This document describes the synthesis of eco-friendly acid dye metal complexes and their application on wool fabrics. Specifically, it details the synthesis of substituted pyrazolone metal complex acid dyes from 2-amino-5-bromo benzoic acid that have high yields of 85%. It then discusses dyeing wool fabrics with these complexes and evaluating properties like exhaustion from the dye-bath, fixation of dye on the fabric, color yield, and light and washing fastness. The dye complexes showed excellent color yield and fastness properties. Antibacterial testing also showed activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
The photo-oxidation of Rhodamime B was carried out
in the presence of H2O2/ Fe2+ ion using UV light. The effects of
dye concentration, pH, H2O2 dose and Fe2+ dose. These
parameters strongly influenced the degradation of the dye. As
expected, the increase of initial dye concentration decreased the
percentage decoloration. Likewise increasing H2O2, Fe2+
concentration also increased the dye decoloration up to a certain
limit after which it starts decreasing. The optimum operating
conditions of the method were found to be [Dye] = 10mg/l; [H2O2]
= 300mg/l; [Fe2+] = 250 mg/l at pH 2. Under these conditions, a
maximum of 92% decoloration of the dye was achieved. The
actual breakdown of the dye was confirmed using HPLC
analyses.
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Chelating ion exchange and antimicrobial studiesIJECSJournal
The Copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was synthesized by condensation of p-hydroxybenzoicacid and thiosemicarbazide with formaldehyde in the presence of 2M HCL as a catalyst at 126 ± 2 0C for 5 hrs. with molar proportion of reactants. The copolymer (p-HBTF-I) was characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, UV-Visible 1H-NMR Spectroscopy. The chelating ion-exchange property of this polymer was studied for five metal ions viz. Cu (II), Ni (II), Co (II), Zn (II), and Pb (II) ions. The chelating ion-exchange study was carried out over a wide range of pH, shaking time and in mediaof various ionic strengths. The copolymer possesses antimicrobial activity for certain bacteria such as B. Subtilis, ,E.Coli, S. Typhi .
Synthesis and Characterization of New Complexes of 2-(6-Methoxybenzo[d]thiazo...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The synthesis and characterization of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ), zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) bidentate 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile ligand which was prepared from Benz aldehyde and 6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-amine in the presence of KCN and acidic medium. The complexes were synthesized by treating an ethanolic solution of the ligand with appropriate amount of metal salts [1:2] [M: L] ratio. The complexes were characterized by using metal and elemental chemical analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, FTIR , electronic spectral and mole ratio method. According to the obtained data the probable coordination geometries of manganese (ІІ), cobalt (ІІ), nickel (ІІ), copper (ІІ) zinc (ІІ), cadmium (ІІ) and mercury (ІІ) in these complexes are octahedral. All complexes were found to be non-electrolyte in absolute ethanol, and the complexes were formulated as [ML2Cl2] XH2O. Keywords: 2-(6-methoxybenzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-2-phenyl acetonitrile, N2-donor, transition metals.
The photo-oxidation of Rhodamime B was carried out
in the presence of H2O2/ Fe2+ ion using UV light. The effects of
dye concentration, pH, H2O2 dose and Fe2+ dose. These
parameters strongly influenced the degradation of the dye. As
expected, the increase of initial dye concentration decreased the
percentage decoloration. Likewise increasing H2O2, Fe2+
concentration also increased the dye decoloration up to a certain
limit after which it starts decreasing. The optimum operating
conditions of the method were found to be [Dye] = 10mg/l; [H2O2]
= 300mg/l; [Fe2+] = 250 mg/l at pH 2. Under these conditions, a
maximum of 92% decoloration of the dye was achieved. The
actual breakdown of the dye was confirmed using HPLC
analyses.
Present study aims to investigate the efficiency of newly synthesized adsorbent polyvinyl
alcohol-alginate bound nano magnetite microspheres modified with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide [PVAANM/CTAB]
in removal of anionic dye ‘Alizarin Red S’ from aqueous medium. The effect of agitation time,
influence of pH, amount of adsorbent, initial dye concentration and temperature were systematically studied by
batch sorption system. Various isotherms and kinetic models have been fitted with experimental data to evaluate
mechanism of adsorption. Characterization of the so-prepared adsorbent was accomplished by FTIR, XRD,
SEM and TEM analysis. The experimental data fitted very well with Freundlich and Temkin isotherm model.
