussion
The results of metal concentrations (ppb) obtained from this study are indicated in Table 1 .The mean values of
the concentrations determined were of the order Ni > Fe >V > Cu. This trend is consistent in all the crude
samples analyzed except for the last sample (E) where Ni reported second to the least value instead of the highest
value. Ni had the highest concentration among the metals studied in all the samples while copper had the least
concentration. The distribution of the metals is fairly homogenous in the samples. These may be connected to the
difference in geological activity, source rock type, depositional environment and maturation (Akinlua et al.,
2007).
Iron
From Table 1 iron concentrations range from 975 – 1125 ppb with an average of 1046 ± 5.1ppb. Comparing
these result with studies from Niger Delta oils, Akinlua et al., (2007) (Table 2) reported 11.4 – 1241 ppb with an
average of 177.36 ppb. There is good agreement between the two results but the average of latter is higher.
Considering other studies as indicated in Table 2, the results obtained from this study is higher than the values of
60 - 360 ppb reported by Udo et al., (1992) and lowers than the values of 3400 – 9540 ppb and 43000 – 110000
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ppb reported by Oluwale et al., (1993) and Olajire and Oderinde (1995) respectively (Table 2). But the results
are within the range of 6 – 25073 ppb reported by Nwanchukwu et al.,(1995) (Table 2).The presence of iron (Fe)
in the petroleum samples analyzed may alter the selectivity and activity of the catalyst in the cracking of
petroleum (Monaco et al., 1993; Ismagilov, 2003), if not removed before refining.
Copper
From Table 1 copper ranges from 54 – 138 ppb with an average of 89.6 ± 1.6 ppb. These values are lower than
the values of 540 – 42307 ppb and 1860 – 18900 ppb obtained by Nwachukwu et al., (1995) and Oluwale et al.,
(1993) (Table 2) but higher than the values of 3.31 – 19.4 ppb obtained by Akinlua et al., (2007) and within the
range of 30 - 70 ppb and 50 – 54000 ppb reported by Udo et al., (1992) and Olajire and Oderinde (1995)
respectively (Table 2). The presence of copper in the petroleum markedly alters the selectivity and activity in
cracking reactions if allowed to accumulate on the catalyst before refining (Monaco et al., 1993; Ismagilov,
2003).
Nickel
Nickel concentrations from Table 1 range from 210 – 1620 ppb averaging 1246± 7.0 ppb. These values are
higher than the values of 26.3 – 144.1 ppb obtained by Akinlua et al., (2007) (Table 2) but lower than the values
of 4400 – 6900 ppb, 2200 – 5600 ppb and 5000 – 11000 ppb obtained by Udo et al., (1992), Ndiokwere (1983)
and Olajire and Oderinde(1995)(Table 2). Also the results are within the range of 351 – 11282 ppb and 540 –
5030 ppb reported by Nwachukwu et al., (1995) and Oluwale et al., (1993) (Table 2). The presence of nickel in
the petroleum also alter the selectivity and activity of the catalyst in the cracking of petroleum if allowed to
accumulate on the catalyst thereby affecting product performance (Monaco et al., 1993; Ismagilov, 2003), if not
removed before refining.
Vanadium
The values of vanadium range from 225 – 1060 ppb with an average of 546 ± 5.8 ppb (Table 1). The values are
higher than the values of 11.2 – 29.2 ppb reported by Akinlua et al., (2007) (Table 2) but the average is within
the range of 100 – 642 ppb reported by Ndiokwere (1983) (Table 2). Also the results are lower than the values of
3700 – 40000 ppb and 14000 – 99000 ppb obtained by Udo et al., (1992), Olajire and Oderinde (1995) (Table 2).