The sorption kinetics follows pseudo second order kinetic model. PVA-ANM/CTAB has been found an effective,
economic, eco-friendly and efficient adsorbent as it showed ≥ 98% removal at pH 8 and could be regenerated
by acetic acid and reused.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Malachite Gree...IJEAB
A facile solid state metathesis synthesis of barium tungstate (BaWO4) followed by ball milling and subsequent preparation of barium tungstate-graphene oxide (BaWO4–GO) nano composite using a colloidal blending process and its application as a visible light photocatalyst for the degradation of Malachite green and Methylene blue dyes. The morphology and composition of barium tungstate (BaWO4) nano composite have been characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectra (UV-DRS), Raman Spectra, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) – EDAX and UV Visible Spectroscopy. This composite material is found to be a wide band gap semiconductor with band gap of 4.3 eV. The sample shows poor transmittance in ultraviolet region while it has maximum transmittance in visible-near infrared regions. It shows an increase in range and intensity of light absorption and the reduction of electron–hole pair recombination in BaWO4 with the introducing of GO on to it.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Low Temprature Dyeing Of Wool by Acid Dyes after pretreatment with UV raysRaNa ALi HaiDer
Here we will Discuss the methods by which we can dye our fabric At low temp to avoid the Fiber Damage e.g Low Temprature Dyeing Of Wool by Acid Dyes after pretreatment with UV rays
How to become a more effective leader/manager/supervisor. How to recognize your default leadership style, and how to incorporate other styles and methods in order to develop your leadership capabilities.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia I...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal
alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of
Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact
time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto
LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using
adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The
maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L
with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS
could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG
0
), enthalpy (ΔH
0
), and entropy (ΔS
0
) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia ...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG0), enthalpy (ΔH0), and entropy (ΔS
0) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency.
Removal of dye from polluted water using novel nano manganese oxide-based mat...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Dyes are priority pollutants, commonly found at significant concentrations in textile effluents. The presence of dyes stuffs in wastewater can cause severe problems to aquatic life and human beings. Therefore, the removal of dyes from wastewater is important in order to minimize their hazardous effects on the environment. One way of removing dyes is to use nanosized manganese oxides (MnOs). To date, there has been much work reported on the use of nanosized MnOs as sorbents for dyestuffs. They are promising sorbents for commercial use due to their amorphous nature, high specific surface areas (SSA), mesoporous structure, and low to the moderate point of zero charge (pHPZC). This review summarizes the toxicity and recent advances for removing dyes from wastewater using nanosized MnO sorbents. The article also describes the various experimental parameters necessary for adsorption optimization, such as adsorption time, pH, initial dye concentration, amount of sorbent and temperature. Adsorption mechanisms investigated by various modeling approaches are also discussed. In particular, it was observed that much work has been reported on the use of birnessite and its composites for dye removal. There are many papers reporting on the use of MnO in batch mode dye removal, but very few that report on the use of MnO in continuous column removal systems. Therefore, there is still a considerable need for further research to develop effective and economical large scale MnO column systems for commercial use.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Visible Light Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Malachite Gree...IJEAB
A facile solid state metathesis synthesis of barium tungstate (BaWO4) followed by ball milling and subsequent preparation of barium tungstate-graphene oxide (BaWO4–GO) nano composite using a colloidal blending process and its application as a visible light photocatalyst for the degradation of Malachite green and Methylene blue dyes. The morphology and composition of barium tungstate (BaWO4) nano composite have been characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), UV–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectra (UV-DRS), Raman Spectra, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) – EDAX and UV Visible Spectroscopy. This composite material is found to be a wide band gap semiconductor with band gap of 4.3 eV. The sample shows poor transmittance in ultraviolet region while it has maximum transmittance in visible-near infrared regions. It shows an increase in range and intensity of light absorption and the reduction of electron–hole pair recombination in BaWO4 with the introducing of GO on to it.
This study aims to employ low-cost agro waste
biosorbent tamarind (Tamarindus indica) pod shells and
activated carbon prepared by complete and partial pyrolysis of
tamarind pod shell for the removal of hexavalent chromium
ions from aqueous solution. The effect of parameters namely,
initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, biomass
loading on chromium removal efficiency were studied. More
than 96.9% removal of Chromium was achieved using crude
tamarind pod shells as biosorbent. The experimental data
obtained were fitted with Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and
Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm models. The
experimental data fits well to Langmuir, Freundlich and
Temkin isotherms with regression coefficient R2 more than 0.9.
For Redlich-Peterson adsorption isotherm the experimental
data does not fit so well. The crude tamarind had maximum
monolayer adsorption capacity of 40 mg/g and a separation
factor of 0.0416 indicating it as best adsorbent among the three
tested adsorbent. Further, an attempt is made to fit sorption
kinetics with pseudo first order and pseudo second order
reactions. Pseudo second order kinetics model fits well to the
experimental data for all three adsorbents.
Low Temprature Dyeing Of Wool by Acid Dyes after pretreatment with UV raysRaNa ALi HaiDer
Here we will Discuss the methods by which we can dye our fabric At low temp to avoid the Fiber Damage e.g Low Temprature Dyeing Of Wool by Acid Dyes after pretreatment with UV rays
How to become a more effective leader/manager/supervisor. How to recognize your default leadership style, and how to incorporate other styles and methods in order to develop your leadership capabilities.
Adsorption Studies of an Acid Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Lagerstroemia I...IJMER
The effectiveness of adsorption for acid dye removal from wastewaters has made it an ideal
alternative to other expensive treatment options. The removal of acid Violet 4BS onto seeds of
Lagerstroemia indica (LIS) from aqueous solutions was investigated using parameters such as contact
time, pH, temperature, adsorbent doses, and initial dye concentration. Adsorption isotherms of dyes onto
LIS were determined and correlated with common isotherm equations such as the Langmuir and
Freundlich models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm appears to fit the isotherm data better than
the Freundlich isotherm. Parameters of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were determined using
adsorption data. The maximum removal of Acid Violet 4BS by the adsorbent was obtained at pH 2. The
maximum percentage of dye removal (86.67%) was obtained at an initial dye concentration of 10mg/L
with adsorbent dosage of 50 mg per 50 ml of dye solution. The adsorption kinetics of acid violet 4BS
could be described by the pseudo-second order reaction model. The data obtained from adsorption
isotherms at different temperatures were used to calculate several thermo-dynamic quantities such as the
Gibbs energy (ΔG
0
), enthalpy (ΔH
0
), and entropy (ΔS
0
) of adsorption. The adsorption process was found
to be spontaneous, exothermic and physical in nature. Locally available adsorbent LIS was found to have
a low cost and was promising for the removal of acid violet 4BS from aqueous solutions
A new Schiff base 4-chlorophenyl)methanimine
(6R,7R)-3-methyl-8-oxo-7-(2-phenylpropanamido)-5-thia-1-
azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate= (HL)= C23H20
ClN3O4S) has been synthesized from β-lactam antibiotic
(cephalexin mono hydrate(CephH)=(C16H19N3O5S.H2O) and 4-
chlorobenzaldehyde . Figure(1) Metal mixed ligand complexes
of the Schiff base were prepared from chloride salt of
Fe(II),Co(II),Ni(II),Cu(II),Zn(II) and Cd (II), in 50% (v/v)
ethanol –water medium (SacH ) .in aqueous ethanol(1:1)
containing and Saccharin(C7H5NO3S) = sodium hydroxide.
Several physical tools in particular; IR, CHN, 1H NMR, 13C
NMR for ligand and melting point molar conductance, magnetic
moment. and determination the percentage of the metal in the
complexes by flame(AAS). The ligands and there metal
complexes were screened for their antimicrobial activity against
four bacteria (gram + ve) and (gram -ve) {Escherichia coli,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus}.
The proposed structure of the complexes using program, Chem
office 3D(2006). The general formula have been given for the
prepared mixed ligand complexes Na2[M(Sac)3(L)], M(II) = Fe
(II), Co(II) , Ni(II), Cu (II), Zn(II) , and Cd(II).
HL= C29H24 ClN3O4S, L= C29H23 ClN3O4S -.
Spectral studies of 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino] pyrimidi...IOSR Journals
Some transition metal ions Complexes with 5-({4-amino-2-[(Z)-(2-hydroxybenzylidene) amino]
pyrimidin-5-yl} methyl)-2,3,4-trimethoxybenzene were prepared and characterized by elemental analyses,
Infrared , magnetic moment, electronic spectra , mass spectra, X-ray powder diffraction, molar conductance
and thermal analysis (TGA). The complexes have general formulae [ML2.2H2O] {where M = Mn (II), Co (II), Ni
(II), Cu (II), Zn (II), Pd (II) and Pt (II). The coordination behavior of the metal ions towards to the investigated
Schiff base takes place through –C=N,-NH2 and –OH groups. The obtained C, H and N elemental analysis data
showed the Metal: Ligand ratio is 1:2 [M: L] ratio. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal
complexes are non-electrolytic in nature. From the magnetic moments the complexes are paramagnetic except
Zn metal ion complexes have octahedral geometry with coordination number eight. The thermal behavior of
these complexes shows that, the hydrated complexes have loses two water molecules and immediately followed
by decomposition of the anions and ligand molecules in the second and third stage. The Schiff bases and metal
complexes show good activity against some bacteria. The antimicrobial results indicate that, the metal
complexes have better antimicrobial activity as compared to the prepared Schiff base.