The results also agreed with the range of 9 – 1832 ppb and 540 – 1195 ppb reported by Nwachukwu et al., (1995)
and Oluwale et al., (1993) (Table 2). The presence of vanadium in the petroleum analyzed can cause toxic
pollutants. Relatively higher vanadium content can affect refinery equipment, distillation units, lining of
industrial furnaces and loss of thermal efficiency (Nakayama et al., 1997). Therefore vanadium content should
be reduced to the barest minimum level before refining.
TABLE 2
Table 2 shows the range of concentrations covered by this study and the range reported by other studies. The
crude samples used by these studies were obtained from different region of Niger Delta area and therefore can be
use to evaluate the present study. It is evident from the studies presented in Table 2 that transition metals have
been found to be very useful in crude oil characterization especially in oil –oil correlation studies. Oils from
marine organic matter have higher concentration of metals (particularly Ni and V), this is expected since for
marine source rocks there is abundant input of porphyrin-precursor chlorophylls to the organic matter derived
from algae and bacteria. Moderate quantities of metals are found in oils derived from lacustrine source rocks
while little nickel and vanadium is found in land plant derived oils. Nickel has been found to correlate positively
with the absolute amount of heavy n-alkanes in petroleum and is relatively more abundant in paraffinic
petroleum. Enriched vanadium and nickel concentrations greater than 100ppm are observed in bitumens that are
associated with type II kerogens. Bitumens associated with type III kerogens contained vanadium and nickel
concentrations less than 100ppm. It is also reported from these studies that source rock type and depositional
environment have a profound effect on the predicted levels of nickel and vanadium in the source rocks, and there
is systematic variation in the nickel and vanadium content of crude oils which can be related to depositional
environment and source rocks types. This implies that the source rock type depositional environment determines
the proportion of vanadium and nickel in crude oils. API gravity is also inversely correlated with each of copper,
nickel and vanadium. Higher concentration of metals are only associated with crude oils of low to moderate API
gravity. Total transition metal content decreases with increase oil maturity and the highest concentration of
metals are in low maturity crude oils. From the above correlation of parameters ( i.e origin of the crude oil, type
of the crude oil, maturity and API gravity of the crude oil), the following order can be assigned for the crude
samples analyzed.
(i) Marine / terrestrial origin: B > C > D > A > E.
Sample B have the highest marine/terrestrial input with E having the least.
(ii) Heavy n-alkanes / paraffin’s: C > B > D > A > E.
Sample C have the more heavy n-alkanes /pararaffins with sample E having the least.
(iii) API gravity / maturity: E > A > D > C > B.
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
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Sample B has the highest API gravity and is the most matured with sample E having the least API gravity and is
less matured.
5. Conclusion
Determination of Fe, Ni, Cu, and V was conducted using higher performance liquid chromatography. The results
obtained showed that the Nigerian crude oil oils have low metals contents. From the data generated from this
research work, the crude oils analyzed were derived from organic matter deposited in more oxidizing transitional
environments. The abundance of paraffin as indicated by higher concentration nickel revealed that these oils
were derived from organic matter of mixed terrestrial ⁄ marine input with a preponderance of terrestrial organic
matter. Also from the distribution patterns of the metals analyzed the oils are matured and genetically related.
Finally, the patterns of occurrence of the elements determined are in good agreement with the studies conducted
using Niger Delta oils. The technique used in this analysis provides a new route for simultaneous determination
of other trace elements in crude oil.
6. Recommendation
In view of the results obtained from this study, the following recommendations are hereby forwarded.
(a) There is need for chemists to explore the cheapest mean of synthesizing bis(acetylpivalylmethane)
ethylene diimine and other complexing reagents that can be used in HPLC in other to make this method of
analysis as cheap as AAS or even more cheaper.
(b) Since the concentration of metals in Nigerian crude oils is very low, HPLC would be one of the best
methods for the detection of these metals, because the detection limits is up to ng/g (ppb).
(c) Considering the cumulative effects of these metals in the environment, an efficient control means for
the release and discharge of petroleum and petroleum products should be established to protect the workers,
community and the environment from the hazards of these metals.
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