Synthesis of new chelating ion exchange resins derived from guaran and diviny...IOSR Journals
New chelating ion exchange resin containing hydroximate of 5 amino salicylic acid was synthesized by incorporating it in divinylbenzene styrene (DVBS) copolymer. Hydrophilic polysaccharidematrix ofguaran was also used to incorporate hydroximate of 5 amino salicylic acid in it. The resin characteristics were studied by determining its bulk density, specific bulk volume, moisture content, degree of substitution and ion exchange capacity. The resin was characterized by means of IR spectra, Nitrogen content and pH titration. The distribution coefficient values of different metal ions namely Fe(II), Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Cd(II) , Co(II) , Ni(II), Ca(II), U(VI), Cr(VI) & W(VI) was carried out on these resins as a function of pH . Metal analysis was done by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The hydroximate derivative of guaran is found to be more selective than that of diving benzene co-polymer.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Graphene oxide grafted with iridium complex as a superior heterogeneous catal...Pawan Kumar
A novel graphene oxide (GO)-immobilized heteroleptic iridium complex was synthesized and demonstrated
as a first heterogenized homogeneous catalyst for the production of dimethylformamide (DMF)
from carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and dimethylamine. The synthesized hybrid catalyst showed comparable
activity as homogeneous heteroleptic iridium complex with additional benefits such as facile recovery
and recycling of the catalyst. After completion of the reaction, the heterogeneous catalyst was easily
recovered by filtration, and reused for subsequent recycling processes without any significant change in
the catalytic efficiency
Degradation of mono azo dye in aqueous solution using cast iron filingseSAT Journals
Abstract The mono-azo dye, Orange II, solution was substantially degraded with cast iron particles under varied conditions of experimental variables such as pH, initial dye concentration and cast iron dosage.At all solution pH studied, the degradation efficiency achieved was > 90%. With an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and optimum cast iron load of 28.56 g/L, the optimum degradation efficiency of 97.63% was achieved at pH 3. With same cast iron load and solution pH, more than 95% dye degradation efficiency was achieved at different initial Orange II concentrations ranging from 50-500 mg/L. The efficiency of cast iron particles in degrading Orange II dye was compared with that of pure elemental iron used in other study. Cast iron particles showed better degradation efficiencies than elemental iron that too at relatively lower dosages. Ultimately, from the results it can be inferred that cast iron fillings can be successfully applied to treat textile effluents containing high dye concentration and treatment efficiency can be enhanced by optimizing the reaction conditions. Index Terms: azo dyes, Orange II, degradation efficiency, cast iron fillings
Mixed Ligand, Palladium(II) and Platinum(II) Complexes of Tertiary Diphosphin...Karwan Omer
Palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes containing the mixed ligands tertiary
diphosphinesdppm. dppp and dppf with Thioester ligand S-1H benzo[d] imidazole-2-yl benzothioate
(HSBIBT) have been prepared by the reaction of PdCl2 and PtCl2 with one equiv of tertiary
diphosphines ligands to form [Pd(k2-dppf)Cl2], [Pd(k2-dppp)Cl2] and [Pt(k2-dppmCl)Cl2] complexes
and then add the ligand HSBIBT to these complexes to form mixed ligand complexes. The prepared
complexes have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, magnetic
susceptibility, molar conductance, IR spectral data and UV-Visible. The results suggested that the
ligand HSBIBT bonded to the metal through N atom and square planner geometries were assigned
for the complexes.
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The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
BLOOD AND BLOOD COMPONENT- introduction to blood physiology
Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Application on Woolen fabrics
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 8, Issue 1 Ver. II. (Jan. 2015), PP 05-10
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08120510 www.iosrjournals.org 5 |Page
Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes
and its Application on Woolen fabrics
T.N.Chhowala1
and K.R.Desai2
1
Department of Chemistry, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Udhna-Magdalla road, Surat, Gujarat,India
2
Department of Chemistry, Uka Tarsadia University, Bardoli-Mahuva road, Bardoli, Gujarat, India.
Abstract: The acid dyes form a big class of dyes comprising compounds with various chemical constitutions. In
this respect, metal complex acid dyes synthesized showed high affinity towards fabrics. These dyeing possess
better wet-fastness property and have the advantage of the high light fastness.
Our work focuses mainly on the synthesis and dyeing of eco-friendly acid dye metal complexes on wool fabrics
which is one of the novel property . These dyes are eco-friendly having good washing fastness and so gives less
residue in water effluent. This method produces substituted pyrazolone metal complex acid dyes in very high
yield(85%), when aqueous metal solutions are reacted with 5-Bromo-2{[5-hydroxy-3-methyl]-1-{[2-methyl -5-
sulfophenyl)- 1H- pyrazol-4-yl]diazenyl} benzoicacid ( PC3). Also along with the application of dye on fabrics,
study of exhaustion of the dye-bath, study of fixation of dye on the fabrics and the study of the fastness
properties of the dyed patterns was carried out. The color yield of the dye furnished over fibre was found to be
excellent. All the synthesized compounds have been evaluated for antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli and Staphylococcus aureus.
Keywords: Metal complexes, dyeing, fastness properties, antibacterial.
I. Introduction
Metallizable azo dyes containing one heterocyclic donor atom suitably located for formation of
annulated chelate complex were the subject of numerous studies1-3
, the most common being those containing a
hetero nitrogen atom in a position adjacent to the azo group 4,5,6
. Infact, about half of the dyes in industrial use
today are azo dyes, which are mostly prepared from diazonium salts7,8
. Copper, cobalt and chromium complex
combinations with azo dyes prepared from 1-diazo-2-napthol-4-sulphonic, and 6-nitro-1-diazo-2-napthol-4-
sulphonic acids by coupling with β-naphthol have showed moderate dyeing resistances on wool and
polyamides9
. 1,2-hydroxo phenyl azo dyes and their metal complex with chromium and cobalt salts synthesized
showed dyeing protein and polyamide fibers with excellent light and wash fastness. These dyes are used in
electrophotographic or sensor applications, lasers, electro-optical devices and ink-jet printers10,11
.
In recent years phase transfer catalysis has assumed a new importance in organometallic 12,13,14
and
coordination metal chemistry15-17
in particular as a useful approach to the preparation of ligands 18,19
. 5-
pyrazolones are the most familiar heterocyclic coupling components used in the azo dye chemistry. They couple
as 5-hydroxypyrazoles and are specially valuable for the production of yellow to red dyes20
. These complexes
are used in the dye industry to give desired properties to the dyes .In our present study a small library of hitherto
unprepared metal complex acid dyes were synthesized on a preparative scale. The synthesis start with a
substituted 2-amino-5-bromo benzoic acid that undergoes diazotization to give corresponding diazo compound,
the latter undergoes reaction with 1-(2’-methyl,5’-sulfo)phenyl-3methylpyrazolone(0.01mole) to give the
ligand 5-Bromo-2{[5-hydroxy-3-methyl]-1-{[2’-methyl -5’-sulfophenyl)- 1H- pyrazol-4-yl]diazenyl}
benzoicacid (PC3) promoted with aqueous metal solution yielding title metal complex dyes. The intermediates
and the target compounds were isolated by IR and NMR. Also washing fastness and light fastness properties of
all the dyed patterns were studied along with its antibacterial activities against gram positive and gram negative
bacteria.
II. Experimental
All reagents, solvents and catalyst were of analytical grade and used directly. All the melting points
were determined in open capillaries and are uncorrected. The purity of compounds was checked routinely by
TLC (0.5mm) thickness using silica gel-G coated Al-plates (Merck) and spots were visualized by exposing the
dry plates in iodine vapors. Fastness to light and washing was assessed in accordance with BS : 1006-1978 and
765-1979 respectively whereas rubbing fastness test was carried out with a Crockmeter (Atlas) in accordance
with AATCC-1961
2. Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Application on….
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08120510 www.iosrjournals.org 6 |Page
2.1.Methods of Synthesis
2.1.1. Synthesis of 2-Amino-5-bromo benzoic acid (2a)
2-Amino benzoic acid (20 g) was dissolved in glacial acetic acid(250ml) and cooled below 16o
c.
Bromine(9.5 ml) was added rapidly to it and the mixture was stirred for 2-3 hours vigorously. Reaction mixture
consisting of 2-Amino-5-bromo benzoic acid and 2-Amino-3,5-dibromo benzoic acid and then filtered off. The
solid mass was obtained was then boiled up with water(500 ml) containing concentrated hydrochloric acid (25
ml).The hot boiling solution was filtered rapidly and the filtrate obtained was cooled in ice-bath.The filtrates
upon cooling yielded abundant precipitates of the 2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid (M.P 219o
C) and insoluble
residue consisted of the 2-Amino-3,5-dibromo benzoic acid(.M.P.235o
C)
2.1.2 Synthesis of diazonium salt of 2-Amino-5-Bromo benzoic acid: (2b)
2-Amino-5-bromobenzoic acid ( 0.01 moles) was suspended in water (50 ml), concentrated
hydrochloric acid (3.0 ml, 0.025mole) was added drop-wise to the well stirred suspension and the resultant
clear solution was cooled to 0-5o
C in ice-bath. A solution of sodium nitrite(0.012 moles) in water (10 ml)
previously cooled to 0o
C was then added and the reaction mixture was stirred for an hour and the diazo was
used for the subsequent coupling.
2.1.3 Synthesis of 5-Bromo-2{[5-hydroxy-3-methyl]-1-{[2’-methyl-5’-sulfophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-
4yl]diazenyl} benzoicacid :( Ligand-PC3)
1-(2’-Methyl,5’-sulfo)phenyl-3methylpyrazolone(0.01mole) was dissolved in Na2CO3 solution( 10%
W/V) and cooled to 0-5o
C in and ice-bath. A well stirred diazonium solution of 2-Amino-5-Bromo-benzoic acid
was added and stirring was continued for 3 hours at 0-5o
C and pH was adjusted to 7 by adding Na2CO3 solution
(10%W/V) . After the completion of reaction, NaCl solution (10% W/V) was added with stirring to precipitate
out the solid material. It was then filtered and crystallized from DMSO to get orange yellow crystals Yield
80%, M.P above 300o
C
2.1.4. Synthesis of metal complexes : TP-1(Co-PC3) and TP-2(Cu-PC3)
The hot aqueous solution of metal chloride (0.01) mole was added to 5-Bromo-2{[5-hydroxy-3-
methyl]-1-{[2-methyl-5-sulfophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]diazenyl}benzoic acid (0.01mole) dissolved in diaoxane
slowly with constant stirring. Then a small amount of sodium acetate (0.5g) was stirred into it and the whole
was set aside for about an hour. The solid metal complex precipitated was first filtered with small portion of hot
distilled water and finally with dioxane. The Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes were crystallized from DMF.
Reaction Scheme
NH2
HOOC
NH2
HOOC
Br
2-Amino benzoic acid 2-Amino-5-bromo benzoic acid
a = Br2 / glacial acetic acid, b = NaNO2 + HCl/ 0 - 5
o
C
a
b and c
c = 1 - (2'- methyl,5'- sulfo)phenyl -3 -methylpyrazolone
2a
N
HOOC
BrN
N
N
CH3
OH
CH3
HO3S
5-bromo - 2 - {[5 - hydroxy - 3 - methyl - 1 - (2 ' - methyl -
5 ' - sulfophenyl) - 1H - pyrazol - 4 - yl]diazenyl}benzoic acid
Ligand - PC - 3
N
CO
BrN
N
N
CH3
O
O
M
CH3
HO3S
H2O
H2O
OH2
aq. metal solution
M = Co and Cu
The procedure through which wool fabrics was treated is divided into four major sections
2.2 An application of acid dyes on wool fabrics
2.3. Exhaustion of dye-bath
2.4. Fixation study of the dyed wool fabrics
2.5. Study of light and washing fastness
2.2. An application of acid dyes on wool fabrics :
Dyeing with acid dye is carried out by following the procedure given below :
2.2.1. Pre-treatment of the fabric: Knitted woolen fabric (2.5 gm) was scoured in a solution containing 2g/L
soap solution, ammonia (0.1 mL) and water (100 mL). It was then boiled for 15 minutes. The fabric was
3. Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Application on….
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08120510 www.iosrjournals.org 7 |Page
removed from the bath and rinsed several times with water. It was then rinsed, dried and conditioned for two
days in atmospheric condition and subsequently used for dyeing.
2.2.2 Adjustment of pH of fabrics to a required value: In order to study of dyeing at a certain pH, it is
necessary to adjust pH of the suspended fabrics and solution forming dye-bath to a required value. In order to
obtain evenness of pH throughout the material before it enters the dye liquor. A weighted amount of previously
treated wool fabrics was heated for 5 minutes at 95-100o
C in a solution which was adjusted to pH 3.0 by adding
with acetic acid (10% w/v) solution. The wool fabrics were removed and squeezed as far as possible to make it
free from adhering mother liquor.
2.2.3. Dyeing procedure: Dye solution (10 ml, 0.4% w/v) was taken in a dye-bath. Glauber's salt solution (7
ml., 20% w/v) was added to it. The pH of the dye-bath was adjusted to 3.0 by adding acetic acid solution (3.5
ml., 10% w/v) solution . The total volume of the dye-bath was adjusted to 80 ml by adding required amount of
water. The wool fabric previously adjusted to pH 3.0 was introduced into the dye-bath with stirring. The content
of the dye-bath was stirred for 30 minutes at room temperature. The temperature was then gradually raised to
95o
C over period of 30 minutes and maintained for 20 minutes. The dye-bath was kept rotating during the
process of dyeing. After this, the dye liquor was taken in 250 ml volumetric flask. The fabric was washed with
cold water and the combined solution of dye liquor and washings was then further diluted to 250 ml with water.
5 ml of this solution was further diluted to 250 ml with water and the absorbance of this solution was measured.
The above pattern was further rinsed, washed and dried and a part of it was mounted on shade
cards.
2.3. Exhaustion of dye-bath: The combined solutions of the dye liquor and the washings were diluted to 250
ml with water. 5 ml of this solution was further diluted to 25 ml with water. The percentage dye-bath exhaustion
was calculated by measuring the absorbance of the above solution and reading the corresponding concentration
on the calibration curve. The results of percentage exhaustion of dye-bath are shown in Table-3.
2.4. Fixation study of the dyed wool fabrics: This involves two steps : construction of calibration curve and
estimation of dye which is fixed on the fabric by extraction method using boiling acidic solution of pyridine
containing pyridine (10% w/v), 90% formic acid (20% w/v) and water (to 100% vol) instead of water. The data
is presented in Table-2
2.4.1. Estimation of fixation of dye: Dyed wool fabric (0.1 gm) was place in corning tube and acidic solution
of pyridine (10 mL) till the dye was completely extracted from the fabric. The combined extract was diluted to
50 mL with acidic solution of pyridine. The percentage fixation of the dye was then calculated by measuring the
absorbance of this solution and reading the corresponding concentration on the calibration curve. A solution of
undyed wool fabric in acidic solution of pyridine was used as reference solution in colorimetric estimation.
2.4.2. Color yield on dyed wool fabrics: Measurement of color yield was used as a known technique to
ascertain the commercial viability of the prepared dyes for dyeing synthetic fibre and their blends. Further,
results obtained might clarify the mode of interaction between the prepared dyes and test fibres.
Farag et al1
had described the measurement of color yield over the fabrics. Color yield was formulated as,
Color yield = Z/A x 10,
Where, Z represents the amount of dye fixed on the fibres and A is the initial amount of dye applied on the
fabrics.
The measured absorbance at max was used to determine the amount of dye present in the dissolved form in the
solvent. The results of the colour yield study of dyes are presented in Table-4
2.5. Study of light and washing fastness :
Study of light and wash fastness properties of dyed wool fabrics
2.5.1. Study of light fastness :
The light fastness of a dyed pattern is one of the most important properties desired of a dye. The dye
textiles are often exposed to light and here it is essential that the color should not fade on exposure to light. So
the study of light fastness of dyes becomes essential.
To study light fastness property of a dyed fabric automatic device known as fadeometer are available.
The light fastness study can also be carried out using sunlight microscal MBTF, microscal MB/U source etc.
Park and Smith had examined a number of sources with particular reference to the testing of materials
with high light fastness. The authors have indicated several light sources that are suitable for carrying out
fastness test on textiles. They have also compared the results of different light sources and their have good
correlation.
To study the light fastness property of dyed patterns; microscale light fastness tester was used with the
straight mercury vapor lamp (MB/U 400w.). This gives satisfactory results in light fastness evaluation and is
especially useful, in that the time required for fading patterns of high fastness is considerably less than with
other commonly used fading lamps.
4. Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Application on….
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08120510 www.iosrjournals.org 8 |Page
The dyed fabrics were exposed to light along with the standard dye fabrics of specific rating. Such
standard samples are blue wool standards developed and produced in Europe and are identified by the numerical
designation 1-8. Higher the rating better, is the light fastness.The light fastness study was carried out using
Microscale light fastness tester having MB/U mercury lamp. The dyed fabrics along with eight standard samples
were routed on test holder. Part of the dyed fabric is exposed to light and part of it is covered. After definite
intervals of time, the exposed and unexposed portions of test fabrics were examined and compared with the
standard fabrics. Suppose at a given time the test fabric has not faded and the standard pattern rated at 7 has not
faded then the light fastness is said to be excellent. Now at the next consecutive inspection if the test pattern has
faded but the standard pattern of rating 3 has not faded then the test fabric, has the fair light fastness.
Following the above procedure the light fastness properties of dyes TP-1(Co-PC3 ) and TP-2 (Cu-PC3) wool
was evaluated and assessed. The results are tabulated in Table-4.
2.5.2. Study of wash fastness: The wash fastness of the dyed fabrics is another important property desired off.
The dyed textile materials are very often washed with soap and detergents and become necessary that the color
should not fade on washing. Therefore to study the wash fastness, five test methods are developed by Indian
Standards.7
The results of wash fastness study of dye TP-1 and TP-2 on wool are presented in Table-4.
(a) Shade: Visual observation of the shade cards TP-1 and TP-2 reveals the excellent range of shades over the
wool fabrics. The deep yellow and brown to orange shades were obtained.
(b) Fastness properties: The examination of data presented in Table-4 reveals following metal complex acid
dyes show very good light fastness. The wash fastness was appeared to be excellent fastness for each dyes.The
results of light and wash-fastness properties on the wool fabrics are presented inTable-4
III. Results and discussion
Ligand : PC3
1
H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 2.29 (s,3H, Ar-CH3), 2.33 (s,3H,Ar-CH3),14.66(s, 1H,Ar-COOH), 8.13 (s,
1H,Ar-OH), 14.2(s, 1H, Ar-SO3H), 7.27-7.98 (m, 6H, Ar-H) ; IR (KBr, cm-1
) alkane 1217.12 (C-H) str ,
aromatic 3084.85 (C-H)str., 1449.81(C=C)str., 3502 (C-OH)str., Pyrazole 1529.60 (C=N)str., 1045.45 (C-N)str.,
Carboxylic 1320.10 (M-COOH), 590.13 (M-O), 460.00 (M-N), Sulphonic 2750.81 (-SO3H), Halide 709.83(-C-
Br); Yield: 82%
TP-1 :
1
H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 2.34 (s,3H, Ar-CH3), 2.54 (s,3H,Ar-CH3), 14.67 (s, 1H, Ar-SO3H), 7.31-8.13
(m, 5H, Ar-H) ; IR (KBr, cm-1
) alkane 1230.64 (C-H) str , aromatic 3019.71 (C-H)str., 1459.33 (C=C)str.,
3264.15 (C-OH)str., Pyrazole 1413.44 (C=N)str., 1363.52 (C-N)str., Carboxylic 1329.10 (M-COOH), 590.13
(M-O), 450.00 (M-N), Sulphonic 2735.22 (-SO3H), Halide 699.74(-C-Br); Yield: 80%
TP-2 :
1
H NMR (DMSO, 400 MHz) δ 2.34 (s,3H, Ar-CH3), 2.62 (s,3H,Ar-CH3), 14.77 (s, 1H, Ar-SO3H), 7.28-8.20
(m, 5H, Ar-H) ; IR (KBr, cm-1
) alkane 1245.92 (C-H) str , aromatic 3036.26 (C-H)str., 1464.48(C=C)str.,
3289.12 (C-OH)str., Pyrazole 1499.54 (C=N)str., 1377.98 (C-N)str., Carboxylic 1397.45 (M-COOH), 566.23
(M-O), 455.90 (M-N), Sulphonic 2763.63 (-SO3H), Halide 675.22(-C-Br); Yield: 86%
Table-1: Calibration data for Exhaustion study of Acid Dyes TP-1 toTP-2
Substrate for dyeing :Wool (2.0 gm) Medium of spectral study : Aqueous
Dye
Code No.
Wave length
max nm
Absorbance of the dye solutions at specified wavelength conc.
x 10-3
mg.m-1
Slope of linear plot K*
4.0 Ab. 8.0 Ab. 12.0 Ab. 16.0 Ab.
TP-1 422 0.090 0.140 0.210 0.160 10.00
TP-2 450 0.120 0.210 0.235 0.310 19.375
Table-2 : Calibration data for Fixation study of Acid dyes: TP-1 to TP-2
Dyed pattern for fixation study: Wool fabric(0.1 gm)
Medium of spectral study :Acidic pyridine
Dye Code No. Wave length
max nm
Absorbance of the dye solutions at specified wavelength conc. x 10-
3
mg.m-1
Slope of linear
plot K*
4.0 Ab. 8.0 Ab. 12.0 Ab. 16.0 Ab.
TP-1 422 0.160 0.320 0.450 0.550 34.375
TP-2 450 0.120 0.240 0.360 0.470 29.375
5. Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Application on….
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08120510 www.iosrjournals.org 9 |Page
Table-3: Result of Exhaustion and Fixation study of Acid dyes TP-1 to TP-2
Substrate for dyeing : Wool fabric (2.0 gm)
Dyed pattern for fixation study: Wool fabric (0.1 gm)
Medium of spectral study: Aqueous-exhaustion, acidic pyridine-fixation study.
Amount of dye under study : 40 g
Table-4 :Shade, colour yield and fastness properties of Acid dyes on Wool fabrics.
Dye
Code No. Compound Shade on Wool max nm
Coloryield =
(Zmg / 40mg)
x 100
Light Wash
TP-1 Co-PC3 Dark yellow 520 63.0 6 5
TP-2 Cu-PC3 Dark brown 530 65.5 5 4
IV. Antibacterial activity
The synthesized compounds were screened against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli and
Staphylococcus Aureus bacteria were studied and results presented in table 5.
Table 5 : Antibacterial activity of TP-1 and TP-2
Compound
Gram negative
E.c
ATCC 25922
Gram negative
P.a
ATCC 27853
Gram positive
S.a
ATCC25923
TP-1 - ++ +++
TP-2 + ++ ++++
Zone of Inhibition of Standard drug (µg/ml)
Streptomycin - - -
The inhibition diameter in mm: (-) < 6, (+) 7-9, (++)10-15, (+++) 16-22
S.a-Staphylococcus aureus, P.a- Pseudomonas aeruginosa, E.c-Escherichia Coli
V. Conclusion:
In conclusion, acid dye metal complexes TP-1 and TP-2 were synthesized .The pharmacological study
was undertaken to evaluate the effects of substituents on the antibacterial activities. All synthesized compounds
exhibited good antibacterial activity towards Gram positive bacteria. These compounds also showed promising
activity towards Gram negative bacteria.Its activity increased from ligand to complexes. The washing fastness
was appeared to be excellent fastness for each dyes thus proved to be eco-friendly.
Acknowledgement:
I would like to be thankful Head of Department of Chemistry for providing the laboratory facilities for
my research work. I gratefully acknowledge the most willing help, co-operation and providing facilities for
spectral studies by SAIF, Punjab University Chandigarh. I am thankful to all those who have given me direct or
indirect support during my research work
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Dye
Code
No.
Amount of
dye remain-
ed in dye
bath
(X mg)
Amountof
exhausted from
dyebath
(40-X) =
Y mg
%
ExhaustionYmg/
40mg
x 100
Amount
of dye in 0.1
gm
of
dyeing
a mg.
Amount
of dye
in 2.0 gm
of dyeing
(total weight
20a=Z mg)
Fixation=(Zmg/Ymg) x
100%
TP-1 9.02 30.98 77.45 1.26 25.2 81.34
TP-2 8.62 31.38 78.45 1.31 26.2 83.49
6. Synthesis and Studies of Eco-friendly Acid Dye Metal Complexes and its Application on….
DOI: 10.9790/5736-08120510 www.iosrjournals.org 10 |Page
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